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Seminars in Nephrology Jan 2024End-stage kidney disease patients who are referred for transplant undergo an extensive evaluation process to ensure their health prior to transplant due in part to the... (Review)
Review
End-stage kidney disease patients who are referred for transplant undergo an extensive evaluation process to ensure their health prior to transplant due in part to the shortage of available organs. Although management and surveillance guidelines exist for malignancies identified in the transplant and waitlist populations, less is written about the management of premalignant lesions in this population. This review covers the less common premalignant lesions (intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, thymoma, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor) that can be found in the transplant candidate population. High-level evidence for the management of these rarer premalignant lesions in the transplant population is lacking, and this review extrapolates evidence from the general population and should not be a substitute for a multidisciplinary discussion with medical and surgical oncologists.
Topics: Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Precancerous Conditions; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Thymoma; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Thymus Neoplasms
PubMed: 38490902
DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2024.151495 -
Journal of the Chinese Medical... Jun 2019
Topics: Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Sarcoma, Endometrial Stromal
PubMed: 30932941
DOI: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000104 -
Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology Feb 2024Esophageal cancer is common worldwide, including in Japan, and its major histological subtype is squamous cell carcinoma. However, there are some rare esophageal... (Review)
Review
Esophageal cancer is common worldwide, including in Japan, and its major histological subtype is squamous cell carcinoma. However, there are some rare esophageal cancers, including neuroendocrine neoplasm, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, carcinosarcoma and malignant melanoma. The biological and clinical features of these cancers differ from those of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, different treatment strategies are needed for these cancers but are based on limited evidence. Neuroendocrine neoplasm is mainly divided into neuroendocrine tumor and neuroendocrine carcinoma by differentiation and the Ki-67 proliferation index or mitotic index. Epidemiologically, the majority of esophageal neuroendocrine neoplasms are neuroendocrine carcinoma. The treatment of neuroendocrine carcinoma is similar to that of small cell lung cancer, which has similar morphological and biological features. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is known to be associated with alterations in the c-KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor genes and, if resectable, is treated in accordance with the modified Fletcher classification. Carcinosarcoma is generally resistant to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy and requires multimodal treatments such as surgery plus chemotherapy to achieve cure. Primary malignant melanoma is resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy, but immune checkpoint inhibitors have recently demonstrated efficacy for malignant melanoma of the esophagus. This review focuses on the current status and future perspectives for rare cancer of the esophagus.
Topics: Humans; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Melanoma; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Carcinosarcoma
PubMed: 37861097
DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyad144 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2021Despite improvements in therapy and management, cancer represents and remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although genetics serve an important... (Review)
Review
Despite improvements in therapy and management, cancer represents and remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although genetics serve an important role in tumorigenesis and tumour progression, the tumour microenvironment (TME) in solid tumours is also important and has been indicated to contribute to these processes. Stromal cell‑derived factors (SDFs) represent an important family within the TME. The family includes SDF‑1, SDF‑2, SDF2‑like 1 (SDF2L1), SDF‑3, SDF‑4 and SDF‑5. SDF‑1 has been demonstrated to act as a positive regulator in a number of types of tumour, such as oesophago‑gastric, pancreatic, lung, breast, colorectal and ovarian cancer, while the biology and functions of other members of the SDF family, including SDF‑2, SDF2L1, SDF‑4 and SDF‑5, in cancer are different, complex and controversial, and remain mainly unknown. Full identification and understanding of the SDFs across multiple types of cancer is required to elucidate their function and establish potential key targets in cancer.
Topics: Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 33416125
DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4811 -
Cells Dec 2021Communication between cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in promoting metastasis, which is the major... (Review)
Review
Communication between cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in promoting metastasis, which is the major cause of cancer death. Small membrane-bound particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from both cancer and stromal cells and have a key role in mediating this communication through transport of cargo such as various RNA species (mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA), proteins, and lipids. Tumor-secreted EVs have been observed to induce a pro-tumorigenic phenotype in non-malignant cells of the stroma, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and local immune cells. These cancer-associated cells then drive metastasis by mechanisms such as increasing the invasiveness of cancer cells, facilitating angiogenesis, and promoting the formation of the pre-metastatic niche. This review will cover the role of EV-mediated signaling in the TME during metastasis and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting these pathways to develop biomarkers and novel treatment strategies.
Topics: Cell Communication; Endothelial Cells; Extracellular Vesicles; Fibroblasts; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Stromal Cells; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 34943937
DOI: 10.3390/cells10123429 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2018Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors located in the alimentary tract. Its usual manifestation is gastrointestinal bleeding.... (Review)
Review
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors located in the alimentary tract. Its usual manifestation is gastrointestinal bleeding. However, small asymptomatic lesions are frequently detected as incidental finding. Characteristically, most GISTs (> 95%) are positive for the KIT protein (CD117) by IHC staining and approximately 80%-90% of GISTs carry a mutation in the c-KIT or PDGFRA genes. Mutational analysis should be performed when planning adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy, due to its possible resistance to conventional treatment. The arise of tyrosine kinase inhibitor has supposed a revolution in GISTs treatment being useful as adjuvant, neoadjuvant or recurrence disease treatment. That is why a multidisciplinary approach to this disease is required. The correct characterization of the tumor at diagnosis (the diagnosis of recurrences and the evaluation of the response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors) is fundamental for facing these tumors and requires specialized Endoscopist, Radiologists and Nuclear Medicine Physician. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment for suspected resectable GIST. In the case of high risk GISTs, surgery plus adjuvant Imatinib-Mesylate for 3 years is the standard treatment. Neoadjuvant imatinib-mesylate should be considered to shrink the tumor in case of locally advanced primary or recurrence disease, unresectable or potentially resectable metastasic tumors, and potentially resectable disease in complex anatomic locations to decrease the related morbidity. In the case of Metastatic GIST under Neoadjuvant treatment, when there are complete response, stable disease or limited disease progression, complete cytoreductive surgery could be a therapeutic option if feasible.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Asymptomatic Diseases; Biomarkers, Tumor; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Gastrectomy; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Humans; Incidental Findings; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Patient Care Team; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29760538
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i18.1925 -
Current Drug Targets 2016The mechanisms of tumor growth and progression involve the activation of different processes such as neovascularization and angiogenesis. These processes involve tumoral... (Review)
Review
The mechanisms of tumor growth and progression involve the activation of different processes such as neovascularization and angiogenesis. These processes involve tumoral cells and stromal cells. Hence, inhibiting angiogenesis affects tumor growth and proliferation in patients with different types of cancer. Nevertheless, tumoral cells and stromal components are responsible for the resistance to antiangiogenic therapies. The majority of tumors respond to this type of therapy; however, some tumors may be indifferent to antiangiogenic therapies (intrinsic resistance) and other tumors become resistant during treatment (acquired resistance). Different strategies have been proposed to prevent resistance. Preclinical studies and clinical trials are focused to fight this therapeutic approach in order to prevent or delay tumor resistance to antiangiogenic therapies.
Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Proliferation; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Progression; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Neoplasms; Signal Transduction; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 26926466
DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666160301101425 -
Surgical Oncology Clinics of North... Oct 2016Radical surgery is the mainstay of therapy for primary resectable, localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Nevertheless, approximately 40% to 50% of patients... (Review)
Review
Radical surgery is the mainstay of therapy for primary resectable, localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Nevertheless, approximately 40% to 50% of patients with potentially curative resections develop recurrent or metastatic disease. The introduction of imatinib mesylate has revolutionized the therapy of advanced (inoperable and/or metastatic) GIST and has become the standard of care in treatment of patients with advanced GIST. This article discusses the proper selection of candidates for adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced GIST, exploring the available evidence behind the combination of preoperative imatinib and surgery.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Benzamides; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Disease Management; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Humans; Imatinib Mesylate; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Piperazines; Pyrimidines; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27591496
DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2016.05.006 -
Ginekologia Polska 2016Uterine endometrial stromal sarcomas including true low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS) and high-grade (HG-ESS) or undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma (UES)... (Review)
Review
Uterine endometrial stromal sarcomas including true low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS) and high-grade (HG-ESS) or undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma (UES) constitute a group of rare, aggressive malignancies. Most LG-ESSs express steroid receptors. Surgery is the principal primary therapy for endometrial stromal sarcomas and should be considered in all cases. These malignancies are relatively radio- and chemoresistant. Chemotherapy is used in recurrent and advanced HG-ESS and UES. Currently, the combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel is considered the most effective regimen, but at the expense of substantial toxicity. In steroid receptor positive advanced LG-ESS hormonal therapy, mainly with progestins, allows in some patients for a long-term survival. Aromatase inhibitors seem to be equally effective as first- and subsequent-line of treatment, and are well tolerated. The role of molecular-targeted therapies in endometrial stromal sarcomas remains to be established.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Palliative Care; Sarcoma, Endometrial Stromal
PubMed: 27629136
DOI: 10.5603/GP.2016.0051 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020The intricate interplay between malignant cells and host cellular and non-cellular components play crucial role in different stages of tumor development, progression,... (Review)
Review
The intricate interplay between malignant cells and host cellular and non-cellular components play crucial role in different stages of tumor development, progression, and metastases. Tumor and stromal cells communicate to each other through receptors such as integrins and secretion of signaling molecules like growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory mediators. Chemokines mediated signaling pathways have emerged as major mechanisms underlying multifaceted roles played by host cells during tumor progression. In response to tumor stimuli, host cells-derived chemokines further activates signaling cascades that support the ability of tumor cells to invade surrounding basement membrane and extra-cellular matrix. The host-derived chemokines act on endothelial cells to increase their permeability and facilitate tumor cells intravasation and extravasation. The tumor cells-host neutrophils interaction within the vasculature initiates chemokines driven recruitment of inflammatory cells that protects circulatory tumor cells from immune attack. Chemokines secreted by tumor cells and stromal immune and non-immune cells within the tumor microenvironment enter the circulation and are responsible for formation of a "pre-metastatic niche" like a "soil" in distant organs whereby circulating tumor cells "seed' and colonize, leading to formation of metastatic foci. Given the importance of host derived chemokines in cancer progression and metastases several drugs like Mogamulizumab, Plerixafor, Repertaxin among others are part of ongoing clinical trial which target chemokines and their receptors against cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the complexity of chemokines network in tumor microenvironment, with an emphasis on chemokines secreted from host cells. We especially summarize the role of host-derived chemokines in different stages of metastases, including invasion, dissemination, migration into the vasculature, and seeding into the pre-metastatic niche. We finally provide a brief description of prospective drugs that target chemokines in different clinical trials against cancer.
Topics: Animals; Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts; Cell Communication; Chemokines; Disease Management; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms; Stromal Cells; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 33414786
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.598532