Did you mean: splitting
-
Nature Jan 2015The innate immune system is composed of a diverse array of evolutionarily ancient haematopoietic cell types, including dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and... (Review)
Review
The innate immune system is composed of a diverse array of evolutionarily ancient haematopoietic cell types, including dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes. These cell populations collaborate with each other, with the adaptive immune system and with non-haematopoietic cells to promote immunity, inflammation and tissue repair. Innate lymphoid cells are the most recently identified constituents of the innate immune system and have been the focus of intense investigation over the past five years. We summarize the studies that formally identified innate lymphoid cells and highlight their emerging roles in controlling tissue homeostasis in the context of infection, chronic inflammation, metabolic disease and cancer.
Topics: Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Killer Cells, Natural; Lymphocytes; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 25592534
DOI: 10.1038/nature14189 -
Cutis Aug 2021Spitting sutures are a common complication of dermatologic surgery following closure of a cutaneous defect using buried sutures. This development can be distressing and...
Spitting sutures are a common complication of dermatologic surgery following closure of a cutaneous defect using buried sutures. This development can be distressing and uncomfortable for patients and may lead to further complications, such as surgical-site infection and abscess. Presented here is a straightforward and reliable algorithm to guide management of spitting sutures and their complications.
Topics: Abscess; Algorithms; Humans; Surgical Wound Infection; Suture Techniques; Sutures
PubMed: 34735320
DOI: 10.12788/cutis.0314 -
Nature Reviews. Immunology Nov 2022More than a decade ago, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were discovered to be members of a family of innate immune cells consisting of five subsets that form a... (Review)
Review
More than a decade ago, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were discovered to be members of a family of innate immune cells consisting of five subsets that form a first line of defence against infections before the recruitment of adaptive immune cells. Initially, ILC2s were implicated in the early immune response to parasitic infections, but it is now clear that ILC2s are highly diverse and have crucial roles in the regulation of tissue homeostasis and repair. ILC2s can also regulate the functions of other type 2 immune cells, including T helper 2 cells, type 2 macrophages and eosinophils. Dysregulation of ILC2s contributes to type 2-mediated pathology in a wide variety of diseases, potentially making ILC2s attractive targets for therapeutic interventions. In this Review, we focus on the spectrum of ILC2 phenotypes that have been described across different tissues and disease states with an emphasis on human ILC2s. We discuss recent insights in ILC2 biology and suggest how this knowledge might be used for novel disease treatments and improved human health.
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Innate; Lymphocytes; Th2 Cells
PubMed: 35354980
DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00704-5 -
Journal For Immunotherapy of Cancer Dec 2022The immunogenic nature of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) underlies their responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade...
BACKGROUND
The immunogenic nature of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) underlies their responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, resistance to ICB is commonly observed, and is associated with the presence of peritoneal-metastases and ascites formation. The mechanisms underlying this site-specific benefit of ICB are unknown.
METHODS
We created a novel model for spontaneous multiorgan metastasis in MSI-H CRC tumors by transplanting patient-derived organoids (PDO) into the cecum of humanized mice. Anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocytes-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) ICB treatment effects were analyzed in relation to the immune context of primary tumors, liver metastases, and peritoneal metastases. Immune profiling was performed by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. The role of B cells was assessed by antibody-mediated depletion. Immunosuppressive cytokine levels (interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)b1, TGFb2, TGFb3) were determined in ascites and serum samples by ELISA.
RESULTS
PDO-initiated primary tumors spontaneously metastasized to the liver and the peritoneum. Peritoneal-metastasis formation was accompanied by the accumulation of ascites. ICB completely cleared liver metastases and reduced primary tumor mass but had no effect on peritoneal metastases. This mimics clinical observations. After therapy discontinuation, primary tumor masses progressively decreased, but peritoneal metastases displayed unabated growth. Therapy efficacy correlated with the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS)-containing B cells and juxtaposed T cells-and with expression of an interferon-γ signature together with the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13. B cell depletion prevented liver-metastasis clearance by anti-CTLA-4 treatment. Peritoneal metastases were devoid of B cells and TLS, while the T cells in these lesions displayed a dysfunctional phenotype. Ascites samples from patients with cancer with peritoneal metastases and from the mouse model contained significantly higher levels of IL-10, TGFb1, TGFb2 and TGFb3 than serum samples.
CONCLUSIONS
By combining organoid and humanized mouse technologies, we present a novel model for spontaneous multiorgan metastasis by MSI-H CRC, in which the clinically observed organ site-dependent benefit of ICB is recapitulated. Moreover, we provide empirical evidence for a critical role for B cells in the generation of site-dependent antitumor immunity following anti-CTLA-4 treatment. High levels of immunosuppressive cytokines in ascites may underlie the observed resistance of peritoneal metastases to ICB.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Transforming Growth Factor beta3; Peritoneum; Ascites; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Cytokines; Liver Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms
PubMed: 36543378
DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005345 -
International Journal of Sports... Aug 2018Combat sports are typically divided into weight classes, and body-mass manipulation to reach a weight class is commonplace. Previous research suggests that weight loss...
CONTEXT
Combat sports are typically divided into weight classes, and body-mass manipulation to reach a weight class is commonplace. Previous research suggests that weight loss practices in mixed martial arts (MMA) may be more extreme than in other combat sports.
PURPOSE
To investigate the magnitude of weight loss and the prevalence of weight loss strategies in different combat sports.
METHODS
Competitors (N = 637) from Brazilian jiu-jitsu, boxing, judo, MMA, Muay Thai/kickboxing, taekwondo, and wrestling completed an online questionnaire seeking information regarding their weight loss practices.
RESULTS
Body-mass manipulation was commonly undertaken by all combat-sport athletes, with a particularly high incidence of gradual dieting, increased exercise, and fluid restriction. Skipping meals was higher in taekwondo and wrestling (84%) compared with the other combat sports (∼58%), whereas training in heated rooms and forced oral fluid loss (spitting) was higher in wrestling (83% and 47%, respectively) compared with other combat sports (∼45% and ∼19%, respectively). MMA athletes reported the highest usage of sauna (76%) and water loading (67%) while also reporting the second-highest use of training in rubber/plastic suits (63%).
CONCLUSIONS
Body-mass manipulation was present in all combat sports, with the prevalence and magnitude of acute weight loss greater in MMA. The incidence of and practices reported will help support staff be fully aware of the variety of methods these athletes and coaches may use to achieve weight loss. Additionally, the results could aid regulatory bodies in the further development of policies on weight cutting.
Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Boxing; Competitive Behavior; Dehydration; Female; Habits; Humans; Male; Martial Arts; Weight Loss; Wrestling; Young Adult
PubMed: 29283792
DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0715 -
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology... Dec 2017Rumination syndrome is one of the functional gastroduodenal disorders. Effortless and repetitive regurgitation of recently ingested food from the stomach to the oral... (Review)
Review
Rumination syndrome is one of the functional gastroduodenal disorders. Effortless and repetitive regurgitation of recently ingested food from the stomach to the oral cavity followed by rechewing and reswallowing or spitting are the characteristic clinical features. This disorder is believed to be uncommon, but many patients with this disorder are overlooked by their physicians. Rumination might be caused by a reversal of the gastric contents through the esophagogastric junction, which is initiated by an increase in intragastric pressure. The characteristic symptoms are sufficient for the diagnosis of rumination syndrome. Postprandial high resolution esophageal impedance manometry can detect gastric pressurization exceeding 30 mmHg associated with the return of ingested material into the proximal esophagus, which is a pathognomonic finding of rumination syndrome. An extensive explanation of the condition and the underlying mechanism is the first step of the treatment of rumination syndrome. Behavioral therapy through diaphragmatic breathing is the mainstay of treatment. Further studies on the long term effects of biofeedback therapy as well as a proper strategy for refractory rumination syndrome are needed.
Topics: Behavior Therapy; Child; Electric Impedance; Esophagus; Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood; Humans; Sulpiride
PubMed: 29277089
DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2017.70.6.278 -
Chest Sep 2019The term "broncholithiasis" is defined as the presence of calcified or ossified materials within the tracheobronchial tree. The report of the condition dates back to 300... (Review)
Review
The term "broncholithiasis" is defined as the presence of calcified or ossified materials within the tracheobronchial tree. The report of the condition dates back to 300 bc when Aristotle first described a symptom of "spitting of stones." The process of calcification usually starts within either the mediastinal, hilar, or peribronchial lymph nodes. The impetus is typically initiated by a granulomatous process such as TB or histoplasmosis; however, it can also been seen following exposure to other fungal or occupational elements. The exact mechanism of the calcified material (broncholith) entering the endobronchial tree remains unknown. It is hypothesized, however, that the calcified tissues gradually erodes and/or breaks loose in the airways as a result of repetitive movements of respiration or cardiac pulsations. The broncholiths are often found in the airways without any signs of erosion, however. The most common symptoms of broncholithiasis include cough, hemoptysis, and wheezing as a result of irritation of the airways and the surrounding tissues. The diagnosis is typically suspected on chest radiographs and confirmed by using bronchoscopy. Depending on the severity of the disease, management options range from simple observation to surgical resection. Despite the potential for major complications, the overall disease prognosis is good if timely and appropriate management is provided.
Topics: Bronchial Diseases; Bronchoscopy; Humans; Lithiasis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 31173766
DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.05.012 -
British Dental Journal Jul 2020
PubMed: 32651484
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-1859-1 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Dec 2021Employing natural cells as drug carriers has been a hotspot in recent years, attributing to their biocompatibility and inherent dynamic properties. In the earlier stage,... (Review)
Review
Employing natural cells as drug carriers has been a hotspot in recent years, attributing to their biocompatibility and inherent dynamic properties. In the earlier stage, cells were mainly used as vehicles by virtue of their lipid-delimited compartmentalized structures and native membrane proteins. The scope emphasis was 'what cell displays' instead of 'how cell changes'. More recently, the dynamic behaviours, such as changes in surface protein patterns, morphologies, polarities and in-situ generation of therapeutics, of natural cells have drawn more attention for developing advanced drug delivery systems by fully taking advantage of these processes. In this review, we revolve around the dynamic cellular transformation behaviours which facilitate targeted therapy. Cellular deformation in geometry shape, spitting smaller vesicles, activation of antigen present cells, polarization between distinct phenotypes, local production of therapeutics, and hybridization with synthetic materials are involved. Other than focusing on the traditional delivery of concrete cargoes, more functional 'handles' that are derived from the cells themselves are introduced, such as information exchange, cellular communication and interactions between cell and extracellular environment.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Cell Communication; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Drug Delivery Systems; Erythrocyte Deformability; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System; Neutrophils; Phenotype; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumor-Associated Macrophages
PubMed: 34736989
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114032