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Journal of Dental Research Jan 2021Oral microbiomes vary in cariogenic potential; these differences may be established early in life. A major concern is whether mothers transmit cariogenic bacteria to...
Oral microbiomes vary in cariogenic potential; these differences may be established early in life. A major concern is whether mothers transmit cariogenic bacteria to their children. Here we characterize early salivary microbiome development and the potential associations of that development with route of delivery, breastfeeding, and mother's oral health, and we evaluate transmission of microbes between mother and child. We analyzed saliva and metadata from the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia. For this cohort study, we sequenced the V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene and used quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect , and in the saliva from mothers and their infants, collected at 2, 9, and 12 mo (Pennsylvania site) and 2, 12, and 24 mo (West Virginia site). Breastfed children had lower relative abundances of and . If mothers had decayed, missing, or filled teeth, children had greater abundances of and . There was little evidence of maternal transmission of selected microbes. At 12 mo, children's microbiomes were more similar to other children's than to their mothers'. Infants' salivary microbiomes became more adult-like with age but still differed with mothers' microbiomes at 12 mo. There was little evidence supporting transmission of selected microbes from mothers to children, but risk of colonization was associated with tooth emergence. Children are likely to acquire cariogenic bacteria from a variety of sources, including foods and contact with other children and adults.
Topics: Adult; Child; Cohort Studies; Dental Caries; Female; Humans; Infant; Microbiota; Mothers; Oral Health; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 32859139
DOI: 10.1177/0022034520947665 -
Case Reports in Hepatology 2021species are commensal bacteria of the human oral, gut, and vaginal microbiota that are rarely identified as clinically relevant pathogens. Here, we describe a novel...
species are commensal bacteria of the human oral, gut, and vaginal microbiota that are rarely identified as clinically relevant pathogens. Here, we describe a novel case of bacteremia in a patient with biopsy-proven alcoholic hepatitis. species have been correlated with disease severity and hepatic encephalopathy in liver diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis and cirrhosis. Their abundance has also been recently observed to be increased in alcoholic hepatitis, where postinflammatory infections are known to impact mortality. This case report highlights the possible clinical manifestations that result from significant gut dysbiosis in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. Early identification and treatment of bacteremia in susceptible populations could be crucial to survival given this organism's predilection for causing life-threatening infections, including meningitis, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis.
PubMed: 34691793
DOI: 10.1155/2021/9947213 -
Food & Function Nov 2023and species are key regulators of a healthy gut environment through metabolic cross-feeding, influencing lactic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels, which...
and species are key regulators of a healthy gut environment through metabolic cross-feeding, influencing lactic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels, which are crucial for gut health. This study aims to investigate how () and (LA) interact with each other and alleviate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in a mouse model. We assess their metabolic interactions regarding carbon sources through co-culturing in a modified medium. In the experiments, and LA were inoculated in mono-cultures and co-culture, and viable cell counts, OD, pH, lactic acid, glucose and SCFAs were measured. For the experiment, 60 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups and administered and LA alone or in combination oral gavage (1 × 10 CFU mL per day per mouse) for 14 days. On the seventh day, 2.5% DSS was added to the drinking water to induce colitis. The effects of these probiotics on UC were evaluated by assessing intestinal barrier integrity and intestinal inflammation in the gut microenvironment. results demonstrated that co-culturing with LA significantly increased viable cell numbers, lactic acid production, and SCFA production, while reducing pH and glucose levels in the medium. findings revealed that intervention with , particularly in combination with LA, alleviated symptoms, including weight loss, colon shortening, and tissue damage. These probiotics mitigated intestinal inflammation by down-regulating pro-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-6, IL-1β, IL-γ, iNOS, and IFN-γ, as well as oxidative stress markers, including MDA and MPO. Concurrently, they upregulated the activity of anti-inflammatory enzymes, namely, SOD and GSH, and promoted the production of SCFAs. The combined intervention of and LA significantly increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and total SCFAs in cecal contents. Furthermore, the intervention of and LA increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as , while reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria, such as - and , thereby mitigating excessive inflammation. These findings highlight the enhanced therapeutic effects resulting from the interactions between and LA, demonstrating the potential of this combined probiotic approach.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Colitis, Ulcerative; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Veillonella; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Colitis; Colon; Inflammation; Probiotics; Glucose; Lactic Acid; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 37934670
DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03898j -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Dental caries remains the most common chronic disease in children, and the respective etiology is not fully understood. Though is an important factor in the initiation...
Dental caries remains the most common chronic disease in children, and the respective etiology is not fully understood. Though is an important factor in the initiation and progression of caries, its presence is not always associated with the disease. The existence of caries discordant populations, in which counts do not correlate with caries experience, poses a challenging problem. This study explored the possible correlation of S. and other microorganism levels on caries-associated ecology of caries-concordant and discordant populations. A total of forty-seven children were analyzed in this study and stratified into four clinical groups based on their levels in saliva (HS/LS: High/low ) and caries experience. levels were determined by culture-based selective plating. The salivary microbiome of caries concordant and discordant populations was investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and downstream bioinformatics analysis. The salivary microbial communities significantly clustered based on levels and independent of their caries experience. In addition to levels, significant differences in the abundance of other species were observed between HS and LS groups. Interestingly, disease-associated species such as spp., and spp. were significantly increased in HS groups and may contribute, in combination with , to the caries progression. Furthermore, health-associated species exhibited higher abundance in the LS groups, such as sp., and spp. but their possible contribution to the caries process remains to be elucidated. This study provides evidence that may play a role in shaping the salivary microbial community. Our results highlight that future caries research should consider additional species as health/disease microbial markers in conjunction with to improve diagnosis and caries management of the caries-discordant population.
PubMed: 35250921
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.782825 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Aug 2020Halitosis is a common ailment concerning 15% to 60% of the human population. Halitosis can be divided into extra-oral halitosis (EOH) and intra-oral halitosis (IOH). The... (Review)
Review
Halitosis is a common ailment concerning 15% to 60% of the human population. Halitosis can be divided into extra-oral halitosis (EOH) and intra-oral halitosis (IOH). The IOH is formed by volatile compounds, which are produced mainly by anaerobic bacteria. To these odorous substances belong volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), aromatic compounds, amines, short-chain fatty or organic acids, alcohols, aliphatic compounds, aldehydes, and ketones. The most important VSCs are hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and methyl mercaptan. VSCs can be toxic for human cells even at low concentrations. The oral bacteria most related to halitosis are spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., , and spp. Most bacteria that cause halitosis are responsible for periodontitis, but they can also affect the development of oral and digestive tract cancers. Malodorous agents responsible for carcinogenesis are hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde.
PubMed: 32748883
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082484 -
IDCases 2019A 79-year-old woman with a history of total hysterectomy for cervical cancer with ureterocutaneostomy presented with high fever. She had tenderness and a hard lump...
A 79-year-old woman with a history of total hysterectomy for cervical cancer with ureterocutaneostomy presented with high fever. She had tenderness and a hard lump around the ureterocutaneostomy site. Computed tomography scan revealed 1.5 cm ureteral calculus in ureterocutaneous fistula (Fig. 1A) associated with bilateral hydronephrosis (Fig. 1B) and we performed a transureteral stent insertion. Blood culture grew methicillin-sensitive (MSSA), , species and and urine culture revealed , MSSA, and . The patient's clinical signs and symptoms gradually improved with ampicillin/sulbactam. Patients with urinary diversions including ureterocutaneostomy and iliac conduits are at increased risk of urolithiasis (1), which can cause sepsis, pyelonephritis, and renal insufficiency (2). Since most patients become colonized with a multitude of bacteria including and skin flora such as and spp., we should empirically treat with broad-spectrum antimicrobials until the culture results are available. Early diagnosis and urological intervention are required because it can be life-threatening with delayed treatment.
PubMed: 31720220
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00624 -
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity May 2024Gut microbiota communicates bidirectionally with the brain through the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems of the gut. In our preliminary study, the fecal microbiota...
Gut microbiota communicates bidirectionally with the brain through the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems of the gut. In our preliminary study, the fecal microbiota of volunteers with mild cognitive impairment (Fmci) exhibited a higher abundance of Escherichia fergusonii (NK2001), Veillonella infantium (NK2002), and Enterococcus faecium (NK2003) populations compared with those of healthy volunteers. Therefore, we examined the effects of Fmci, NK2001 (gram-negative), NK2002 (gram-negative-like), and NK2003 (gram-positive) on cognitive impairment-like behavior, neuroinflammation, and colitis in mice with or without antibiotics. Fmci transplantation increased cognitive impairment-like behavior, hippocampal tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression, and the size of toll-like receptor (TLR)4Iba1, TLR2Iba1, and NF-κBIba1 cell populations independent of antibiotic treatment. Oral gavage of NK2001, NK2002, or NK2003, which induced TNF-α expression in Caco-2 cells, significantly increased cognitive impairment-like behavior and hippocampal TNF-α expression and Iba1-positive cell populations and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in mice. Celiac vagotomy significantly decreased NK2001- or NK2002-induced cognitive impairment-like behavior and hippocampal Iba1 cell population and TNF-α expression and increased NK2001- or NK2002-suppressed hippocampal BDNF expression. However, NK2003-induced cognitive impairment-like behavior and hippocampal Iba1 cell population and TNF-α expression were partially, but not significantly, attenuated by celiac vagotomy. Furthermore, celiac vagotomy did not affect NK2001-, NK2002-, or NK2003-induced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in the blood and feces and TNF-α expression and NF-κB-positive cell population in the colon. In conclusion, LPS-producing NK2001 and NK2002 and LPS-nonproducing NK2003 may induce NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammation through the translocation of byproducts such as LPS and peptidoglycan into the brain through gut-blood/vagus nerve-brain and gut-blood-brain pathways, respectively, resulting in cognitive impairment.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Animals; Lipopolysaccharides; NF-kappa B; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Caco-2 Cells; Cognitive Dysfunction; Vagus Nerve; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Escherichia; Veillonella
PubMed: 38428648
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.031 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023Anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria (AGNB) play a significant role as both pathogens and essential members of the human microbiota. Despite their clinical importance, there...
BACKGROUND
Anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria (AGNB) play a significant role as both pathogens and essential members of the human microbiota. Despite their clinical importance, there remains limited understanding regarding their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns. This knowledge gap poses challenges in effectively managing AGNB-associated infections, as empirical treatment approaches may not adequately address the evolving resistance landscape. To bridge this research gap, we conducted a comprehensive study aimed at exploring the role of human AGNB as a reservoir of AMR. This can provide valuable insights for the prevention and management of anaerobic infections.
METHODS
We studied the prevalence of AMR and AMR determinants conferring resistance to metronidazole (), imipenem (), piperacillin-tazobactam (), cefoxitin (), clindamycin (), chloramphenicol () and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as and 1186 associated with the and gene expression. These parameters were studied in spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., and other clinical AGNB.
RESULTS
Resistance to metronidazole, clindamycin, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoxitin and chloramphenicol was 29%, 33.5%, 0.5%, 27.5%, 26.5% and 0%, respectively. The presence of resistance genes, viz., , , , , was detected in 24%, 33.5%, 10%, 9.5%, 21.5% isolates, respectively. None of the tested isolates showed the presence of a gene and MGEs, viz., and IS. The highest resistance to all antimicrobial agents was exhibited by spp. The association between resistant phenotypes and genotypes was complete in clindamycin, as all clindamycin-resistant isolates showed the presence of gene, and none of the susceptible strains harbored this gene; similarly, all isolates were chloramphenicol-susceptible and also lacked the gene, whereas the association was low among imipenem and piperacillin-tazobactam. Metronidazole and imipenem resistance was seen to be dependent on insertion sequences for the expression of AMR genes. A constrained co-existence of and gene in species was seen. Based on the absence and presence of the gene, we divided into two categories, Division I (72.6%) and Division II (27.3%), respectively.
CONCLUSION
AGNB acts as a reservoir of specific AMR genes, which may pose a threat to other anaerobes due to functional compatibility and acquisition of these genes. Thus, AST-complying standard guidelines must be performed periodically to monitor the local and institutional susceptibility trends, and rational therapeutic strategies must be adopted to direct empirical management.
PubMed: 37237845
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050942 -
BMC Microbiology Jul 2020The possibility that smokeless tobacco may contribute to oral carcinogenesis by influencing the oral microbiome has not been explored. This preliminary cross-sectional...
BACKGROUND
The possibility that smokeless tobacco may contribute to oral carcinogenesis by influencing the oral microbiome has not been explored. This preliminary cross-sectional study sought to assess the effect of using shammah, a form of smokeless tobacco prevalent in Arabia, on the tongue microbiome. Tongue scarping samples were obtained from 29 shammah users (SU; 27.34 ± 6.9 years) and 23 shammah non-users (SNU; 27.7 ± 7.19 years) and analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1-V3). Species-level taxonomy assignment of the high-quality, merged reads was obtained using a previously described BLASTn-based algorithm. Downstream analyses were performed with QIIME, LEfSe, and R.
RESULTS
A total of 178 species, belonging to 62 genera and 8 phyla were identified. Genera Streptococcus, Leptotrichia, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Haemophilus, Prevotella and Neisseria accounted for more than 60% of the average microbiome. There were no differences between the two groups in species richness and alpha-diversity, but PCoA showed significant separation (P = 0.015, ANOSIM). LEfSe analysis identified 22 species to be differentially abundant between the SU and SNU. However, only 7 species maintained a false discovery rate of ≤0.2 and could cluster the two groups separately: Rothia mucilaginosa, Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 66, Actinomyces meyeri, Streptococcus vestibularis Streptococcus sanguinis and a potentially novel Veillonella species in association with SU, and Oribacterium asaccharolyticum with SNU.
CONCLUSION
These preliminary results indicate that shammah use induces tongue microbiome changes including enrichment of several species with high acetaldehyde production potential, which warrants further investigation.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Humans; Male; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tobacco, Smokeless; Tongue; Young Adult
PubMed: 32640977
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01883-8 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023The global prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is on the rise, prompting significant attention from researchers worldwide. IBD entails chronic inflammatory...
The global prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is on the rise, prompting significant attention from researchers worldwide. IBD entails chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestinal tract, characterized by alternating flares and remissions. Through high-throughput sequencing, numerous studies have unveiled a potential microbial signature for IBD patients showing intestinal enrichment of oral-associated bacteria. Simultaneously, the oral microbiome can be perturbed by intestinal inflammation. Our prior investigation, based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, underscored elevated abundance of spp. and spp. in the salivary microbiomes of IBD patients. Noteworthy, emerged as a distinct species significantly associated with IBD. is an under-recognized pathogen that was found to play a role in both oral and systemic diseases. In this study, we delve deeper into the salivary microbiomes of both IBD patients and healthy controls. Employing diverse cultivation techniques and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (RT-qPCR), we gauged the prevalence and abundance of spp., spp., and . Our isolation efforts yielded 407 and 168 strains of spp., as well as 173 and 90 strains of spp., from the saliva samples of IBD patients and healthy controls, respectively. Veillonella-vancomycin agar emerged as the discerning choice for optimal spp. cultivation, while Schaedler kanamycin-vancomycin agar proved to be the most suitable medium for cultivating spp. strains. Comparing our RT-qPCR findings to the previous 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data, the results corroborated the higher abundance of spp., spp., and in the saliva of IBD patients compared to healthy controls. However, it's worth noting that in contrast to RT-qPCR, the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data revealed greater absolute abundance of all three bacterial groups in both IBD patients and controls.
Topics: Humans; Veillonella; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Vancomycin; Agar; Bacteria; Prevotella; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
PubMed: 38053528
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1278582