-
Bioscience Reports Apr 2018: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associates with low levels of serum plant sterols in cross-sectional studies. In addition, it has been suggested that the... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associates with low levels of serum plant sterols in cross-sectional studies. In addition, it has been suggested that the hepatic sterol transport mechanisms are altered in NAFLD. Therefore, we investigated the association between serum, liver and bile plant sterols and sitostanol with NAFLD.: Out of the 138 individuals (age: 46.3 ± 8.9, body mass index: 43.3 ± 6.9 kg/m², 28% men and 72% women), 44 could be histologically categorized to have normal liver, and 94 to have NAFLD. Within the NAFLD group, 28 had simple steatosis and 27 had non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Plant sterols and sitostanol were measured from serum (=138), liver (=38), and bile (=41). The expression of genes regulating liver sterol metabolism and inflammation was measured (=102).: Liver and bile sitostanol ratios to cholesterol were higher in those with NAFLD compared to those with histologically normal liver (all <0.022). Furthermore, liver sitostanol to cholesterol ratio correlated positively with histological steatosis and lobular inflammation ( > 0.407, <0.01 for both). In contrast, liver sitosterol to cholesterol ratio correlated negatively with steatosis ( = -0.392, =0.015) and lobular inflammation ( = -0.395, =0.014). Transcriptomics analysis revealed suggestive correlations between serum plant sterol levels and mRNA expression.: Our study showed that liver and bile sitostanol ratios to cholesterol associated positively and liver sitosterol ratio to cholesterol associated negatively with liver steatosis and inflammation in obese individuals with NAFLD..
Topics: Adult; Bile; Female; Humans; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Sitosterols
PubMed: 29540533
DOI: 10.1042/BSR20171274 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022Triterpenoids are among the bioactive components of Chaga, the sterile conk of the medicinal fungus . Supercritical fluid extraction of Chaga triterpenoids was carried...
Triterpenoids are among the bioactive components of Chaga, the sterile conk of the medicinal fungus . Supercritical fluid extraction of Chaga triterpenoids was carried out with supercritical CO, while a modified Folch method was used as a comparison. Three temperature-pressure combinations were tested varying between 314-324 K (40-50 °C) and 281-350 bars, using time- and volume-limited extractions. Six triterpenoids were identified with GC-MS and quantified with GC-FID: ergosterol, lanosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmastanol, betulin, and inotodiol. The Folch extraction resulted in recovery of trametenolic acid, which was not extracted by supercritical CO. Inotodiol was the major triterpenoid of all the extracts, with a yield of 87-101 mg/100 g and 139 mg/100 g, for SFEs and the Folch method, respectively. The contents of other major triterpenoids, lanosterol and ergosterol, varied in the ranges 59-63 mg/100 g and 17-18 mg/100 g by SFE, respectively. With the Folch method, the yields were 81 mg/100 g and 40 mg/100 g, respectively. The highest recovery of triterpenoids with SFE in relation to Folch was 56% and it was obtained at 324 K (50 °C) and 350 bar, regardless of extraction time or volume of CO. The recoveries of lanosterol and stigmastanol were unaffected by SFE conditions. Despite the lower yield, SFE showed several advantages including shorter extraction time and less impact on the environment. This work could be a starting point for further studies on green extraction methods of bioactive triterpenoids from Chaga.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; Ergosterol; Inonotus; Triterpenes
PubMed: 35335249
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061880 -
Phytochemistry Dec 2020Three mature Eucalyptus globulus trees with 40 years of age were studied at three height levels (0%, 35%, and 60% of total tree height) and at three radial regions...
Three mature Eucalyptus globulus trees with 40 years of age were studied at three height levels (0%, 35%, and 60% of total tree height) and at three radial regions (sapwood, inner and outer heartwood). The composition of lipophilic extracts was evaluated and an extensive list of 202 compounds was reported for the first time. The fatty acids were the major chemical family, representing 40.8% of the total compounds, followed by phytosterols (19.0%), aromatics (10.5%) and triterpenes (10.4%). Saturated fatty acids accounted for 74.2% of total compounds (C, C and C were predominant), β-Sitosterol and stigmastanol were the main sterols (80 and 7% respectively), while aromatics were mainly represented by syringic acid, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, and vanillin. The main triterpenes were asiatic and arjunolic acids.
Topics: Eucalyptus; Phytosterols; Plant Extracts; Trees; Wood
PubMed: 32971340
DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112520 -
The Journal of Pediatrics Sep 2017To assess the association between biomarkers of thyroid status and 5α-stanols in patients with sitosterolemia treated with ezetimibe (EZE). (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
OBJECTIVES
To assess the association between biomarkers of thyroid status and 5α-stanols in patients with sitosterolemia treated with ezetimibe (EZE).
STUDY DESIGN
Eight patients with sitosterolemia (16-56 years of age) were studied during 14 weeks off EZE therapy and 14 weeks on EZE (10 mg/day). Serum thyroid biomarkers (free triiodothyronine [FT3], free thyroxine [FT4], FT3/FT4 ratio, thyroid-stimulating hormone), 5α-stanols (sitostanol and cholestanol), and cholestanol precursors (total cholesterol and its synthesis marker lathosterol, and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one cholestenol) were measured at baseline and during the 14 weeks off EZE and on EZE.
RESULTS
EZE increased FT3/FT4 (10% ± 4%; P = .02). EZE reduced plasma and red blood cells sitostanol (-38% ± 6% and -20% ± 4%; all P < .05) and cholestanol (-18% ± 6% and -13% ± 3%; all P < .05). The change in plasma cholestanol level on EZE inversely correlated with the change in FT3/FT4 (r = -0.86; P = .01). EZE lowered total cholesterol (P < .0001) and did not affect 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one cholestanol. EZE increased (P < .0001) lathosterol initially, but the level was not sustained, resulting in similar levels at week 14 off EZE and on EZE.
CONCLUSION
In patients with STSL, 5α-stanols levels might be associated with thyroid function. EZE reduces circulating 5α-stanols while increasing FT3/FT4, implying increased conversion of T4 to T3, thus possibly improving thyroid hormone status.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.govNCT01584206.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticholesteremic Agents; Cholestanol; Cholestenones; Cholesterol; Ezetimibe; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Intestinal Diseases; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Male; Middle Aged; Phytosterols; Sitosterols; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Young Adult
PubMed: 28625503
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.05.049 -
RSC Advances Dec 2019The aim of this study was to characterize the composition of soybean germ and its oil from Northeast (NE-SG) and Shandong Province (SD-SG) of China with a focus on the...
The aim of this study was to characterize the composition of soybean germ and its oil from Northeast (NE-SG) and Shandong Province (SD-SG) of China with a focus on the composition of fatty acids and phytosterols as well as physicochemical properties. The results show that the average contents of water, protein, crude fat, crude fiber and ash of NE-SG and SD-SG were 8.23 ± 0.11%, 40.47 ± 0.10%, 11.65 ± 0.14%, 6.20 ± 0.09% and 4.79 ± 0.14%, respectively. The major fatty acids of the two soybean germ oils were linoleic acid (NE-SGO, 55.45%; SD-SGO, 52.15%), alpha-linolenic acid (NE-SGO, 16.21%; SD-SGO, 18.50%), palmitic acid (NE-SGO, 12.59%; SD-SGO, 11.40%) and oleic acid (NE-SGO, 9.87%; SD-SGO, 10.96%). The soybean germs were rich in phytosterols (NE-SGO, 3168 mg/100 g oil; SD-SGO, 3010 mg/100 g oil) consisting of β-sitosterol, Δ7-stigmastenol, campesterol, stigmastanol, and citrostadienol. The antioxidant ability of soybean germ phytosterols was evaluated using DPPH˙ and OH˙ radical scavenging assays, β-carotene protection assay and a heating oil system. The results demonstrated that soybean germ phytosterols had better antioxidant ability in oil systems than in non-oil systems. The antioxidant ability of these phytosterols was temperature- and time-dependent since it was more effective at lower temperatures (60 °C) with longer times as compared to higher temperatures (120 °C and 180 °C) with shorter times. These results prove that soybean germ phytosterols could be used as antioxidants in preventing lipid oxidation in foods stored at a low temperature for a long time.
PubMed: 35541380
DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08771k -
Journal of Oleo Science Jul 2021This study investigates the application of green technologies (microwave and ultrasound pretreatment) in the extraction of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed oil and its effects...
This study investigates the application of green technologies (microwave and ultrasound pretreatment) in the extraction of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed oil and its effects on oil expression, oil quality, and bioactive component. Moringa seeds were pretreated with microwave (90 W, 60 s) or ultrasound (50 W, 1 h) before mechanical expression. A separate group received no pretreatment before oil extraction. Oils from these groups were then compared. Results show that oil yield increased with ultrasound pretreatment (1.24%) and significantly increased with microwave pretreatment (3.11%). For oil flow rate, the microwave and ultrasound pretreatment resulted in faster extraction (7.67 and 6.93 kg/h respectively) as compared with the control (6.51 kg/h). For physicochemical parameters, the microwave and ultrasound group had significantly less free fatty acids and significantly greater unsaponifiable matter as compared with the control. For fatty acid composition, results show that moringa seeds procured from Davao Oriental had greater oleic acid content (~77%) as compared with those reported by other literature. For phytosterol content, the predominant phytosterols found were β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol. Microwave and ultrasound pretreatment significantly increased total phytosterol (680.58 and 369.32 mg/kg respectively) as compared with the control (72.69 mg/kg) due to the mass transfer of the phytosterols. Microwave and ultrasound pretreatment also led to stigmastanol formation. For antioxidant activity, a comparison of both DPPH and FRAP assays depicts that the microwave group exhibited the best overall antioxidant activity. Lastly, for oil stability, a lower peroxide value was found in the microwave and ultrasound groups across time intervals, which may be attributed to their antioxidant activity. In summary, ultrasound and microwave pretreatment can improve oil expression, oil quality, and bioactive content of the mechanically expressed moringa oils.
Topics: Antioxidants; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Food Quality; Green Chemistry Technology; Microwaves; Moringa oleifera; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Seeds; Solid Phase Extraction; Ultrasonic Waves
PubMed: 34121028
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20357 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jan 2021The recombinant lipase of (OPEr) is characterized by its prominent sterol esterase activity. The protein was immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles, giving four enzyme...
The recombinant lipase of (OPEr) is characterized by its prominent sterol esterase activity. The protein was immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles, giving four enzyme variants that have been tested in solvent-free transesterification of methyl oleate and sitostanol. The yields of stanol esters reached 85%, and the catalysts can be reused. Stanol esters were also obtained in a two-step cascade reaction; a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters was enzymatically synthesized from cooking oil wastes and then used for stanol transesterification. An 85% conversion was achieved in 2 h from the second cycle onward, maintaining the activity over 5 cycles. The biocatalysts can be safely used since they don't release toxic compounds for HeLa and A549 cell lines. These procedures comply with the principles of green chemistry and contribute to the sustainable production of these nutraceuticals from secondary raw materials, like the lipid fraction from industrial or agricultural residues.
Topics: Biocatalysis; Cell Line; Enzymes, Immobilized; Fungal Proteins; Green Chemistry Technology; Humans; Lipase; Oleic Acids; Ophiostoma; Plant Oils; Sitosterols; Waste Products
PubMed: 33375783
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06581 -
Food Chemistry Dec 2014Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods is considered, in the Iberian Peninsula and France, a gourmet product. Nevertheless, is one of the less studied Salicornia species. In...
Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods is considered, in the Iberian Peninsula and France, a gourmet product. Nevertheless, is one of the less studied Salicornia species. In this work, GC-MS was employed to, for the first time; fully characterise the lipophilic profile of S. ramosissima and to assess the effect of natural and extra irrigation in that profile. The obtained data showed esterified and free fatty acids, fatty alcohol, sterols, alkanes and aromatic acid derivatives, being palmitic acid, tetracosanol and octacosanol the most abundant compounds. The extra irrigation increases significantly (P<0.001) the content of esterified lipophilic compounds. Stigmastanol, 24-ethyl-δ(22)-coprostenol, several secondary fatty alcohols and dicarboxylic acids were identified for the first time in Salicornia genus. Several of the detected compounds are known to have health benefits and our results suggest that S. ramosissima should be considered as an important dietary source of lipophilic phytochemicals.
Topics: Chenopodiaceae; Fatty Acids; Salt-Tolerant Plants
PubMed: 25038683
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.117 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Jan 2019Sewage pollution is a principal factor of decreasing water quality, although it has not been considered a real impact in Amazonia that is still considered a pristine...
Sewage pollution is a principal factor of decreasing water quality, although it has not been considered a real impact in Amazonia that is still considered a pristine environment around the world. Thus, this study aimed to assess the levels of sewage contamination in sediments from three streams crossing Manaus - a Brazilian city of 2,403,796 inhabitants in the heart of the Amazon rain forest. Cholesterol, cholestanol, brassicasterol, ergosterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmastanol, coprostanol, and epicoprostanol levels were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The fecal indicator, coprostanol, was found in high concentrations (509-12 830 ng g) and high relative proportions (21-54%) in all samples collected in the Mindu stream that crosses many heavily populated districts of the city, and in the Quarenta stream that crosses the Industrial District of Manaus. The sediments of the Tarumã-Açu stream also presented coprostanol; however, concentrations (
Topics: Biomarkers; Brazil; Cholestadienols; Cholestanol; Cholestanols; Cholesterol; Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Contamination; Environmental Monitoring; Feces; Geologic Sediments; Phytosterols; Rivers; Sewage; Sitosterols; Sterols; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Water Pollutants; Water Pollution; Water Quality
PubMed: 30390455
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.055 -
Phytochemistry Sep 2014Hypericum riparium A. Chev. is a Cameroonian medicinal plant belonging to the family Guttiferae. Chemical investigation of the methanol extract of the stem bark of H....
Hypericum riparium A. Chev. is a Cameroonian medicinal plant belonging to the family Guttiferae. Chemical investigation of the methanol extract of the stem bark of H. riparium led to the isolation of four natural products, 7,7'-dihydroxy-6,6'-biscoumarin (1), 7,7'-dihydroxy-8,8'-biscoumarin (2), 7-methoxy-6,7'-dicoumarinyl ether (3), 2'-hydroxy-5'-(7″-methoxycoumarin-6″-yl)-4'-methoxyphenylpropanoic acid (4), together with one known 7,7'-dimethoxy-6,6'-biscoumarin (5), two flavones, 2'-methoxyflavone (6) and 3'-methoxy flavone (7), and two steroids, stigmast-4-en-3-one (8) and ergosta-4,6,8,22-tetraen-3-one (9). In addition, tetradecanoic acid (10), n-pentadecanoic acid (11), hexadecanoic acid (12), cis-10-heptadecenoic acid (13), octadecanoic acid (14) campesterol (15), stigmasterol (16), β-sitosterol (17), stigmastanol (18), β-eudesmol (19), 1-hexadecanol (20), and 1-octadecanol (21) were identified by GC-MS analysis. Compound 4 consists of a phenylpropanoic acid derivative fused with a coumarin unit, while compounds 2 and 3 are rare members of C8-C8' and C7-O-C6 linked biscoumarins. Their structures were elucidated by UV, IR, extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments and electrospray (ESI) high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) including detailed MS/MS studies. This is the first report on the isolation of biscoumarins from the genus Hypericum, although simple coumarin derivatives have been reported from this genus in the literature. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 2-5 were evaluated against the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 and the colon cancer cell line HT-29. They do not exhibit any significant cytotoxic activity.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Cameroon; Coumarins; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Flavonoids; HT29 Cells; Humans; Hypericum; Male; Molecular Structure; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Plants, Medicinal; Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol
PubMed: 24930002
DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.05.008