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Viruses May 2021Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious and growing public health problem despite recent developments of antiviral therapeutics. To achieve global elimination of HCV, an... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious and growing public health problem despite recent developments of antiviral therapeutics. To achieve global elimination of HCV, an effective cross-genotype vaccine is needed. The failure of previous vaccination trials to elicit an effective cross-reactive immune response demands better vaccine antigens to induce a potent cross-neutralizing response to improve vaccine efficacy. HCV E1 and E2 envelope (Env) glycoproteins are the main targets for neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), which aid in HCV clearance and protection. Therefore, a molecular-level understanding of the nAb responses against HCV is imperative for the rational design of cross-genotype vaccine antigens. Here we summarize the recent advances in structural studies of HCV Env and Env-nAb complexes and how they improve our understanding of immune recognition of HCV. We review the structural data defining HCV neutralization epitopes and conformational plasticity of the Env proteins, and the knowledge applicable to rational vaccine design.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Cross Reactions; Epitopes; Genotype; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C Antibodies; Hepatitis C Antigens; Humans; Mice; Vaccine Development; Vaccine Efficacy; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines
PubMed: 34064532
DOI: 10.3390/v13050833 -
Biotechnology Journal Jan 2022Vaccination created a great breakthrough toward the improvement to the global health. The development of vaccines and their use made a substantial decrease and control... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Vaccination created a great breakthrough toward the improvement to the global health. The development of vaccines and their use made a substantial decrease and control in infectious diseases. The abundance and emergence of new vaccines has facilitated targeting populations to alleviate and eliminate contagious pathogens from their innate reservoir. However, along with the infections like malaria and HIV, effective immunization remains obscure and imparts a great challenge to science.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The novel Corona virus SARS-CoV-2 is the reason for the 2019 COVID-19 pandemic in the human global population, in the first half of 2019. The need for establishing a protected and compelling COVID-19 immunization is a global prerequisite to end this pandemic.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The different vaccine technologies like inactivation, attenuation, nucleic acid, viral vector, subunit, and viral particle based techniques are employed to develop a safe and highly efficient vaccine. The progress in vaccine development for SARS-CoV2 is much faster in the history of science. Even though there exist of lot of limitations, continuous efforts has put forward so as to develop highly competent and effective vaccine for many human and animal linked diseases due to its unlimited prospective. This review article focuses on the historical outlook and the development of the vaccine as it is a crucial area of research where the life of the human is saved from various potential diseases.
Topics: Animals; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; Pandemics; Prospective Studies; RNA, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination; Vaccine Development; Vaccines
PubMed: 34665927
DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100188 -
Viruses Dec 2021We acknowledge the publications for this Special Issue, "Basic Studies for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections" [...].
We acknowledge the publications for this Special Issue, "Basic Studies for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections" [...].
Topics: Animals; Humans; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Transcriptome; Vaccine Development; Virus Diseases; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 35062260
DOI: 10.3390/v14010057 -
International Reviews of Immunology 2022Many recent studies have reported the onset of a robust antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlighted produced antibodies' specific qualitative and... (Review)
Review
Many recent studies have reported the onset of a robust antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlighted produced antibodies' specific qualitative and quantitative aspects, relevant for developing antibody-based diagnostic and therapeutic options. In this review, firstly we will report main information acquired so far regarding the humoral response to COVID-19; we will concentrate, in particular, upon the observed levels and the kinetics, the specificity spectrum and the neutralizing potential of antibodies produced in infected patients. We will then discuss the implication of humoral response's characteristics in the development and correct use of serologic tests, as well as the efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma therapy and of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treating infected patients and preventing new infections. An update of the list of newly isolated specific neutralizing antibodies and suggestions for vaccine evaluation and development will be also provided.
Topics: Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; COVID-19; Humans; Immunization, Passive; SARS-CoV-2; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Vaccine Development; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 34494500
DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1929205 -
Vaccine Dec 2021In the race to deploy vaccines to prevent COVID-19, there is a need to understand factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. Secondary risk theory is a useful framework to...
INTRODUCTION
In the race to deploy vaccines to prevent COVID-19, there is a need to understand factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. Secondary risk theory is a useful framework to explain this, accounting for concerns about vaccine efficacy and safety.
METHODS
During the first week of July, 2020, participants (N = 216) evaluated one of three different hypothetical vaccine scenarios describing an FDA-approved vaccine becoming available "next week," "in one year," or "in two years." Dependent variables were perceived vaccine efficacy, self-efficacy, perceived vaccine risk, and vaccination willingness. Covariates included vaccine conspiracy beliefs, science pessimism, media dependency, and perceived COVID-19 risk. Data analysis employed multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).
RESULTS
Perceived vaccine efficacy was lowest for the next-week vaccine (η = .045). Self-efficacy was higher for the two-year vaccine than the next-week vaccine (η = .029). Perceived vaccine risk was higher for the next-week vaccine than for the one-year vaccine (η = .032). Vaccination willingness did not differ among experimental treatments. In addition, vaccine conspiracy beliefs were negatively related to perceived vaccine efficacy (η = .142), self-efficacy (η = .031), and vaccination willingness (η = .143) and positively related to perceived vaccine risk (η = .216).
CONCLUSIONS
The rapid development of the COVID-19 vaccine may have heightened public concerns over efficacy, availability, and safety. However, the current findings showed a general willingness to take even the most rapidly developed vaccine. Nonetheless, there remains a need to communicate publicly and transparently about vaccine efficacy and safety and work to reduce vaccine conspiracy beliefs.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination Hesitancy; Vaccine Development; Vaccine Efficacy
PubMed: 34802786
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.014 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023While () bacteria are part of the human commensal flora, opportunistic invasion following breach of the epithelial layers can lead to a wide array of infection... (Review)
Review
While () bacteria are part of the human commensal flora, opportunistic invasion following breach of the epithelial layers can lead to a wide array of infection syndromes at both local and distant sites. Despite ubiquitous exposure from early infancy, the life-long risk of opportunistic infection is facilitated by a broad repertoire of virulence proteins. These proteins play a key role in inhibiting development of a long-term protective immune response by mechanisms ranging from dysregulation of the complement cascade to the disruption of leukocyte migration. In this review we describe the recent progress made in dissecting immune evasion, focusing on the role of the superantigen, staphylococcal protein A (SpA). Evasion of the normal human immune response drives the ability of to cause infection, often recurrently, and is also thought to be a major hindrance in the development of effective vaccination strategies. Understanding the role of virulence protein and determining methods overcoming or subverting these mechanisms could lead to much-needed breakthroughs in vaccine and monoclonal antibody development.
Topics: Humans; Staphylococcal Protein A; Staphylococcus aureus; Immune Evasion; Staphylococcal Infections; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 37829608
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1242702 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022The world has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic with unprecedented speed and vigor in the mass vaccination campaigns, targeted to reduce COVID-19 severity and... (Review)
Review
The world has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic with unprecedented speed and vigor in the mass vaccination campaigns, targeted to reduce COVID-19 severity and mortality, reduce the pressure on the healthcare system, re-open society, and reduction in disease mortality and morbidity. Here we review the preclinical and clinical development of BBV152, a whole virus inactivated vaccine and an important tool in the fight to control this pandemic. BBV152, formulated with a TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant generates a Th1-biased immune response that induces high neutralization efficacy against different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and robust long-term memory B- and T-cell responses. With seroconversion rates as high as 98.3% in vaccinated individuals, BBV152 shows 77.8% and 93.4% protection from symptomatic COVID-19 disease and severe symptomatic COVID-19 disease respectively. Studies in pediatric populations show superior immunogenicity (geometric mean titer ratio of 1.76 compared to an adult) with a seroconversion rate of >95%. The reactogenicity and safety profiles were comparable across all pediatric age groups between 2-18 yrs. as in adults. Like most approved vaccines, the BBV152 booster given 6 months after full vaccination, reverses a waning immunity, restores the neutralization efficacy, and shows synergy in a heterologous prime-boost study with about 3-fold or 300% increase in neutralization titers against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Based on the interim Phase III data, BBV152 received full authorization for adults and emergency use authorization for children from ages 6 to 18 years in India. It is also licensed for emergency use in 14 countries globally. Over 313 million vaccine doses have already been administered in India alone by April 18, 2022.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adolescent; Adult; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Toll-Like Receptor 7; Vaccine Development; Vaccines, Inactivated
PubMed: 36177016
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940715 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Jan 2023Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced COVID-19 is a complicated disease. Clinicians are continuously facing difficulties to treat infected... (Review)
Review
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced COVID-19 is a complicated disease. Clinicians are continuously facing difficulties to treat infected patients using the principle of repurposing of drugs as no specific drugs are available to treat COVID-19. To minimize the severity and mortality, global vaccination is the only hope as a potential preventive measure. After a year-long global research and clinical struggle, 165 vaccine candidates have been developed and some are currently still in the pipeline. A total of 28 candidate vaccines have been approved for use and the remainder are in different phases of clinical trials. In this comprehensive report, the authors aim to demonstrate, classify and provide up-to-date clinical trial status of all the vaccines discovered to date and specifically focus on the approved candidates. Finally, the authors specifically focused on the vaccination of different types of medically distinct populations.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Vaccines; Viral Vaccines; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 36184710
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15552 -
Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS Sep 2023CD8+ T cell responses are a key component of the host immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but vary significantly across individuals with distinct... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
CD8+ T cell responses are a key component of the host immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but vary significantly across individuals with distinct clinical outcomes. These differences help inform the qualitative features of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells that we should aim to induce by vaccination.
RECENT FINDINGS
We review previous and more recent findings on the features of dysfunctional and functional CD8+ T cell responses that develop in individuals with uncontrolled and controlled HIV infection, with particular emphasis on proliferation, cytotoxic effector function, epitope specificity, and responses in lymph nodes. We also discuss the implications of these findings for both prophylactic and therapeutic T cell vaccine development within the context of T cell vaccine trials.
SUMMARY
The induction of HIV specific CD8+ T cell responses is an important goal of ongoing vaccine efforts. Emerging data on the key features of CD8+ T cell responses that distinguish individuals who spontaneously control from those with progressive disease continues to provide key guidance.
Topics: Humans; HIV Infections; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; AIDS Vaccines; Vaccination; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 37535040
DOI: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000812 -
International Immunopharmacology Oct 2022The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a global pandemic that has wreaked havoc on... (Review)
Review
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a global pandemic that has wreaked havoc on public health, lives, and the global economy. The present COVID-19 outbreak has put pressure on the scientific community to develop medications and vaccinations to combat COVID-19. However, according to highly optimistic forecasts, we could not have a COVID-19 vaccine until September 2020. This is due to the fact that a successful COVID-19 vaccine will necessitate a careful validation of effectiveness and adverse reactivity given that the target vaccine population includes high-risk people over 60, particularly those with severe co-morbid conditions, frontline healthcare professionals, and those involved in essential industrial sectors. For passive immunization, which is being considered for Covid-19, there are several platforms for vaccine development, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The COVID-19 pandemic, which is arguably the deadliest in the last 100 years after the Spanish flu, necessitates a swift assessment of the various approaches for their ability to incite protective immunity and safety to prevent unintended immune potentiation, which is crucial to the pathogenesis of this virus. Considering the pandemic's high fatality rate and rapid spread, an efficient vaccination is critical for its management. As a result, academia, industry, and government are collaborating in unprecedented ways to create and test a wide range of vaccinations. In this review, we summarize the Covid-19 vaccine development initiatives, recent trends, difficulties, comparison between traditional vaccines development and Covid-19 vaccines development also listed the approved/authorized, phase-3 and pre-clinical trials Covid-19 vaccines in different countries.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; History, 20th Century; Humans; Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 35994853
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109175