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Clinics in Dermatology 2019Skin phototyping refers to a skin classification scheme based on how the skin responds to sun exposure. The Fitzpatrick classification is the most widely accepted method... (Review)
Review
Skin phototyping refers to a skin classification scheme based on how the skin responds to sun exposure. The Fitzpatrick classification is the most widely accepted method of skin phototyping, based on a person's tendency to sunburn and ability to tan. Apart from estimating the initial therapeutic dose of UV light, skin phototyping is also useful in predicting the risk of photodamage and skin cancer and the outcome of esthetic procedures. Techniques to type the skin objectively have been developed to address the deficiencies associated with the subjective Fitzpatrick classification. Some skin typing systems have been proposed specifically to predict the response of skin to cosmetic procedures such as chemical peeling and laser resurfacing. We discuss the concept of skin type and its relation to skin color, as well as critically appraising the various available methods of skin typing.
Topics: Classification; Ethnicity; Humans; Skin Pigmentation; Sunburn; Sunlight; Suntan
PubMed: 31896400
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.07.010 -
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Mar 2022Photoprotection behaviors can mitigate skin damage caused by ultraviolet radiation, and common methods include seeking shade, avoiding sun exposure during peak daylight... (Review)
Review
Photoprotection behaviors can mitigate skin damage caused by ultraviolet radiation, and common methods include seeking shade, avoiding sun exposure during peak daylight hours, wearing sun-protective clothing, applying sunscreen, and using sunglasses. While the role of sun protection in preventing sunburns, photoaging, and skin cancer is well established in fair-skinned populations, individuals with skin of color (SOC) are presumed to suffer fewer negative effects from solar radiation. Thus, the importance of photoprotection in this population is understudied and may be underestimated. In SOC populations, sun exposure is known to cause pigmentary disorders, photoaging, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), highlighting the potential benefits of photoprotection. Although SOC populations tend to practice photoprotection by seeking shade and wearing sun-protective clothing, survey and interview-based studies have consistently found relatively low use of sunscreen among these populations. Common motivators for photoprotection in individuals with SOC include preventing sunburn and pigmentation, with the prevention of skin cancer being a less important reason. As a skin cancer risk behavior, indoor tanning is relatively rare in SOC populations, but its use may increase with acculturation to US norms. While more studies are necessary to clarify whether photoprotection behaviors may decrease skin cancer-related mortality in SOC populations, regular dermatologic care and counseling on photoprotection remain essential in patients with SOC for overall skin health.
Topics: Humans; Skin; Skin Pigmentation; Sunburn; Sunscreening Agents; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 35044638
DOI: 10.1007/s40257-021-00670-z -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Feb 2021Artificial sunscreens are already gaining traction in order to protect the skin from sunburns, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. However, the efficacy and safety of... (Review)
Review
Artificial sunscreens are already gaining traction in order to protect the skin from sunburns, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. However, the efficacy and safety of most artificial sunscreen constituents are hindered by their photostability, toxicity and damage to marine ecosystems. Natural selection and evolution have ensured that plants and animals have developed effective protective mechanisms against the deleterious side effects of oxidative stress and ultraviolet radiation (UV). Hence, natural antioxidants such as sun blockers are drawing considerable attention. The exact mechanism by which natural components act as sunscreen molecules has not been clearly established. However, conjugated π system is reported to play an important role in protecting the vital genetic material within the organism. Compared to artificial sunscreens, natural sunscreens with strong UV absorptive capacities are largely limited by low specific extinction value and by their inability to spread in large-scale sunscreen cosmetic applications. Previous studies have documented that natural components exert their photoprotective effects (such as improved skin elasticity and hydration, skin texture, and wrinkles) through their antioxidant effects, and through the regulation of UV-induced skin inflammation, barrier impairment and aging. This review focuses on natural antioxidant topical formulations with sun protection factor (SPF). Lignin, melanin, silymarin and other ingredients have been added to high sun protection nature sunscreens without any physical or chemical UV filters. This paper also provides a reference for adopting novel technical measures (extracting high content components, changing the type of solution, optimizing formulation, applying Nano technology, et al) to design and prepare nature sunscreen formulations equated with commercial sunscreen formulations. Another strategy is to add natural antioxidants from plants, animals, microorganisms and marine organisms as special enhancer or modifier ingredients to reinforce SPF values. Although the photoprotective effects of natural components have been established, their deleterious side effects have not been elucidated.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Antioxidants; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Skin; Skin Aging; Sunburn; Sunscreening Agents; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 33360043
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111161 -
Animal Models and Experimental Medicine Jun 2023Although solar exposure is necessary for human health, phototoxicology induced by excessive UVB and UVA radiation, which involves sunburns, skin aging and even... (Review)
Review
Although solar exposure is necessary for human health, phototoxicology induced by excessive UVB and UVA radiation, which involves sunburns, skin aging and even tumorigenesis, has been widely researched. Sunscreen is one of the most important ways to protect skin from UV phototoxic damage. As well as inorganic and organic UV filters, some natural products or plant extracts with aromatic rings in their structures, such as flavonoids or polyphenols, can absorb UV to reduce sunburn, acting as a natural UV filter; they also show antioxidant or/and anti-inflammatory activity. This could explain why, although there are no officially approval natural commercial sun-filters, more and more commercial sunscreen products containing plant extracts are available on the market. Here we summarize articles focusing on natural UV filters from plant published in the last 6 years, selecting the most significant data in order to better understand the photoprotective activity of natural products and extracts from plants, including their major constituents and main biological effects, methods for evaluating UV radiation resistance, anti-UV radiation experimental models and anti-UV radiation mechanisms.
Topics: Humans; Sunscreening Agents; Biological Products; Skin Neoplasms; Ultraviolet Rays; Sunburn; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 36536536
DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12295 -
Anales de Pediatria Jun 2020Sunburn, immunodepression, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis, are some of the most significant adverse effects of solar radiation in humans. Children are population...
Sunburn, immunodepression, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis, are some of the most significant adverse effects of solar radiation in humans. Children are population group of special vulnerability, due to the fact that exposure to the sun has more pronounced biological effects compared to adults. Furthermore, childhood is a critical period for promoting the development of photo damage and photocarcinogenesis in the later stages of life if adequate measures at not put into place. This is because it is estimated that between 18 and 20 years of age is when 40% to 50% of the accumulative exposure to ultraviolet radiation up to 60 years of age is received. The most important strategy for the photoprotection of children is changes in behaviour and habits associated with exposure to the sun at all levels (school, society, family, etc.). Resorting to the shade, reduction in overall time of exposure to the sun, and physical protection (clothes, hats, and sunglasses) are the best and least costly photoprotection strategies. The photoprotectors must be incorporated into the daily routine of children in the same way as adults, and must complete a series of requirements in order to make them effective, safe, and in line with the environment.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Health; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Protective Clothing; Skin Aging; Skin Neoplasms; Sunburn; Sunlight; Sunscreening Agents; Young Adult
PubMed: 32513601
DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.04.014 -
Nature Jun 2021Inflammation is a defence response to tissue damage that requires tight regulation in order to prevent impaired healing. Tissue-resident macrophages have a key role in...
Inflammation is a defence response to tissue damage that requires tight regulation in order to prevent impaired healing. Tissue-resident macrophages have a key role in tissue repair, but the precise molecular mechanisms that regulate the balance between inflammatory and pro-repair macrophage responses during healing remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a major role for sensory neurons in promoting the tissue-repair function of macrophages. In a sunburn-like model of skin damage in mice, the conditional ablation of sensory neurons expressing the Gα-interacting protein (GINIP) results in defective tissue regeneration and in dermal fibrosis. Elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed a crucial role for the neuropeptide TAFA4, which is produced in the skin by C-low threshold mechanoreceptors-a subset of GINIP neurons. TAFA4 modulates the inflammatory profile of macrophages directly in vitro. In vivo studies in Tafa4-deficient mice revealed that TAFA4 promotes the production of IL-10 by dermal macrophages after UV-induced skin damage. This TAFA4-IL-10 axis also ensures the survival and maintenance of IL-10TIM4 dermal macrophages, reducing skin inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration. These results reveal a neuroimmune regulatory pathway driven by the neuropeptide TAFA4 that promotes the anti-inflammatory functions of macrophages and prevents fibrosis after tissue damage, and could lead to new therapeutic perspectives for inflammatory diseases.
Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fibrosis; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Macrophages; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Regeneration; Sensory Receptor Cells; Skin; Sunburn; Ultraviolet Rays; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34012116
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03563-7 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2016Polyphenols are antioxidant molecules found in many foods such as green tea, chocolate, grape seeds, and wine. Polyphenols have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and... (Review)
Review
Polyphenols are antioxidant molecules found in many foods such as green tea, chocolate, grape seeds, and wine. Polyphenols have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic properties. Growing evidence suggests that polyphenols may be used for the prevention of sunburns as polyphenols decrease the damaging effects of ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on the skin. This review was conducted to examine the evidence for use of topically and orally ingested polyphenols in prevention of sunburns. The PubMed database was searched for studies that examined polyphenols and its effects on sunburns. Of the 27 studies found, 15 met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies were conducted on human subjects and eight on animals (mice and rats). Eleven studies evaluated the effects of topical polyphenols, two studies examined ingested polyphenols, and two studies examined both topical and ingested polyphenols. Polyphenol sources included the following plant origins: green tea, white tea, cocoa, Romanian propolis (RP), Calluna vulgaris (Cv), grape seeds, honeybush, and Lepidium meyenii (maca). Eight studies examined green tea. Overall, based on the studies, there is evidence that polyphenols in both oral and topical form may provide protection from UV damage and sunburn, and thus are beneficial to skin health. However, current studies are limited and further research is necessary to evaluate the efficacy, mechanism of action, and potential side effects of various forms and concentrations of polyphenols.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mice; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Rats; Sunburn; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27618035
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091521 -
British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen... Aug 2019
Topics: Congresses as Topic; Delivery of Health Care; Humans; Nursing; Periodicals as Topic; Politics; Societies, Medical; State Medicine; Sunburn; United Kingdom; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 31393765
DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2019.28.15.S3 -
International Journal of Cosmetic... Oct 2023Skin cancer continues to increase in incidence year-on-year and represents the most common form of cancer across the globe. Every human undergoes premature ageing,... (Review)
Review
Skin cancer continues to increase in incidence year-on-year and represents the most common form of cancer across the globe. Every human undergoes premature ageing, particularly on the face, neck and hands. Both phenomena are driven primarily by chronic, daily exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). While sunscreen products play a primary role in the prevention of UVR skin damage, the active ingredients, i.e., UVR filters, are facing unprecedented challenges in the coming 10 years and their future is by no means certain. This article, therefore, reviews afresh the facts around photoprotection and the role of sunscreen products in the prevention of acute (sunburn) and chronic (cancer, photoageing) skin damage and compares/contrasts these with various emerging questions and opinions around UVR filter technology. We present a passionate defence of this remarkable technology, but also attempt to imagine a world without it.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Sunscreening Agents; Ultraviolet Rays; Endangered Species; Sunburn; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 37799079
DOI: 10.1111/ics.12902 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Dec 2023Previous evidence has suggested that childhood sunburn could be a risk factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). However,...
Previous evidence has suggested that childhood sunburn could be a risk factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). However, existing observational studies could not reveal the causal associations genetically. This study aimed to investigate whether there was a genetic causal relationship between childhood sunburn and skin cancers. Univariable Mendelian randomization (MR) and Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect analysis was carried out for causal estimates and evaluation for the horizontal pleiotropy. Multivariable MR and the mediation effects analysis were used to test whether the causal associations were mediated by potential confounders. A suggestively significant causal association between childhood sunburn and MM was indicated (OR = 4.74; 95% CI: 1.31-17.19; p = 1.79E-02). Genetically predicted childhood sunburn was significantly associated with increased risk of overall melanoma in situ (MIS) (OR = 4.02; 95% CI: 2.00-8.08; p = 9.40E-05), MIS of face (OR = 18.28; 95% CI: 5.28-63.35; p = 4.59E-06), and MIS of trunk (OR = 7.05; 95% CI: 2.06-24.13; p = 1.88E-03). Similar trends were found for childhood sunburn and NMSC (OR = 8.16; 95% CI: 6.07-10.99; p = 1.53E-20), including both basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (OR = 3.76; 95% CI:2.96-4.77; p = 2.19E-08) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (OR = 7.44; 95% CI: 5.09-10.87; p = 2.19E-08). After adjustment for hair and skin color, facial ageing, vitamin D levels, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and smoking status, childhood sunburn showed an independent association with MIS, MIS of face, MIS of trunk, as well as NMSC, including both BCC and SCC. Mediation analysis showed no significant mediation effect. This study demonstrated a causal relationship between childhood sunburn and the risk of both MM and NMSC, which suggested that enhanced screening and prevention for childhood sunburn could contribute to the early detection and decreased risk of MM and NMSC.
Topics: Child; Humans; Melanoma; Sunburn; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Skin Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37962759
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30535-3