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Journal of Nanobiotechnology May 2024Various clinical symptoms of digestive system, such as infectious, inflammatory, and malignant disorders, have a profound impact on the quality of life and overall... (Review)
Review
Various clinical symptoms of digestive system, such as infectious, inflammatory, and malignant disorders, have a profound impact on the quality of life and overall health of patients. Therefore, the chase for more potent medicines is both highly significant and urgent. Nanozymes, a novel class of nanomaterials, amalgamate the biological properties of nanomaterials with the catalytic activity of enzymes, and have been engineered for various biomedical applications, including complex gastrointestinal diseases (GI). Particularly, because of their distinctive metal coordination structure and ability to maximize atom use efficiency, single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) with atomically scattered metal centers are becoming a more viable substitute for natural enzymes. Traditional nanozyme design strategies are no longer able to meet the current requirements for efficient and diverse SAzymes design due to the diversification and complexity of preparation processes. As a result, this review emphasizes the design concept and the synthesis strategy of SAzymes, and corresponding bioenzyme-like activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), oxidase (OXD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Then the various application of SAzymes in GI illnesses are summarized, which should encourage further research into nanozymes to achieve better application characteristics.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Nanostructures; Animals; Enzymes; Superoxide Dismutase; Catalase; Catalysis; Glutathione Peroxidase
PubMed: 38796465
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02569-3 -
International Journal of Biological... Oct 2018A thermostable superoxide dismutase from thermophilic bacterium Anoxybacillus gonensis KA 55 MTCC 12684 which was isolated from Manikaran hotspring of Himachal Pradesh...
A thermostable superoxide dismutase from thermophilic bacterium Anoxybacillus gonensis KA 55 MTCC 12684 which was isolated from Manikaran hotspring of Himachal Pradesh was purified to apparent homogeneity by fractional ammonium sulphate precipitation and anion exchange chromatography. A purification factor of 33.1-fold was achieved, with the purified enzyme exhibiting specific activity of 5758.4 U/mg protein. The purified superoxide dismutase was optimally active at pH 9.0 and displayed stability over a broad pH range of 7.0-10.0 and was stable up to 70 °C. SOD was localized in polyacrylamide gel by activity staining, based on the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) by superoxide ion. The molecular weight of superoxide dismutase was calculated as 31 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The K and V values of purified enzyme were found to be 1.002 mM and 14,285.71 U/mg of protein respectively. Tests of inhibitors indicated that the enzyme activity was inhibited by hydrogen peroxide and potassium cyanide but not by sodium azide showing that purified SOD was Cu/ZnSod.
Topics: Anoxybacillus; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Enzyme Stability; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Molecular Weight; Superoxide Dismutase; Temperature; Time Factors
PubMed: 29886170
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.031 -
Biotechnology Letters Jan 2023We aimed to clone and express the human Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (hSOD1) in Bacillus subtilis 1012. Also, we investigated the expression level of hSOD1 under...
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to clone and express the human Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (hSOD1) in Bacillus subtilis 1012. Also, we investigated the expression level of hSOD1 under different induction conditions.
RESULT
As an essential member of the antioxidant defense system in vivo, hSOD1 has become a therapeutic agent against host diseases, such as oxygen toxicity, acute inflammation, and radiation injury. The recombinant hSOD1 was successfully secreted extracellularly into B. subtilis 1012. The expression conditions were optimized, including inoculum size, different media, temperatures, and inducer concentrations. Finally, the highest level of hSOD1 was produced as a soluble form in Super rich medium by 2% inoculum with 0.2 mM of IPTG at 37 °C after the induction for 24 h. Besides, 20 g/L of lactose also displayed the same inductive effect on hSOD1 expression as that of IPTG (0.2 mM). Finally, the specific activity of purified hSOD1 was determined to be 1625 U/mg in the presence of 800 μM of Cu and 20 μM of Zn.
CONCLUSIONS
We propose that the B. subtilis 1012-hSOD1 strain system has great potential in future industrial applications.
Topics: Humans; Bacillus subtilis; Cloning, Molecular; Isopropyl Thiogalactoside; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxide Dismutase-1
PubMed: 36469194
DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03319-x -
Nature Communications Apr 2021Human manganese superoxide dismutase is a critical oxidoreductase found in the mitochondrial matrix. Concerted proton and electron transfers are used by the enzyme to...
Human manganese superoxide dismutase is a critical oxidoreductase found in the mitochondrial matrix. Concerted proton and electron transfers are used by the enzyme to rid the mitochondria of O. The mechanisms of concerted transfer enzymes are typically unknown due to the difficulties in detecting the protonation states of specific residues and solvent molecules at particular redox states. Here, neutron diffraction of two redox-controlled manganese superoxide dismutase crystals reveal the all-atom structures of Mn and Mn enzyme forms. The structures deliver direct data on protonation changes between oxidation states of the metal. Observations include glutamine deprotonation, the involvement of tyrosine and histidine with altered pKs, and four unusual strong-short hydrogen bonds, including a low barrier hydrogen bond. We report a concerted proton and electron transfer mechanism for human manganese superoxide dismutase from the direct visualization of active site protons in Mn and Mn redox states.
Topics: Amino Acids; Anions; Biocatalysis; Catalytic Domain; Electrons; Glutamine; Humans; Ligands; Neutrons; Protein Multimerization; Protons; Solvents; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 33824320
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22290-1 -
Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry Oct 2020Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes are considered the first line of Defence against reactive oxygen species. Among the intracellular isoforms of SOD, Cu,ZnSOD is widely...
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes are considered the first line of Defence against reactive oxygen species. Among the intracellular isoforms of SOD, Cu,ZnSOD is widely distributed, and the MnSOD is localised in the mitochondria. The SOD activities have been measured indirectly by inhibiting oxidation reactions. Most techniques assessing the hepatic SOD activity are adaptations of classical methods and differ significantly from each other. This work assessed the hepatic Cu,ZnSOD activity in the supernatants of two different centrifugations, using two isotonic medium and the pyrogallol method. In most studies conducted in rat liver, only the Cu,Zn or total SOD activities were assessed and sometimes the Cu,ZnSOD activity was calculated based on the inhibition by cyanide. But, as demonstrated here, this inhibition is not complete. Besides, the novelty of this work is that we presented a method for the evaluating the Cu,ZnSOD and MnSOD activities separately and from the same liver.
Topics: Animals; Enzyme Assays; Liver; Rats; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 30372625
DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1520891 -
Development, Growth & Differentiation Dec 2020Dictyostelium cells cope with hypo-osmotic stress with a contractile vacuole (CV) system, which consists of one or two vacuoles that cyclically charge and discharge....
Dictyostelium cells cope with hypo-osmotic stress with a contractile vacuole (CV) system, which consists of one or two vacuoles that cyclically charge and discharge. Uniquely, a F-Actin remodeling dependent minimal mixing of the CV membrane components with the target plasmalemma during the fusion and the dischargement warrants the integrity of the CV bladder for an efficient next CV cycle. The effect of hypo-osmotic stress on F-Actin remodeling activity, however, is currently not well understood. Dictyostelium cells increase the level of intracellular superoxide level in response to hypo-osmotic stress, which in turn activates redox-sensitive Ras proteins, but not Akt, which is one of the Ras downstream targets and a major regulator of F-Actin remodeling. However, Akt is not insulated from the active Ras in cells lacking Superoxide dismutase C (SodC). We report here that sodC cells were compromised in the CV structure and function and the attenuation of Ras/PI3K/Akt signaling in several independent means significantly improved the compromised CV structure but not the function. Interestingly, when sodC cells were treated with 5-(N,N-Dimethyl) amiloride hydrochloride (EIPA), an inhibitor of sodium proton exchanger (NHE), both the structure and the function of the CV improved. Thus, a proper CV biogenesis in sodC cells was insufficient to restore their CV function, which in turn indicates the presence of an additional target for SodC and EIPA that modulates CV function.
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Dictyostelium; Superoxide Dismutase; Vacuoles
PubMed: 33118157
DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12698 -
Microbes and Infection May 2023Infectious diseases cause redox imbalance and oxidative stress (OS) in host. Superoxide Dismutases(SOD) decrease this OS. SOD2 gene polymorphism can influence the...
BACKGROUND
Infectious diseases cause redox imbalance and oxidative stress (OS) in host. Superoxide Dismutases(SOD) decrease this OS. SOD2 gene polymorphism can influence the expression and levels of enzyme.
AIM
To investigate the association of genetic polymorphism of MnSOD with enzyme levels and mRNA expression in TB patients.
METHODS
A total of 87 TB patients and 85 healthy individuals participated in the study. The serum SOD2 levels were measured by ELISA. Gene polymorphism was analysed using PCR-RFLP with BsaW1 as the restriction enzyme. Expression was studied by Real-TimePCR. Statistical significance was determined using the Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests and p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
The median(IQR) serum SOD2 levels of TB patients were lower than those of healthy subjects (4.64(6.48) vs 11.35(20.36)ng/mL respectively,p < 0.001). SOD2 expression was significantly down-regulated in TB patients with a fold change value of 0.312. The Val/Val genotype was higher in the patient group than healthy subjects (36.8% vs 23.5%). However, the difference observed between serum SOD2 levels and mRNA expression in the different genotypes were statistically non-significant.
CONCLUSION
Significant difference was found between levels and expression of SOD2 in TB patients and healthy controls, but not for SOD2 gene polymorphism.
Topics: Humans; India; Polymorphism, Genetic; Genotype; Superoxide Dismutase; Tuberculosis; Gene Expression; RNA, Messenger; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 36356830
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105075 -
Molecular Medicine Reports Mar 2016The antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and SOD2, as well as the levels of the oxidant superoxide anion (SOA) and the micronutrients zinc (Zn),... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and SOD2, as well as the levels of the oxidant superoxide anion (SOA) and the micronutrients zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn), were assayed in plasma, whole blood and placental tissue of non‑pregnant (NP), healthy pregnant (HP) women and recurrent miscarriage (RM) patients. The results showed that SOD1 and SOD2 activities and the levels of Zn, Cu and Mn in plasma and whole blood of HP women were slightly, but significantly lower, and even more significantly decreased in RM patients compared to those observed in NP women (P<0.05 and P<0.0001, respectively). Additionally, whereas plasma SOD1 and SOD2 activities and Zn, Cu and Mn levels were significantly lower in RM patients, those of whole blood and placental tissue were significantly lower when compared to HP women (P<0.001 and P<0.0001, respectively). Concurrently, there were consistent increases of equal magnitude and statistical significance in SOA levels in all the assayed samples as identified by a comparison between the subjects. The findings thus supported oxidative metabolism and excessive reactive oxygen species generation. The resultant oxidative stress, identified in whole blood and placental tissues of RM patients, may have been a primary cause of RM. Dietary supplementation of Zn, Cu and Mn may be beneficial to these patients pre- and post-conception.
Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Copper; Female; Gene Expression Profiling; Humans; Manganese; Placenta; Pregnancy; Reference Values; Saudi Arabia; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxide Dismutase-1; Young Adult; Zinc
PubMed: 26821085
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4807 -
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Oct 2022Neuroinflammation is one of the main hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recently, peripheral immune cells were discovered as pivotal players that promptly...
Neuroinflammation is one of the main hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recently, peripheral immune cells were discovered as pivotal players that promptly participate in this process, speeding up neurodegeneration during progression of the disease. In particular, infiltrating T cells and natural killer cells release inflammatory cytokines that switch glial cells toward a pro-inflammatory/detrimental phenotype, and directly attack motor neurons with specific ligand-receptor signals. Here, we assessed the presence of lymphocytes in the spinal cord of sporadic ALS patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that blocking the extravasation of immune cells in the central nervous system using Natalizumab (NAT), an antibody for the α4 integrin, reduces the level of interferon-γ in the spinal cord of ALS mouse models, such as the hSOD1 and TDP43 mice, modifying microglia and astrocytes phenotype, increasing motor neuron number and prolonging the survival time. Taken together, our results establish a central role for the immune cells as drivers of inflammation in ALS.
Topics: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Motor Neurons; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Spinal Cord; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxide Dismutase-1
PubMed: 35688338
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.06.004 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Jan 2016Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is now recognized as a multisystem disorder, in which the primary pathology is the degeneration of motor neurons, with cognitive... (Review)
Review
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is now recognized as a multisystem disorder, in which the primary pathology is the degeneration of motor neurons, with cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunctions that constitutes the non-motor manifestations of ALS. The combination of clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological data, and detailed genetic studies suggest that ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) might form part of a disease continuum, with pure ALS and pure FTD at the two extremes. Mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene were the first genetic mutations linked to the insurgence of ALS. Since that discovery numerous animal models carrying SOD1 mutations have been created. Despite their limitations these animal models, particularly the mice, have broaden our knowledge on the system alterations occurring in the ALS spectrum of disorders. The present review aims at providing an overview of the data obtained with the SOD1 animal models first and foremost on the cortical and subcortical regions, the cortico-striatal and hippocampal synaptic plasticity, dendritic branching and glutamate receptors function.
Topics: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; Cognition Disorders; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mice, Transgenic; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxide Dismutase-1
PubMed: 26602023
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.006