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American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Oct 2018Coagulase-negative staphylococcus organisms may be normal flora of human skin, however these bacteria can also be pathogens in skin and soft tissue infections. A summary... (Review)
Review
Coagulase-negative staphylococcus organisms may be normal flora of human skin, however these bacteria can also be pathogens in skin and soft tissue infections. A summary of skin and soft tissue infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococcus species is provided in this review. We conducted a search of the PubMed database using the following terms: abscess, auricularis, biofilm, capitis, cellulitis, coagulase, contaminant, cyst, draining, epidermidis, felon, folliculitis, furuncle, haemolyticus, hominis, indolent, infection, lugdunensis, mecA, microbiome, negative, osteomyelitis, paronychia, saprophyticus, skin, simulans, sinus, soft, staphylococcus, systemic, tissue, virulence, virulent, and vulvar. The relevant papers, and their references, generated by the search were reviewed. Skin and soft tissue infections have been observed to be caused by many coagulase-negative staphylococcus organisms: Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Staphylococcus simulans. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus skin infections predominantly present as abscesses and paronychia. They are most common in elderly patients or those individuals who are immunosuppressed, and tend to be broadly susceptible to antibiotic treatment. In conclusion, albeit less common, coagulase-negative staphylococcus organisms can result in skin and soft tissue infections, particularly in older and/or immunocompromised individuals. A review of the literature found that coagulase-negative staphylococcus organisms are most commonly grown in cultures of abscesses and paronychia. Therefore, coagulase-negative staphylococcal organisms should not always be considered as contaminants or normal flora, but rather as causative pathogens. They are usually susceptible to antibiotics used to treat methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus.
Topics: Abscess; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Coagulase; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Paronychia; Soft Tissue Infections; Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Staphylococcus; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29882122
DOI: 10.1007/s40257-018-0362-9 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Sep 2021Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen, causes diverse community and nosocomial-acquired human infections, including folliculitis, impetigo, sepsis, septic... (Review)
Review
Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen, causes diverse community and nosocomial-acquired human infections, including folliculitis, impetigo, sepsis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, implant-associated biofilm infections and contagious mastitis in cattle. In recent days, both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections have increased. Highly effective anti-staphylococcal agents are urgently required. Lysostaphin is a 27 kDa zinc metallo antimicrobial lytic enzyme that is produced by Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus and was first discovered in the 1960s. Lysostaphin is highly active against S. aureus strains irrespective of their drug-resistant patterns with a minimum inhibitory concentration of ranges between 0·001 and 0·064 μg ml . Lysostaphin has activity against both dividing and non-dividing S. aureus cells; and can seep through the extracellular matrix to kill the biofilm embedded S. aureus. In spite of having excellent anti-staphylococcal activity, its clinical application is hindered because of its immunogenicity and reduced bio-availability. Extensive research with lysostaphin lead to the development of several engineered lysostaphin derivatives with reduced immunogenicity and increased serum half-life. Therapeutic efficacy of both native and engineered lysostaphin derivatives was studied by several research groups. This review provides an overview of the therapeutic applications of native and engineered lysostaphin derivatives developed to eradicate S. aureus infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Female; Lysostaphin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 33382154
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14985 -
Journal of Dairy Science Nov 2023Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus simulans are commonly found in intramammary infections (IMI) associated with bovine subclinical mastitis, but little is...
Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus simulans are commonly found in intramammary infections (IMI) associated with bovine subclinical mastitis, but little is known about genotypic variation and relatedness within species. This includes knowledge about genes encoding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and potential virulence factors (pVF). The aim of this study was therefore to investigate these aspects by whole-genome sequencing of milk isolates from Swedish dairy cows with subclinical mastitis in an observational study. We also wanted to study if specific genotypes were associated with persistent IMI and the inflammatory response at udder quarter level. In total, 105 and 118 isolates of S. chromogenes and S. simulans, respectively, were included. Isolates were characterized using a 7-locus multilocus sequence typing (7-MLST), core genome analysis and in-silico analysis of AMR and pVF genes. Forty-seven sequence types (ST) and 7 core genome clusters of S. chromogenes were identified, and the most common ST were ST-6 and ST-109, both belonging to cluster VII. A 7-locus MLST scheme for S. simulans was not available, but 3 core genome clusters and 5 subclusters were described. Overall, substantial variation in ST and clusters among cows and herds were found in both species. Some ST of S. chromogenes were found in several herds, indicating spread between herds. Moreover, within-herd spread of the same genotype was observed for both species. Only a few AMR genes [blaZ, strpS194, vga(A)] were detected in a limited number of isolates, with the exception of blaZ coding for β-lactamase, which was identified in 22% of the isolates of S. chromogenes with ST-19, ST-102, and ST-103 more commonly carrying this gene compared with other ST. However, the blaZ gene was not identified in S. simulans. The average total number of pVF detected per isolate was similar in S. chromogenes (n = 30) and S. simulans (n = 33), but some variation in total numbers and presence of specific pVF or functional groups of pVF, was shown between ST/clusters within species. Differences in inflammatory response and potentially in persistent IMI at udder quarter level were found between S. chromogenes subtypes but not between S. simulans subtypes. In conclusion, the results from the present study generates new insight into the epidemiology of bovine S. chromogenes and S. simulans IMI, which can have implications for future prevention and antimicrobial treatment of infections related to these species.
PubMed: 37641317
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23523 -
Microbes and Infection Feb 2017Humans and animals are colonized by members of the genus Staphylococcus, however only some of these species evolved to cause invasive disease. The genetic basis for...
Humans and animals are colonized by members of the genus Staphylococcus, however only some of these species evolved to cause invasive disease. The genetic basis for conversion of commensal staphylococci into pathogens is not known. We hypothesized that Staphylococcus aureus genes for coagulation and agglutination in vertebrate blood (coa, vwb and clfA) may support pathogenic conversion. Expression of coa and vwb in Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus simulans supported a coagulase-positive phenotype but not the ability to cause disease in a mouse model of bloodstream infection. However, the simultaneous expression of coa, vwb and clfA in coagulase-negative staphylococci enabled bacterial agglutination in plasma and enhanced survival of S. simulans in human whole blood. Agglutination of S. simulans in the bloodstream of infected mice upon expression of coa, vwb and clfA provided also a mean for dissemination and replication in distal organs. Thus, the acquisition of genes for bacterial agglutination with fibrin appear sufficient for the conversion of commensal staphylococci into invasive pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Bacteremia; Coagulase; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Staphylococcus; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 28012900
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.12.002 -
IDCases 2021Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are clinically and economically burdensome. Gram positive causative uropathogens are rare, and has infrequently been isolated as a...
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are clinically and economically burdensome. Gram positive causative uropathogens are rare, and has infrequently been isolated as a causative agent for UTIs. Here, we present two cases of causing complicated urinary tract infections.
PubMed: 34195001
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01202 -
AIMS Microbiology 2021Lysostaphin is a glycylglycine endopeptidase, secreted by , capable of specifically hydrolyzing pentaglycine crosslinks present in the peptidoglycan of the cell wall....
Lysostaphin is a glycylglycine endopeptidase, secreted by , capable of specifically hydrolyzing pentaglycine crosslinks present in the peptidoglycan of the cell wall. In this paper, we describe the cloning and expression of the lysostaphin enzyme gene in WB600 host using pWB980 expression system. Plasmid pACK1 of was extracted using the alkaline lysis method. Lysostaphin gene was isolated by PCR and cloned into pTZ57R/T-Vector, then transformed into DH5α. The amplified gene fragment and uncloned pWB980 vector were digested using I and І enzymes and purified. The restricted gene fragment was ligated into the pWB980 expression vector by the standard protocols, then the recombinant plasmid was transformed into WB600 using electroporation method. The recombinant protein was evaluated by the SDS-PAGE method and confirmed by western immunoblot. Analysis of the target protein showed a band corresponding to 27-kDa r-lysostaphin. Protein content was estimated 91 mg/L by Bradford assay. The recombinant lysostaphin represented 90% of its maximum activity at 40 °C and displayed good thermostability by keeping about 80% of its maximum activity at 45 °C. Heat residual activity assay of recombinant lysostaphin demonstrated that the enzyme stability was up to 40 °C and showed good stability at 40 °C for 16 h incubation.
PubMed: 34708172
DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021017 -
Biochemistry. Biokhimiia May 2016Staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin is an endopeptidase lysing staphylococcus cell walls by cleaving pentaglycine cross-bridges in their peptidoglycan. A synthetic gene...
Staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin is an endopeptidase lysing staphylococcus cell walls by cleaving pentaglycine cross-bridges in their peptidoglycan. A synthetic gene encoding S. simulans lysostaphin was cloned in Escherichia coli cells, and producer strains were designed. The level of produced biologically active lysostaphin comprised 6-30% of total E. coli cell protein (depending on E. coli M15 or BL21 producer) under batch cultivation conditions. New methods were developed for purification of lysostaphin without affinity domains and for testing its enzymatic activity. As judged by PAGE, the purified recombinant lysostaphin is of >97% purity. The produced lysostaphin lysed cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus clinical isolates. In vitro activity and general biochemical properties of purified recombinant lysostaphin produced by M15 or BL21 E. coli strains were identical to those of recombinant lysostaphin supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (USA) and used as reference in other known studies. The prepared recombinant lysostaphin represents a potential product for development of enzymatic preparation for medicine and veterinary due to the simple purification scheme enabling production of the enzyme of high purity and antistaphylococcal activity.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Biomass; Cloning, Molecular; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Escherichia coli; Lysostaphin; Peptidoglycan; Recombinant Proteins; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus haemolyticus; Temperature
PubMed: 27297900
DOI: 10.1134/S0006297916050072 -
Nutrients Dec 2022Proteases, especially microbial proteases, are widely used in food processing. The purpose of this study was aimed to purify an extracellular protease produced by the...
Proteases, especially microbial proteases, are widely used in food processing. The purpose of this study was aimed to purify an extracellular protease produced by the strain QB7 and to evaluate its ability in hydrolyzing meat proteins and generating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides. The optimal conditions for producing the enzyme were as follows: inoculum ratio, 10%; initial pH, 6.5; temperature, 32 °C; incubation time, 36 h; and rotation speed, 160 rpm. The protease had a molecular weight of approximately 47 kDa, possessing the optimal activity at 50 °C, pH 7.0, The protease was stable at pH 4.0-8.0 and 30-60 °C, and the activity was improved by Na, Mg, Ca, and Zn ions, whereas it was inhibited by Cu, Co, Fe, Ba, Fe, β-M, and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA). The protease could effectively hydrolyze meat proteins, and the generated hydrolysate could significantly inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)-induced oxidative stress, including superoxide and malondialdehyde levels and inflammation (vascular adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1] and cyclooxygenase 2 [COX2)) in human vascular EA.hy926 cells. The present findings support the ability of QB7 protease in generating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides during the fermentation of meat products.
Topics: Humans; Peptide Hydrolases; Antioxidants; Meat Proteins; Endopeptidases; Peptides; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 36615723
DOI: 10.3390/nu15010065 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy May 2020Recent studies highlight the abundance of commensal agulase-egative taphylococci (CoNS) on healthy skin. Evidence suggests that CoNS actively shape the skin...
Recent studies highlight the abundance of commensal agulase-egative taphylococci (CoNS) on healthy skin. Evidence suggests that CoNS actively shape the skin immunological and microbial milieu to resist colonization or infection by opportunistic pathogens, including methicillin-resistant (MRSA), in a variety of mechanisms collectively termed colonization resistance. One potential colonization resistance mechanism is the application of quorum sensing, also called the ccessory ene egulator () system, which is ubiquitous among staphylococci. Common and rare CoNS make autoinducing peptides (AIPs) that function as MRSA inhibitors, protecting the host from invasive infection. In a screen of CoNS spent media, we found that , a rare human skin colonizer and frequent livestock colonizer, released potent inhibitors of all classes of MRSA signaling. We identified three classes and have shown intraspecies cross talk between noncognate types for the first time. The AIP-I structure was confirmed, and the novel AIP-II and AIP-III structures were solved via mass spectrometry. Synthetic AIPs inhibited MRSA signaling with nanomolar potency. in competition with MRSA reduced dermonecrotic and epicutaneous skin injury in murine models. The addition of synthetic AIP-I also effectively reduced MRSA dermonecrosis and epicutaneous skin injury in murine models. These results demonstrate potent anti-MRSA quorum sensing inhibition by a rare human skin commensal and suggest that cross talk between CoNS and MRSA may be important in maintaining healthy skin homeostasis and preventing MRSA skin damage during colonization or acute infection.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Mice; Peptides; Quorum Sensing; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 32253213
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00172-20 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Water buffalo produce a tenth of milk for global human consumption. Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are among the most commonly isolated bacteria from mastitis in water...
Water buffalo produce a tenth of milk for global human consumption. Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are among the most commonly isolated bacteria from mastitis in water buffalo and dairy cows. These results described the initial characterisation of 17 NAS-15 and two from a water buffalo herd ( = 44) in South Africa. The isolates were identified by classical microbiology, MALDI-TOF, and 16S rRNA, and the disc diffusion method determined the antibiotic susceptibility. A multi-locus sequence typing scheme (MLST) was developed to determine sequence types (ST), by defining and comparing seven housekeeping gene fragment sequences. Sequence typing confirmed all 15 isolates from water buffalo which belonged to a single ST, genetically distant from the six bovine STs isolated from adjacent farms, which also varied, indicating no current bacterial transfer between species. The antibiotic resistance patterns of varied between beta-lactams. The mean milk somatic cell count (SCC) for the water buffalo milk samples was 166,500 cells/mL milk. This information offers insights into the epidemiology and comparison among isolates from various origins, which leads to effective proactive mastitis strategies resulting in safe, high-quality dairy products from water buffalo and dairy cows for human consumption.
PubMed: 36421253
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111609