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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2017In the majority of vertebrates, survival of offspring to sexual maturation is important for increasing population size, and parental investment in the young is important...
In the majority of vertebrates, survival of offspring to sexual maturation is important for increasing population size, and parental investment in the young is important for reproductive success. Consequently, parental care is critical for the survival of offspring in many species, and many vertebrates have adapted this behavior to their social and ecological environments. Parental care is defined as any behavior that is performed in association with one's offspring (Rosenblatt, Mayer, Siegel. Maternal behavior among nonprimate mammals. In: Adler, Pfaff, Goy, editors. Handbook of behavioral neurobiology. New York: Plenum; 1985. p. 229-98) and is well characterized in mammals and birds. In birds (class Aves), this is due to the high level of diversity across species. Parental behavior in birds protects the young from intruders, and generally involves nest building, incubation, and broody behavior which protect their young from an intruder, and the offspring are reared to independence. Broodiness is complexly regulated by the central nervous system and is associated with multiple hormones and neurotransmitters produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The mechanism of this behavior has been extensively characterized in domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), and pigeons and doves (family Columbidae). This chapter summarizes broodiness in birds from a physiology, genetics, and molecular biology perspective.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Dopamine; Female; Maternal Behavior; Nesting Behavior; Pituitary Gland; Prolactin; Signal Transduction; Turkeys; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 28980235
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3975-1_10 -
Australian Critical Care : Official... Sep 2022Vasoactive medications are high-risk drugs commonly used in intensive care units (ICUs), which have wide variations in clinical management.
BACKGROUND
Vasoactive medications are high-risk drugs commonly used in intensive care units (ICUs), which have wide variations in clinical management.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to describe the patient population, treatment, and clinical characteristics of patients who did and did not receive vasoactive medications while in the ICU and to develop a predictive tool to identify patients needing vasoactive medications.
METHODS
A retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to a level three tertiary referral ICU over a 12-month period from October 2018 to September 2019 was undertaken. Data from electronic medical records were analysed to describe patient characteristics in an adult ICU. Chi square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyse data relating to patients who did and did not receive vasoactive medications. Univariate analysis and Pearson's r were used to determine inclusion in multivariable logistic regression.
RESULTS
Of 1276 patients in the cohort, 40% (512/1276) received a vasoactive medication for haemodynamic support, with 84% (428/512) receiving noradrenaline. Older patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.02; p < 0.001) with higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III scores (OR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.03-1.04; p < 0.001) were more likely to receive vasoactive medications than those not treated with vasoactive medications during an intensive care admission. A model developed using multivariable analysis predicted that patients admitted with sepsis (OR = 2.43; 95% CI = 1.43-4.12; p = 0.001) or shock (OR = 4.05; 95% CI = 2.68-6.10; p < 0.001) and managed on mechanical ventilation (OR = 3.76; 95% CI = 2.81-5.02; p < 0.001) were more likely to receive vasoactive medications.
CONCLUSIONS
Mechanically ventilated patients admitted to intensive care for sepsis and shock with higher APACHE III scores were more likely to receive vasoactive medications. Predictors identified in the multivariable model can be used to direct resources to patients most at risk of receiving vasoactive medications.
Topics: APACHE; Adult; Critical Care; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Norepinephrine; Retrospective Studies; Sepsis
PubMed: 34503915
DOI: 10.1016/j.aucc.2021.07.003 -
Orvosi Hetilap Aug 2020Neuropeptides synthetised in the enteric nervous system can change the function of the immunocells and play a role in inflammatory processes. In our review the effects...
Neuropeptides synthetised in the enteric nervous system can change the function of the immunocells and play a role in inflammatory processes. In our review the effects of inflammation on the neuropeptide content of nerves and immune cells were compared. Inflamed tissue samples (human gastritis and animal models with experimental colitis and streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus) were examined. The number and contacts of neuropeptide-containing nerves and immune cells were studied using immunohistochemistry, confocal laser microscopy and electronmicroscopy. In inflammation, the number of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y nerve fibres was increased significantly in parallel with the strongly increased number of immunocompetent cells (p<0.001). In inflammatory diseases, a large number of lymphocytes and mast cells were also positive for these neuropeptides. Very close morphological relationship between substance P and neuropeptide Y immunoreactive nerve fibres and immunocells could be demonstrated only in inflamed mucosa. Some of the substance P immunoreactive immunocells were also immunoreactive for tumor necrosis factor alpha and nuclear factor kappa B in the case of inflammation. The increased number of tumor necrosis factor alpha and nuclear factor kappa B immunoreactive immune cells correlated with the increased number of substance P-containing nerve fibres. Substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y released from nerve fibres and immunocells can play a role in inflammation. Our results suggest that using substance P antagonists or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y peptides might be a novel therapeutic concept in the management of inflammation. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(35): 1436-1440.
Topics: Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation; Nerve Fibers; Neuropeptide Y; Substance P; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 32822321
DOI: 10.1556/650.2020.31795 -
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a... Aug 2017Pediatric shock represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Standardization of treatment such as volume resuscitation and vasoactive...
OBJECTIVE
Pediatric shock represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Standardization of treatment such as volume resuscitation and vasoactive administration has resulted in improved patient outcomes. Vasoactives have been anecdotally associated with peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation. There is a paucity of evidence in pediatrics to determine the ideal route of vasoactive infusions and what, if any, risk factors and harm are associated with peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation. We aim to assess the frequency of and risk factors for peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation during peripheral IV vasoactive infusions in children admitted to the PICU.
DESIGN
A retrospective, cohort study of all children admitted to a PICU from January 2012 to June 2014.
SETTING
Forty-four-bed PICU at Children's National Health System.
PATIENTS
All children 0-18 years old receiving a vasoactive infusion through a peripheral IV for a minimum of 1 hour.
INTERVENTIONS
None.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
The primary outcomes of this study were incidence of peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation and resultant tissue injury. Secondary outcomes were peripheral IV characteristics and vasoactive infusion data. One hundred two patients met inclusion criteria. Sixty-two percent (63/102) were admitted with the diagnosis of septic shock. The most commonly used vasoactive agent was dopamine. The median peak Vasoactive Infusion Score was 10 (6-14). Peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation incidence was 2% (2/102) and neither event resulted in injury requiring medical or surgical intervention.
CONCLUSIONS
Vasoactive infusions through peripheral IV in children admitted to the PICU with shock were observed to have a low incidence of peripheral IV infiltration and extravasation and resultant tissue injury. Short-term delivery of vasoactives via peripheral IV catheter in a highly monitored PICU setting appears to be safe.
Topics: Adolescent; Catheterization, Peripheral; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Administration Schedule; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Shock, Septic; Vasoconstrictor Agents
PubMed: 28617763
DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001230 -
Journal of Attention Disorders May 2019Epigenetic hypothesis is one of the research pathways used to explain the complex etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. This review highlights the findings of recent... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Epigenetic hypothesis is one of the research pathways used to explain the complex etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. This review highlights the findings of recent studies in the field of epigenetics in ADHD.
METHODS
An electronic literature search using Medline.
RESULTS
In the Gene × Environment interaction model, several clinical, genetic and molecular arguments support the epigenetic hypothesis in ADHD etiology. Environmental ADHD risk factors including toxic, nutritional factors and stressful life events lead to changes in DNA methylation and in histone modification levels. One critical CpG site located in the promoter of the DRD4 gene exhibited a specific pattern in ADHD children. A methylome wide exploration of DNA showed decreased methylation in vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 gene, which was not replicated by further research.
CONCLUSION
Current data require consolidation and could lead to the identification of biomarkers and the introduction of new modalities of treatment.
Topics: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; CpG Islands; DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene-Environment Interaction; Humans; Receptors, Dopamine D4; Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28665177
DOI: 10.1177/1087054717696769 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Owing to the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, the development of novel hypoglycemic drugs has become a research hotspot, with the ultimate goal of developing... (Review)
Review
Owing to the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, the development of novel hypoglycemic drugs has become a research hotspot, with the ultimate goal of developing therapeutic drugs that stimulate glucose-induced insulin secretion without inducing hypoglycemia. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a 28-amino-acid peptide, can stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, particularly by binding to VPAC2 receptors. VIP also promotes islet β-cell proliferation through the forkhead box M1 pathway, but the specific molecular mechanism remains to be studied. The clinical application of VIP is limited because of its short half-life and wide distribution in the human body. Based on the binding properties of VIP and VPAC2 receptors, VPAC2-selective agonists have been developed to serve as novel hypoglycemic drugs. This review summarizes the physiological significance of VIP in glucose homeostasis and the potential therapeutic value of VPAC2-selective agonists in type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Secretion; Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 36204104
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.984198 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2022Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) are neuropeptides involved in a diverse array of physiological and... (Review)
Review
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) are neuropeptides involved in a diverse array of physiological and pathological processes through activating the PACAP subfamily of class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): VIP receptor 1 (VPAC1R), VIP receptor 2 (VPAC2R), and PACAP type I receptor (PAC1R). VIP and PACAP share nearly 70% amino acid sequence identity, while their receptors PAC1R, VPAC1R, and VPAC2R share 60% homology in the transmembrane regions of the receptor. PACAP binds with high affinity to all three receptors, while VIP binds with high affinity to VPAC1R and VPAC2R, and has a thousand-fold lower affinity for PAC1R compared to PACAP. Due to the wide distribution of VIP and PACAP receptors in the body, potential therapeutic applications of drugs targeting these receptors, as well as expected undesired side effects, are numerous. Designing selective therapeutics targeting these receptors remains challenging due to their structural similarities. This review discusses recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms involved in the selectivity and signaling of the PACAP subfamily of receptors, and future considerations for therapeutic targeting.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I; Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II; Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I; Signal Transduction; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 35897648
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158069 -
Global Pediatric Health 2021Many children needing pediatric intensive care units care require inotropes, which are started peripherally prior to securing a central venous access. However, many...
Many children needing pediatric intensive care units care require inotropes, which are started peripherally prior to securing a central venous access. However, many hospitals in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) may not have access to central lines and the vasoactive medications are frequently given through a peripheral venous access. : The aim of our study was to describe the role of peripheral vasoactive inotropes in children. : Children requiring peripheral vasoactive medications were included in this study. We retrospectively collected data at 2 time points on use and complications of peripheral vasoactive medications. : Eighty-four children (51 pre-COVID era and 33 COVID pandemic) received peripheral vasoactive medications. Only 3% of children (3/84) developed extravasation injury, all of whom recovered completely. : Results from our study suggest that extravasation injury due to peripheral inotrope infusion is very low (3%) and it may be safely administered in children at a diluted concentration.
PubMed: 34104702
DOI: 10.1177/2333794X211022250 -
Hypertension in Pregnancy 2016To summarize the reported evidence on the relationship between vasoactive amines and preeclampsia. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To summarize the reported evidence on the relationship between vasoactive amines and preeclampsia.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE.
RESULTS
The summarized results are as follows: (1) Menstruation can effectively eliminate vasoactive amines norepinephrine, serotonin and histamine. (2) Pregnancy increases norepinephrine production due to fetal brain development and decreases vasoactive-amine elimination due to amenorrhea. (3) Preeclampsia is associated with a low renal and/or sweating capacity, or in rare cases, with increased norepinephrine production due to maternal pheochromocytoma and fetal neuroblastoma.
CONCLUSION
Preeclampsia is mainly due to decreased excretion of norepinephrine and other vasoactive amines.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Histamine; Humans; Menstruation; Norepinephrine; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Serotonin
PubMed: 26910507
DOI: 10.3109/10641955.2015.1115062 -
F1000Research 2019Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a gut peptide hormone originally reported as a vasodilator in 1970, has multiple physiological and pathological effects on... (Review)
Review
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a gut peptide hormone originally reported as a vasodilator in 1970, has multiple physiological and pathological effects on development, growth, and the control of neuronal, epithelial, and endocrine cell functions that in turn regulate ion secretion, nutrient absorption, gut motility, glycemic control, carcinogenesis, immune responses, and circadian rhythms. Genetic ablation of this peptide and its receptors in mice also provides new insights into the contribution of VIP towards physiological signaling and the pathogenesis of related diseases. Here, we discuss the impact of VIP on gastrointestinal function and diseases based on recent findings, also providing insight into its possible therapeutic application to diabetes, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Tract; Mice; Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II; Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I; Signal Transduction; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
PubMed: 31559013
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18039.1