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Seminars in Immunopathology Sep 2018Extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and large oncosomes have been shown to participate in a wide variety of biological processes... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and large oncosomes have been shown to participate in a wide variety of biological processes and are currently under intense investigation in many different fields of biomedicine. One of the key features of extracellular vesicles is that they have relatively large surface compared to their volume. Some extracellular vesicle surface molecules are shared with those of the plasma membrane of the releasing cell, while other molecules are characteristic for extracellular vesicular surfaces. Besides proteins, lipids, glycans, and nucleic acids are also players of extracellular vesicle surface interactions. Being secreted and present in high number in biological samples, collectively extracellular vesicles represent a uniquely large interactive surface area which can establish contacts both with cells and with molecules in the extracellular microenvironment. Here, we provide a brief overview of known components of the extracellular vesicle surface interactome and highlight some already established roles of the extracellular vesicle surface interactions in different biological processes in health and disease.
Topics: Animals; Cell Communication; Cell Membrane; Cellular Microenvironment; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans
PubMed: 29663027
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0682-0 -
Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS Aug 2023Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of injury-related disability and death around the world, but the clinical stratification, diagnosis, and treatment of... (Review)
Review
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of injury-related disability and death around the world, but the clinical stratification, diagnosis, and treatment of complex TBI are limited. Due to their unique properties, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging candidates for being biomarkers of traumatic brain injury as well as serving as potential therapeutic targets. However, the effects of different extracellular vesicle subtypes on the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury are very different, or potentially even opposite. Before extracellular vesicles can be used as targets for TBI therapy, it is necessary to classify different extracellular vesicle subtypes according to their functions to clarify different strategies for EV-based TBI therapy. The purpose of this review is to discuss contradictory effects of different EV subtypes on TBI, and to propose treatment ideas based on different EV subtypes to maximize their benefits for the recovery of TBI patients. Video Abstract.
Topics: Humans; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Extracellular Vesicles
PubMed: 37596642
DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01165-6 -
Current Opinion in Neurobiology Oct 2022Sustained neurotransmission is driven by a continuous supply of synaptic vesicles to the release sites and modulated by synaptic vesicle dynamics. However, synaptic... (Review)
Review
Sustained neurotransmission is driven by a continuous supply of synaptic vesicles to the release sites and modulated by synaptic vesicle dynamics. However, synaptic vesicle dynamics in synapses remain elusive because of technical limitations. Recent advances in fluorescence imaging techniques have enabled the tracking of single synaptic vesicles in small central synapses in living neurons. Single vesicle tracking has uncovered a wealth of new information about synaptic vesicle dynamics both within and outside presynaptic terminals, showing that single vesicle tracking is an effective tool for studying synaptic vesicle dynamics. Particularly, single vesicle tracking with high spatiotemporal resolution has revealed the dependence of synaptic vesicle dynamics on the location, stages of recycling, and neuronal activity. This review summarizes the recent findings from single synaptic vesicle tracking in small central synapses and their implications in synaptic transmission and pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Neurons; Presynaptic Terminals; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Synaptic Vesicles
PubMed: 35803103
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102596 -
Vitamins and Hormones 2020Secretory vesicle swelling has been demonstrated to be a requirement in cell secretion. In the past 25 years, the quest to elucidate the molecular mechanism of secretory...
Secretory vesicle swelling has been demonstrated to be a requirement in cell secretion. In the past 25 years, the quest to elucidate the molecular mechanism of secretory vesicle swelling, serendipitously revealed the presence of water channels or aquaporins at the secretory vesicle membrane and their involvement in rapid gaiting of water into secretory vesicles and their swelling during secretion. These studies further provided an understanding of aquaporin regulation at the secretory vesicle membrane. Secretory vesicles within live cells, isolated secretory vesicles, single vesicle electrophysiological patch clamp studies and the swelling complex reconstituted into liposomes, have all been utilized to elucidate the mechanism and regulation of secretory vesicle swelling. Results from these studies collectively demonstrate the involvement of β-adrenergic receptor, heterotrimeric GTP-binding G-proteins such as GαI; PLA2 and potassium and chloride channels, in the regulation of aquaporins at the secretory vesicle membrane.
Topics: Animals; Aquaporin 2; Aquaporins; Humans; Secretory Vesicles
PubMed: 32061339
DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.08.007 -
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD 2019It is now more than two decades since amyloid-β (Aβ), the proteolytic product of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), was first demonstrated to be a normal and... (Review)
Review
It is now more than two decades since amyloid-β (Aβ), the proteolytic product of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), was first demonstrated to be a normal and soluble product of neuronal metabolism. To date, despite a growing body of evidence suggests its regulatory role on synaptic function, the exact cellular and molecular pathways involved in Aβ-driven synaptic effects remain elusive. This review provides an overview of the mounting evidence showing Aβ-mediated effects on presynaptic functions and neurotransmitter release from axon terminals, focusing on its interaction with synaptic vesicle cycle. Indeed, Aβ peptides have been found to interact with key presynaptic scaffold proteins and kinases affecting the consequential steps of the synaptic vesicle dynamics (e.g., synaptic vesicles exocytosis, endocytosis, and trafficking). Defects in the fine-tuning of synaptic vesicle cycle by Aβ and deregulation of key molecules and kinases, which orchestrate synaptic vesicle availability, may alter synaptic homeostasis, possibly contributing to synaptic loss and cognitive decline. Elucidating the presynaptic mechanisms by which Aβ regulate synaptic transmission is fundamental for a deeper comprehension of the biology of presynaptic terminals as well as of Aβ-driven early synaptic defects occurring in prodromal stage of AD. Moreover, a better understating of Aβ involvement in cellular signal pathways may allow to set up more effective therapeutic interventions by detecting relevant molecular mechanisms, whose imbalance might ultimately lead to synaptic impairment in AD.
Topics: Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Endocytosis; Exocytosis; Humans; Presynaptic Terminals; Synapses; Synaptic Vesicles
PubMed: 31561377
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-190771 -
Molecules and Cells Nov 2015Synapsins were the first presynaptic proteins identified and have served as the flagship of the presynaptic protein field. Here we review recent studies demonstrating... (Review)
Review
Synapsins were the first presynaptic proteins identified and have served as the flagship of the presynaptic protein field. Here we review recent studies demonstrating that different members of the synapsin family play different roles at presynaptic terminals employing different types of synaptic vesicles. The structural underpinnings for these functions are just beginning to be understood and should provide a focus for future efforts.
Topics: Humans; Neurotransmitter Agents; Phosphorylation; Presynaptic Terminals; Protein Isoforms; Protein Transport; Synapsins; Synaptic Vesicles
PubMed: 26627875
DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0233 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical... 2021Neurons are special polarized cells whose synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, acting on postsynaptic receptors and thus transmitting... (Review)
Review
Neurons are special polarized cells whose synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, acting on postsynaptic receptors and thus transmitting information from presynaptic to postsynaptic states. The integrity of the vesicle cycle is critical to the transmission of neural signals in the brain. According to the molecular mechanism of calcium-triggered release, the assembly of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) is required in the process of synaptic vesicle fusion and vesicle exocytosis. Many delicate steps are required to maintain the dynamic process of 'release-recycle', including intermediate processes and the dynamic balance of neurotransmission. Various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases result from synaptic cycle dysfunction. This review of the relationships between the structure and function of synaptic vesicles in physiological and pathological conditions provides a theoretical basis for synaptic transmission and a novel avenue for the study of synaptic plasticity associated with mood disorders, highlighting potential targets for treating diseases.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Exocytosis; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Synaptic Vesicles
PubMed: 34343470
DOI: 10.18433/jpps31458 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria during growth and . MVs are nanoscale vesicular structures with... (Review)
Review
Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria during growth and . MVs are nanoscale vesicular structures with diameters ranging from 20 to 400 nm. MVs incorporate bacterial lipids, proteins, and often nucleic acids, and can effectively stimulate host immune response against bacterial infections. As vaccine candidates and drug delivery systems, MVs possess high biosafety owing to the lack of self-replication ability. However, wild-type bacterial strains have poor MV yield, and MVs from the wild-type strains may be harmful due to the carriage of toxic components, such as lipopolysaccharides, hemolysins, enzymes, etc. In this review, we summarize the genetic modification of vesicle-producing bacteria to reduce MV toxicity, enhance vesicle immunogenicity, and increase vesicle production. The engineered MVs exhibit broad applications in vaccine designs, vaccine delivery vesicles, and drug delivery systems.
PubMed: 34690971
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.729369 -
F1000Research 2017Synaptic vesicle recycling is essential for sustained and reliable neurotransmission. A key component of synaptic vesicle recycling is the synaptic vesicle biogenesis... (Review)
Review
Synaptic vesicle recycling is essential for sustained and reliable neurotransmission. A key component of synaptic vesicle recycling is the synaptic vesicle biogenesis process that is observed in synapses and that maintains the molecular identity of synaptic vesicles. However, the mechanisms by which synaptic vesicles are retrieved and reconstituted after fusion remain unclear. The complex molecular composition of synaptic vesicles renders their rapid biogenesis a daunting task. Therefore, in this context, kiss-and-run type transient fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane without loss of their membrane composition and molecular identity remains a viable hypothesis that can account for the fidelity of the synaptic vesicle cycle. In this article, we discuss the biological implications of this problem as well as its possible molecular solutions.
PubMed: 29034086
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12072.1 -
The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal... Oct 2019Nervous system communication relies on neurotransmitter release for synaptic transmission between neurons. Neurotransmitter is contained within vesicles in presynaptic... (Review)
Review
Nervous system communication relies on neurotransmitter release for synaptic transmission between neurons. Neurotransmitter is contained within vesicles in presynaptic terminals and intraterminal calcium governs the fundamental step of their release into the synaptic cleft. Despite a common dependence on calcium, synaptic transmission and its modulation varies highly across the nervous system. The precise mechanisms that underlie this heterogeneity, however, remain unclear. The present review highlights recent data that reveal vesicles sourced from separate pools define discrete modes of release. A rich diversity of regulatory machinery may further distinguish the different forms of vesicle release, including presynaptic proteins involved in trafficking, alignment, and exocytosis. These multiple vesicle release mechanisms and vesicle pools likely depend on the arrangement of vesicles in relation to specific calcium entry pathways that create compartmentalized spheres of calcium influence (i.e., domains). This diversity permits release specialization. This review details examples of how individual neurons rely on multiple calcium sources and unique regulatory schemes to provide differential release and discrete modulation of neurotransmitter release from specific vesicle pools-as part of network signal integration.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Signaling; Exocytosis; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Presynaptic Terminals; Synaptic Transmission; Synaptic Vesicles
PubMed: 31375041
DOI: 10.1177/1073858419863771