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Parasitology Research Mar 2017A comparative study was carried out to evaluate the Strongyloides stercoralis infections in children and dogs inside and outside the segregated settlement in Medzev,...
The roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis in children, dogs, and soil inside and outside a segregated settlement in Eastern Slovakia: frequent but hardly detectable parasite.
A comparative study was carried out to evaluate the Strongyloides stercoralis infections in children and dogs inside and outside the segregated settlement in Medzev, Eastern Slovakia, and a survey of the soil within the settlement was included. Applying the Koga agar plate (KAP) culture method and microscopy examination of stool samples collected from 60 Roma and 21 nonRoma children, no larvae of S. stercoralis were detected but eggs of three nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis) and cysts of two protozoan endoparasites (Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp.) were often found. However, immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) for the evidence of IgG antibodies against S. stercoralis showed 33.3% seroprevalence in Roma children and 23.8% prevalence in children from the majority population, attending the same school. Eosinophilia was regularly present in children with exclusive infection of S. stercoralis (eight cases) as well as in individuals suffering from mixed infections of S. stercoralis and some of the above listed parasites (16 cases); high eosinophil counts sometimes, but not always, occurred in parasitized children lacking S. stercoralis antibodies. A comparison of S. stercoralis in dogs from the settlement (40 dogs) and from a distant dog shelter (20 dogs) did not reveal remarkable differences: the direct microscopy of faecal samples revealed rhabditiform larvae in 13.3% of the dogs from the settlement (4/30) and in 10.0% of the dogs from the shelter (2/20). Out of blood samples collected from the second dog group, 55% of the dogs contained antibodies against S. stercoralis. In the soil collected from 14 various locations within the settlement, S. stercoralis larvae were observed in two samples (14.3%); however, 13 samples (92.9%) were positive for human or dog endoparasites of the genera Ancylostoma, Ascaris, Toxocara, Toxascaris, Trichuris, and Hymenolepis.
Topics: Agar; Ancylostoma; Animals; Ascaris; Ascaris lumbricoides; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enterobius; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Feces; Female; Giardia lamblia; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Slovakia; Soil; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis; Toxocara
PubMed: 28074315
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5362-1 -
Parasitology Research Oct 2016Human strongyloidiasis is a deleterious gastrointestinal disease mainly caused by Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted...
Human strongyloidiasis is a deleterious gastrointestinal disease mainly caused by Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminthiasis that is distributed around the globe. Although definitive diagnosis is carried out through the detection of parasite objects in human stool samples, the development of reliable immunological assays is an important alternative approach for supportive diagnosis. We characterized the two sensitive and specific bands of S. stercoralis filariform larvae that reacted with human strongyloidiasis sera based on immunoblot analysis. Serum samples obtained from strongyloidiasis patients showed a sensitivity of 90 and 80 % at the approximate molecular mass of 26 and 29-kDa polypeptide bands, respectively. The reactive specificity of the 26-kDa band was 76.5 % while for the 29-kDa band was 92.2 %. Proteomic analysis identified the 26-kDa band protein was 14-3-3 protein zeta, while the 29-kDa band protein was ADP/ATP translocase 4. The results provided a basic framework for further studies regarding the potential of the S. stercoralis recombinant antigen to become a leading to diagnostic tool.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Helminth; Humans; Peptides; Proteomics; Recombinant Proteins; Sensitivity and Specificity; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 27312043
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5170-7 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Nov 2019Strongyloidiasis is caused by nematode infections of the genus Strongyloides, mainly Strongyloides stercoralis, and affects tens of millions of people around the world.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Strongyloidiasis is caused by nematode infections of the genus Strongyloides, mainly Strongyloides stercoralis, and affects tens of millions of people around the world. S. stercoralis hyperinfection and disseminated strongyloidiasis are unusual but potentially fatal conditions mostly due to Gram-negative bacteremia and sepsis, primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. Infections with immunosuppressive viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Human T-cell leucemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) have been reported as risk factors for strongyloidiasis. Hyperinfection syndrome has been described in HIV-positive patients following the use of corticosteroids or during immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). In this research, we conducted a global systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the seroprevalence and odds ratios (ORs) of S. stercoralis infections in HIV-infected patients. A total of 3,649 records were screened, 164 studies were selected and evaluated in more detail, and 94 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis infection in HIV positive patients was 5.1% (CI95%: 4%-6.3%), and a meta-analysis on six studies showed that with a pooled OR of 1.79 (CI95%: 1.18%-2.69%) HIV-positive men are at a higher risk of S. stercoralis infections (p < .0052) compared to HIV positive women.
Topics: Animals; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 31359566
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13310 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2022The prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection is estimated to be 30-100 million worldwide, although this an underestimate. Most cases remain undiagnosed due to...
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection is estimated to be 30-100 million worldwide, although this an underestimate. Most cases remain undiagnosed due to the asymptomatic nature of the infection. We wanted to estimate the seroprevalence of S. stercoralis infection in a South Indian adult population.
METHODS
To this end, we performed community-based screening of 2351 individuals (aged 18-65) in Kanchipuram District of Tamil Nadu between 2013 and 2020. Serological testing for S. stercoralis was performed using the NIE ELISA.
RESULTS
Our data shows a seroprevalence of 33% (768/2351) for S. stercoralis infection which had a higher prevalence among males 36% (386/1069) than among females 29.8% (382/1282). Adults aged ≥55 (aOR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.25-2.18) showed higher adjusted odds of association compared with other age groups. Eosinophil levels (39%) (aOR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.19-1.74) and hemoglobin levels (24%) (aOR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.11-1.53) were significantly associated with S. stercoralis infection. In contrast, low BMI (aOR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.82-1.61) or the presence of diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.83-1.69) was not associated with S. stercoralis seropositivity.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study provides evidence for a very high baseline prevalence of S. stercoralis infection in South Indian communities and this information could provide realistic and concrete planning of control measures.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Feces; Female; Humans; India; Male; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 35857754
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010561 -
International Journal of Rheumatic... Jul 2016Strongyloides stercoralis infection is usually chronic and asymptomatic and may persist undiagnosed for decades. However, in immunocompromised individuals, the infection...
AIM
Strongyloides stercoralis infection is usually chronic and asymptomatic and may persist undiagnosed for decades. However, in immunocompromised individuals, the infection can cause hyperinfection and dissemination. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential to prevent severe forms of strongyloidiasis. The aims of this study were: (i) to evaluate the frequency of S. stercoralis infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) and (ii) to estimate specific immunoglobulins G (IgG) and E (IgE) production using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
METHODS
Seventy-five SLE patients treated with prophylactic anthelmintic therapy were evaluated using the spontaneous sedimentation (SS), Baermann-Moraes (BM) and agar plate culture (APC) methods. Serum anti-S. stercoralis IgG and IgE antibodies were measured by ELISA.
RESULTS
Using parasitological methods, the frequency of intestinal parasites was 10.7%, whereas the frequency of S. stercoralis infection was 1.3%. The sensitivity of the ELISA to detect anti-S. stercoralis IgG and IgE was 80% and 76.9%, respectively. Both assays presented the same specificity of 96.7%. The frequency of anti-S. stercoralis IgG and IgE was 16% and 28%, respectively. Six patients were positive for both antibodies.
CONCLUSIONS
Diagnostic approaches using high-sensitivity parasitological methods and the detection of specific antibodies are essential for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Early detection of infection can alter the course of the disease via appropriate treatment, preventing the occurrence of severe strongyloidiasis.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Antinematodal Agents; Biomarkers; Early Diagnosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Male; Middle Aged; Opportunistic Infections; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26258603
DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.12644 -
Infectious Disorders Drug Targets 2022In India, around 23.49 lac people have HIV/AIDS (PLHA). Strongyloidiasis and toxoplasmosis are some of the opportunistic infections that occur in HIV patients, but their...
BACKGROUND
In India, around 23.49 lac people have HIV/AIDS (PLHA). Strongyloidiasis and toxoplasmosis are some of the opportunistic infections that occur in HIV patients, but their dual coinfection with HIV is rarely reported.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 46-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with generalized weakness, loss of weight, and bleeding per rectum for the last 3 months and a few episodes of dizziness and fever.
RESULTS
On routine investigation, he was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. On further evaluation, Toxoplasma gondii and Strongyloides stercoralis coinfection, as assessed by the parasitological diagnosis of the serum sample, was positive. Patient was started on artesunate, ART regimen (Tab, TLD- Dolutegravir 50 + Lamivudine 300 + Tenofovir DF 300) and cotrimoxazole.
CONCLUSION
Herein, we report a case of Toxoplasma gondii and Strongyloides stercoralis coinfection in an immunocompromised patient.
Topics: Animals; Coinfection; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Male; Middle Aged; Strongyloides stercoralis; Toxoplasma
PubMed: 35184717
DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220218114426 -
ACS Infectious Diseases May 2021is a soil-transmitted helminth affecting an estimated 30-100 million people. Since the infection may be severe and life-threatening, accessible and effective treatment...
is a soil-transmitted helminth affecting an estimated 30-100 million people. Since the infection may be severe and life-threatening, accessible and effective treatment is pivotal. Currently, ivermectin is the drug of choice but has limitations. Moxidectin, a veterinary anthelminthic approved for use in human onchocerciasis, is a promising drug alternative against strongyloidiasis. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro activity of moxidectin on larvae (L) and adult females and the activity as well as the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin in infected rats. In vitro, moxidectin had an activity that was similar to that of ivermectin, with median lethal concentration values for L and adults in the range of 0.08-1.44 μM, after 72 h of exposure. In vivo, doses of 250, 500, and 750 μg/kg of moxidectin resulted in a reduction of the worm burden ranging from 48.5 to 75%. At the highest dose (750 μg/kg) we observed a maximal blood concentration of 50.3 ng/mL and an area under the curve of 895.2 ng × h/mL. The half-life in rats was 9 h, and moxidectin was cleared to undetectable blood levels within 7 d (<10 ng/mL). No exposure-response relationship was observed. This work contributes to the characterization of moxidectin in the treatment of as a model of . and, as such, supports moving moxidectin further along the drug development pipeline in the treatment of human strongyloidiasis.
Topics: Animals; Female; Macrolides; Rats; Strongyloides ratti; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 32991142
DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00435 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Aug 2016Strongyloides stercoralis is the only soil-transmitted helminth with the ability to replicate within its host, leading to long-lasting and potentially fatal infections....
BACKGROUND
Strongyloides stercoralis is the only soil-transmitted helminth with the ability to replicate within its host, leading to long-lasting and potentially fatal infections. It is ubiquitous and its worldwide prevalence has recently been estimated to be at least half that of hookworm. Information on the epidemiology of S. stercoralis remains scarce and modalities for its large-scale control are yet to be determined.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
A community-based two-year cohort study was conducted among the general population in a rural province in North Cambodia. At each survey, participants infected with S. stercoralis were treated with a single oral dose of ivermectin (200μg/kg BW). Diagnosis was performed using a combination of the Baermann method and Koga agar plate culture on two stool samples. The cohort included participants from eight villages who were either positive or negative for S. stercoralis at baseline. Mixed logistic regression models were employed to assess risk factors for S. stercoralis infection at baseline and re-infection at follow-up. A total of 3,096 participants were examined at baseline, revealing a S. stercoralis prevalence of 33.1%. Of these participants, 1,269 were followed-up over two years. Re-infection and infection rates among positive and negative participants at baseline were 14.4% and 9.6% at the first and 11.0% and 11.5% at the second follow-up, respectively. At follow-up, all age groups were at similar risk of acquiring an infection, while infection risk significantly decreased with increasing village sanitation coverage.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Chemotherapy-based control of S. stercoralis is feasible and highly beneficial, particularly in combination with improved sanitation. The impact of community-based ivermectin treatment on S. stercoralis was high, with over 85% of villagers remaining negative one year after treatment. The integration of S. stercoralis into existing STH control programs should be considered without further delay.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antinematodal Agents; Cambodia; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Community Medicine; Family Characteristics; Feces; Female; Humans; Ivermectin; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Sanitation; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis; Young Adult
PubMed: 27548286
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004909 -
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Mar 2022
Topics: Animals; Colitis; Colitis, Ulcerative; Humans; Strongyloides stercoralis
PubMed: 34791284
DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab262 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Oct 2017is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of and other intestinal parasites and identify the risk...
is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of and other intestinal parasites and identify the risk factors for infection with in a rural area of Angola. A cross-sectional study was conducted in school-age children (SAC) in Cubal, Angola. A questionnaire collecting clinical and epidemiological variables was used, and two stool samples were collected. A concentration technique (Ritchie) and a technique for detection of larvae migration (Baermann) were performed. Of 230 SAC, 56.1% were female and the mean age was 9.3 years (SD 2.45). Severe malnutrition, according to body mass index (BMI)-for-age, was observed in 20.4% of the SAC, and anemia was found in 59.6%. was observed in 28 of the 230 (12.8%) SAC. Eggs of other helminths were observed in 51 (22.2%) students: spp. in 27 students (11.7%), hookworm in 14 (6.1%), four (1.7%), in four (1.7%), in three (1.3%), spp. in two (0.9%), and one (0.4%). Protozoa were observed in 17 (7.4%) students. Detection of was higher using the Baermann technique versus using formol-ether (11.3 vs. 3%). Overall prevalence of in the school population of 16 studied schools in the municipal area of Cubal was greater than 10%. This fact must be considered when designing deworming mass campaigns. The use of specific tests in larvae detection is needed to avoid overlooking this parasite.
Topics: Angola; Animals; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Feces; Female; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 28820707
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0159