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Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2019This review summarizes the latest developments in the field of skin chemical sensors, in particular wearable ones. Five major applications are covered in the present... (Review)
Review
This review summarizes the latest developments in the field of skin chemical sensors, in particular wearable ones. Five major applications are covered in the present work: (i) sweat analysis, (ii) skin hydration, (iii) skin wounds, (iv) perspiration of volatile organic compounds, and (v) general skin conditions. For each application, the detection of the most relevant analytes is described in terms of transduction principles and sensor performances. Special attention is paid to the biological fluid collection and storage and devices are also analyzed in terms of reusability and lifetime. This review highlights the existing gaps between current performances and those needed to promote effective commercialization of sensors; future developments are also proposed.
Topics: Humans; Sensation; Skin; Sweat; Volatile Organic Compounds; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 31658706
DOI: 10.3390/s19204376 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2019The evaluation of autonomic function requires indirect assessment of neurophysiologic function using specialized equipment that is often available only at tertiary care... (Review)
Review
The evaluation of autonomic function requires indirect assessment of neurophysiologic function using specialized equipment that is often available only at tertiary care centers, with few specialists available. However, the evaluation of autonomic function is rooted in basic physiology, and the results can be interpreted by careful consideration of the context of the problem. Many automated devices have become widely available to test autonomic function, but they tend to gather inadequate data leading to frequent misdiagnosis and clinical confusion. We review the details necessary for the neurophysiologist to properly perform, and interpret, autonomic function testing.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Reflex; Sweating; Tilt-Table Test; Valsalva Maneuver
PubMed: 31277866
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64032-1.00028-X -
Journal of Thermal Biology Oct 2020The purpose of this study was to determine local sweat rate (LSR) and sweat composition during heat acclimation (HA). For ten consecutive days of HA, eight participants...
The purpose of this study was to determine local sweat rate (LSR) and sweat composition during heat acclimation (HA). For ten consecutive days of HA, eight participants cycled in 33 °C and 65% relative humidity at an intensity such that a rectal temperature of 38.5 °C was reached within ~40 min, followed by a 60-min clamp of this rectal temperature (i.e., controlled hyperthermia). Four participants extended HA by a 28-day decay period and five consecutive days of heat re-acclimation (HRA) using controlled hyperthermia. Sweat from the upper arm and upper back was collected three times during each heat exposure session. LSR and sweat sodium, chloride, lactate, and potassium concentrations were determined. Relative to HA day 1, LSR was increased at the final day of HA (day 10) (arm: +58%, P < 0.001; back: +36%, P < 0.05). Concentrations of sodium, chloride, and lactate significantly (P < 0.05) decreased to ~60% at HA day 10 compared to day 1 on the arm and back. Potassium concentration did not significantly differ on HA day 10 compared to day 1 (arm: +11%, P > 0.05; back: +8%, P > 0.05). The induction patterns of the sudomotor adaptations were different. Whilst LSR increased from HA day 8 on the arm and from HA day 7 on the back, sodium and chloride conservation already occurred from HA day 3 on both skin sites. Lastly, the sweat lactate reduction occurred from HA day 6 on the arm and back. Initial evidence is provided that adaptations were partly conserved after decay (28 days) and that a 5-day HRA may be sufficient to restore HA adaptations. In conclusion, ten days of exercise-induced HA using controlled hyperthermia led to increases in LSR and concomitant reductions of sweat sodium, chloride, and lactate concentrations, whilst potassium concentrations remained relatively constant.
Topics: Acclimatization; Adult; Chlorides; Female; Hot Temperature; Humans; Lactic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Sodium; Sweat; Sweating
PubMed: 33077118
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102697 -
Journal of Proteomics Aug 2021Metabolome and proteome profiling of biofluids, e.g., urine, plasma, has generated vast and ever-increasing amounts of knowledge over the last few decades.... (Review)
Review
Metabolome and proteome profiling of biofluids, e.g., urine, plasma, has generated vast and ever-increasing amounts of knowledge over the last few decades. Paradoxically, omics analyses of sweat, one of the most readily available human biofluids, have lagged behind. This review capitalizes on the current knowledge and state of the art analytical advances of sweat metabolomics and proteomics. Moreover, current applications of sweat omics such as the discovery of disease biomarkers and monitoring athletic performance are also presented in this review. Another area of emerging knowledge that has been highlighted herein lies in the role of skin host-microbiome interactions in shaping the sweat metabolite-protein profiles. Discussion of future research directions describes the need to have a better grasp of sweat chemicals and to better understand how they function as aided by advances in omics tools. Overall, the role of sweat as an information-rich biofluid that could complement the exploration of the skin metabolome/proteome is emphasized.
Topics: Humans; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Proteome; Proteomics; Sweat
PubMed: 34198014
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104310 -
Climacteric : the Journal of the... Dec 2020Vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and/or night sweats) affect approximately 80% of women over the menopause transition and can affect quality of life, productivity, and... (Review)
Review
Vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and/or night sweats) affect approximately 80% of women over the menopause transition and can affect quality of life, productivity, and relationships. Vasomotor symptoms are the main reason for seeking treatment during the menopausal transition. Although menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is effective for symptom management, the majority of symptomatic women do not take MHT. In this article, we review the evidence for non-hormonal treatments for vasomotor symptoms, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, and provide a clinical algorithm for managing symptomatic women.
Topics: Algorithms; Clinical Decision-Making; Conservative Treatment; Female; Hot Flashes; Humans; Menopause; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Middle Aged; Patient Selection; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sweating; Vasomotor System
PubMed: 32696683
DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2020.1789093 -
International Journal of Cosmetic... Aug 2023Sweating is the human body's thermoregulation system but also results in unpleasant body odour which can diminish the self-confidence of people. There has been continued... (Review)
Review
Sweating is the human body's thermoregulation system but also results in unpleasant body odour which can diminish the self-confidence of people. There has been continued research in finding solutions to reduce both sweating and body odour. Sweating is a result of increased sweat flow and malodour results from certain bacteria and ecological factors such as eating habits. Research on deodorant development focuses on inhibiting the growth of malodour-forming bacteria using antimicrobial agents, whereas research on antiperspirant synthesis focuses on technologies reducing the sweat flow, which not only reduces body odour but also improves people's appearance. Antiperspirant's technology is based on the use of aluminium salts which can form a gel plug at sweat pores, obstructing the sweat fluid from arising onto the skin surface. In this paper, we perform a systematic review on the recent progress in the development of novel antiperspirant and deodorant active ingredients that are alcohol-free, paraben-free, and naturally derived. Several studies have been reported on the alternative class of actives that can potentially be used for antiperspirant and body odour treatment including deodorizing fabric, bacterial, and plant extracts. However, a significant challenge is to understand how the gel-plugs of antiperspirant actives are formed in sweat pores and how to deliver long-lasting antiperspirant and deodorant benefits.
Topics: Humans; Antiperspirants; Deodorants; Body Odor; Sweating; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 36896776
DOI: 10.1111/ics.12852 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2018In humans, sweating is the most powerful autonomic thermoeffector. The evaporation of sweat provides by far the greatest potential for heat loss and it represents the... (Review)
Review
In humans, sweating is the most powerful autonomic thermoeffector. The evaporation of sweat provides by far the greatest potential for heat loss and it represents the only means of heat loss when air temperature exceeds skin temperature. Sweat production results from the integration of afferent neural information from peripheral and central thermoreceptors which leads to an increase in skin sympathetic nerve activity. At the neuroglandular junction, acetylcholine is released and binds to muscarinic receptors which stimulate the secretion of a primary fluid by the secretory coil of eccrine glands. The primary fluid subsequently travels through a duct where ions are reabsorbed. The end result is the expulsion of hypotonic sweat on to the skin surface. Sweating increases in proportion with the intensity of the thermal challenge in an attempt of the body to attain heat balance and maintain a stable internal body temperature. The control of sweating can be modified by biophysical factors, heat acclimation, dehydration, and nonthermal factors. The purpose of this article is to review the role of sweating as a heat loss thermoeffector in humans.
Topics: Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Humans; Skin Temperature; Sweating
PubMed: 30454591
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63912-7.00013-8 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Mar 2019
Review
Topics: Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Sweat
PubMed: 30887329
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-019-0272-7 -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... Mar 2022While sunbathing of performing outdoor sport activities, sunscreens are important for protection of uncovered skin against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However,...
BACKGROUND
While sunbathing of performing outdoor sport activities, sunscreens are important for protection of uncovered skin against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, perspiration negatively affects the performance of a sunscreen film by weakening its substantivity and uniformity through the activation of two mechanisms, namely sunscreen wash-off and sunscreen redistribution.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We used a perspiring skin simulator to investigate the effect of sunscreen formulation on its efficiency upon sweating. Specifically, we modified the sunscreen formulation by incorporating a hydrophobic film former and adding water-absorbing particles. Sunscreen performance before and after perspiration is assessed by in vitro sun protection factor measurements, direct detection of changes in the sunscreen distribution using UV reflectance imaging, and by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy for microscopic characterization of the UV filter relocation.
RESULTS
The results show that incorporating a hydrophobic film former can decrease sunscreen wash-off due to sweating, while an excessive amount of film former might negatively affect the sunscreen distribution. The addition of water-absorbing particles, on the other hand, had either a negative or positive impact on the sunscreen substantivity, depending on the particle properties. While the addition of large water-absorbing particles appeared to increase sunscreen redistribution, smaller particles that could form a gel-like structure upon contact with water, appeared to change sunscreen wetting and sweat droplet spreading, thereby decreasing sunscreen wash-off and sunscreen redistribution.
CONCLUSIONS
We find that using a combination of hydrophobic film formers, which increase water resistance, and small water-absorbing particles, which change the wetting behavior, can make sunscreen formulations more sweat-resistant and less runny.
Topics: Humans; Skin; Sunscreening Agents; Sweat; Sweating; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 34752663
DOI: 10.1111/srt.13115 -
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Nov 2019
Topics: Humans; Sweat; Sweating; Tattooing
PubMed: 31431341
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.001