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Talanta Jun 2024Sweat has excellent potential as one of the sources of non-invasive biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. It is relatively easy to collect and process and may contain... (Review)
Review
Sweat has excellent potential as one of the sources of non-invasive biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. It is relatively easy to collect and process and may contain different disease-specific markers and drug metabolites, making it ideal for various clinical applications. This article discusses the anatomy of sweat glands and their role in sweat production, as well as the history and development of multiple sweat sample collection and analysis techniques. Another primary focus of this article is the application of sweat detection in clinical disease diagnosis and other life scenarios. Finally, the limitations and prospects of sweat analysis are discussed.
Topics: Sweat; Biomarkers; Biosensing Techniques
PubMed: 38452593
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125865 -
Current Problems in Dermatology 2016Many factors such as food or environmental allergens, bacteria, fungi, and mental stress aggravate the condition of atopic dermatitis (AD) eczema. Sweating can also... (Review)
Review
Many factors such as food or environmental allergens, bacteria, fungi, and mental stress aggravate the condition of atopic dermatitis (AD) eczema. Sweating can also exacerbate AD, and patients are aware of that. In the past, it has been reported that contamination of skin surface antigens by sweat induces acute allergic reactions and that sweating functions of AD patients via axonal reflexes are decreased. Histamine demonstrably inhibits acetylcholine-induced sweating in both mice and humans via histamine H1 receptor-mediated signaling. In sweat glands, acetylcholine inactivates glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a kinase involved in endocytosis and secretion, whereas simultaneous stimulation with histamine activates GSK3β and inhibits sweat secretion. Thus, histamine might be involved in the mechanism of abnormal skin dryness in patients with AD via decreasing sweat secretion. On another front, some patients secrete sweat normally. Patients with regular sweating are prone to develop skin disorders such as papules or erythema by residual sweat left on the skin surface. Patients with decreased sweating are prone to develop disorders characterized by xerosis, lichenoid changes, prurigo by elevated skin temperature, skin dryness, and compromised skin conditions. Careful inspection of skin manifestations provides a good indication of a patient's ability to sweat.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Atopic; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Histamine; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Hypohidrosis; Phosphorylation; Receptors, Histamine H1; Sweat; Sweat Glands; Sweating
PubMed: 27584962
DOI: 10.1159/000446758 -
ACS Applied Bio Materials Jan 2021The growth of smart wearable sensing systems has gained immense importance in the present mode of data acquisition and signaling in pharmaceutical, healthcare, and... (Review)
Review
The growth of smart wearable sensing systems has gained immense importance in the present mode of data acquisition and signaling in pharmaceutical, healthcare, and wellness industries. Presently, application of smart wearables is gaining prominence in several fitness activities, therapeutics, and diagnostic areas. Smart wearable biosensors offer real-time monitoring of physiological metrics and biomarkers that are specific to certain diseases in ambulant condition. This review offers a broad overview of the state-of-the-art progress on smart wearable biosensors focusing on applications in point of care diagnostics. A careful comparison of presently available commercial devices, implementation in clinical trials, and validation also have been highlighted in the present review. This work concludes with challenges and future prospects for scientists and engineers working in the nascent interdisciplinary field.
Topics: Accelerometry; Biosensing Techniques; Body Temperature; Glucose; Heart Rate; Humans; Point-of-Care Testing; Solar Energy; Sweat; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 35014276
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00798 -
ACS Sensors Mar 2024Stretchable sweat sensors are promising technology that can acquire biomolecular insights for health and fitness monitoring by intimate integration with the body....
Stretchable sweat sensors are promising technology that can acquire biomolecular insights for health and fitness monitoring by intimate integration with the body. However, current sensors often require microfabricated microfluidic channels to control sweat flow during lab-on-body analysis, which makes effective and affordable sweat sampling a significant practical challenge. Here, we present stretchable and sweat-wicking patches that utilize bioinspired smart wettable membranes for the on-demand manipulation of sweat flow. In a scalable process, the membrane is created by stacking hydrophobic elastomer nanofibers onto soft microfoams with predefined two-dimensional superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic patterns. The engineered heterogeneous wettability distribution allows these porous membranes to achieve enhanced extraction and selective collection of sweat in embedded assays. Despite the simplified architecture, the color reactions between sweat and chemical indicators are inhibited from directly contacting the skin to achieve a largely improved operation safety. The sensing patches can simultaneously quantify pH, urea, and calcium in sweat through digital colorimetric analysis with smartphone images. The construction with all compliant materials renders these patches soft and stretchy to achieve conformal attachment to the skin. Successfully analyzing sweat compositions after physical exercises illustrates the practical suitability of these skin-attachable sensors for health tracking and point-of-care diagnosis.
Topics: Sweat; Colorimetry; Capillary Action; Skin; Biomarkers
PubMed: 38447091
DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02673 -
The Journal of Thoracic and... Nov 2019
Topics: Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Sweat; Sweating; Sympathectomy; Thoracic Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 31623816
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.08.035 -
Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic &... Nov 2021Exertional heat stress presents a different acute challenge to salt balance compared to at rest. Sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) losses during exercise are overwhelmingly... (Review)
Review
Exertional heat stress presents a different acute challenge to salt balance compared to at rest. Sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) losses during exercise are overwhelmingly driven by eccrine sweat glands (the "leader"), with minimal urinary excretion. Total salt losses are therefore largely influenced by thermoregulatory need, although adaptations from prior heat exposure or altered dietary intake influences sweat gland ion reabsorption, and therefore sweat Na ([Na]) and Cl concentrations. The hypotheses that body Na and Cl conservation, or their release from osmotically inactive stores, can occur during the timeframe of a single bout of exertional heat stress, has not been studied to date. The consequences of unreplaced Na and Cl losses during exertional heat stress appear limited primarily to their interactions with water balance. However, the water volume ingested is substantially more influential than salt intake on total body water, plasma volume, osmolality, and thermoregulation during exercise. Acute salt and water loading 1-3 h prior to exercise can induce isosmotic hyperhydration in situations where this is deemed beneficial. During exercise, only scenarios of whole body [Na] > 75th centile, combined with fluid replacement >80% of losses, are likely to require significant replacement to prevent hyponatremia. Post-exercise, natriuresis resumes as the main regulator of salt losses, with the kidneys (the "follower") working to restore salt balance incurred from any exercise-induced deficit. If such a deficit exceeds usual dietary intake, and rapid restoration of hydration status is desirable, a deliberate increase in salt intake may assist in volume restoration.
Topics: Heat Stress Disorders; Humans; Sodium; Sweat; Sweating; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 34391123
DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102863 -
Analytical Chemistry Jan 2022The complex and multivariate biological systems and environment are challenging the development of related detection and analysis. It calls for the multiresponsive and...
The complex and multivariate biological systems and environment are challenging the development of related detection and analysis. It calls for the multiresponsive and facile sensing material and method for multi-analyte identification. In this work, we proposed an elastic-electric coefficient sensitivity strategy with hydrogel [amino trimethylene phosphonic acid-assisted poly(vinyl alcohol)] to achieve discriminative analysis of various chemicals. Elastic sensitivity based on the effect and electric sensitivity based on hydrated ion migration are explored in detail. With a rational design, the elastic-electric coefficient-sensitive hydrogel can qualify and quantify various kinds of chemicals (cations, anions, amino acids, saccharides, and lactate). The facile hydrogel sensor realized complicated sweat recognition and can be used in various applications such as environment monitoring, disease diagnosis, and athletic training optimization.
Topics: Electric Conductivity; Electricity; Hydrogels; Lactic Acid; Sweat
PubMed: 35006670
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05363 -
Biosensors Oct 2022Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine... (Review)
Review
Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine interaction has risen exponentially. An explosion in sensor research throughout the globe has been ignited by the unique features such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene. This includes wearable sensors and implants, which can detect a wide range of data, including body temperature, pulse oxygenation, blood pressure, glucose, and the other analytes present in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for real-time human health monitoring are also being developed. This review is a comprehensive discussion about the properties of graphene, routes to its synthesis, derivatives of graphene, etc. Moreover, the basic features of a biosensor along with the chemistry of sweat are also discussed in detail. The review mainly focusses on the graphene and its derivative-based wearable sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring will be examined and explained in this study as an overview of the most current innovations in sensor designs, sensing processes, technological advancements, sensor system components, and potential hurdles. The future holds great opportunities for the development of efficient and advanced graphene-based sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat.
Topics: Humans; Sweat; Graphite; Wearable Electronic Devices; Monitoring, Physiologic; Biosensing Techniques; Glucose
PubMed: 36291046
DOI: 10.3390/bios12100910 -
Biosensors & Bioelectronics Jul 2023Wearable biosensors monitoring various biomarkers in sweat provide comprehensive and prompt profiling of health states at molecular levels. Cytokines existed in sweat...
Wearable biosensors monitoring various biomarkers in sweat provide comprehensive and prompt profiling of health states at molecular levels. Cytokines existed in sweat with trace amounts play an important role in cellular activity modulation. Unfortunately, flexible and wearable biosensors for cytokine monitoring have not yet been achieved due to the limitation of membrane-based structure and sensing strategy. Herein, we develop a novel electrochemical fabric based on aptamer-functionalized carbon nanotube/graphene fibers for real-time and in situ monitoring of IL-6, a paramount cytokine biomarker for inflammation and cancer. This fabric system possesses flexibility, anti-fatigue ability and breathability for wearable applications and can apply to different body parts in various forms. Moreover, the electrochemical fabric can track other biomarkers by replacing the coupling aptamer, serving as a universal platform for sweat analysis. This fabric-based platform holds the potential to facilitate an intelligent and personalized health monitoring approach.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Wearable Electronic Devices; Cytokines; Carbon Fiber; Sweat; Biomarkers; Oligonucleotides; Monitoring, Physiologic
PubMed: 37062203
DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115301 -
The Journal of Sports Medicine and... Apr 2022The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between concentrations of amino acid (AA) and related metabolites in plasma and sweat obtained before and after... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between concentrations of amino acid (AA) and related metabolites in plasma and sweat obtained before and after exercise performed at different intensities and therefore different rates of sweat loss.
METHODS
Ten subjects completed a maximally ramped exercise test and three 30-min submaximal (45/60/75% VO
2max ) exercise bouts. Blood samples were collected before/after the exercise bouts and sweat was collected from the forearm throughout. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of AA and related molecules.RESULTS
Sweat AA excretion rate was higher during the 60% bout compared to the 45% bout but was similar in comparison to the 75% indicating a plateau in rates of sweat AA losses as sweat rate increased. Plasma concentrations of AAs, urea, ammonia, and other non-proteinogenic AAs were not significantly different between exercise bouts performed at 45% and 60%. Exercise at 75% tended to reduce concentrations of sweat amino acids with significantly depressed concentrations of glycine, lysine, serine, threonine, histidine, arginine, tryptophan, aspartate and ornithine.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, this research suggests that increasing exercise intensity increases AA metabolism as demonstrated by reduced plasma AA concentrations and increased excretion through sweat glands, which is mediated by a mechanism yet to be identified.
Topics: Amino Acids; Cross-Over Studies; Exercise; Humans; Sweat; Sweating
PubMed: 33687176
DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12134-6