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International Journal of Systematic and... Oct 2022A Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, facultative anaerobic motile bacterium, designated strain OG9-811, was isolated from the gut of an oyster...
A Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, facultative anaerobic motile bacterium, designated strain OG9-811, was isolated from the gut of an oyster collected in the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. The strain grew at 10-37 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and with 0.5-10% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain OG9-811 affiliated with the genus , with the highest sequence similarity of 98.2% to ATCC BAA-450 followed by R-40492 (98.0 %), LMG 20362 (97.7 %) and LMG 20536 (97.6 %); other relatives were JCM 16456 (97.4 %), NBRC 103150 (97.0 %) and CIP 102972 (97.0 %). The complete genome of strain OG9-811 comprised two chromosomes of a total 4 807 684 bp and the G+C content was 50.2 %. Results of analysis based on the whole genome sequence showed the distinctiveness of strain OG9-811. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain OG9-811 and the closest strains ATCC BAA-450, R-40492, LMG 20362, KCTC 12702 JCM 16456, ATCC 33809 and CIP 102972 were 73.0, 72.6, 73.3, 73.0, 72.7, 78.5 and 77.8 %, respectively, while the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain OG9-811 and the above closely related strains were 20.8, 21.2, 20.8, 21.7, 20.7, 23.2 and 22.4 %, respectively. The major fatty acids of strain OG9-811 were summed feature 3 (C 7 and/or C 6), summed feature 8 (C c and/or C 7) and C. The polar lipids contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Strain OG9-811 contained Q-8 as a quinone. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic characteristics, strain OG9-811 is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OG9-811 (=KCTC 72623=GDMCC 1.2610).
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Cardiolipins; Catalase; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Nucleotides; Ostreidae; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phospholipids; Phylogeny; Quinones; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sodium Chloride; Vibrio
PubMed: 36269578
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005586 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Apr 2024Although elasmobranchs are consumed worldwide, bacteriological assessments for this group are still sorely lacking. In this context, this study assessed bacteria of...
AIMS
Although elasmobranchs are consumed worldwide, bacteriological assessments for this group are still sorely lacking. In this context, this study assessed bacteria of sharks and rays from one of the most important landing ports along the Rio de Janeiro coast.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Bacteria were isolated from the cloacal swabs of the sampled elasmobranchs. They were cultured, and Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Enterobacterales were isolated and identified. The isolated bacteria were then biochemically identified and antimicrobial susceptibility assays were performed. Antigenic characterizations were performed for Salmonella spp. and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays were performed to identify Escherichia coli pathotypes. Several bacteria of interest in the One Health context were detected. The most prevalent Enterobacterales were Morganella morganii and Citrobacter freundii, while Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fluvialis were the most prevalent among Vibrio spp. and Aeromonas allosacharophila and Aeromonas veronii bv. veronii were the most frequent among Aeromonas spp. Several bacteria also displayed antimicrobial resistance, indicative of Public Health concerns. A total of 10% of Vibrio strains were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 40% displayed intermediate resistance to cefoxitin. Salmonella enterica strains displayed intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and streptomycin. All V. cholerae strains were identified as non-O1/non-O139. The detected E. coli strains did not exhibit pathogenicity genes. This is the first study to perform serology assessments for S. enterica subsp. enterica isolated from elasmobranchs, identifying the zoonotic Typhimurium serovar. Salmonella serology evaluations are, therefore, paramount to identify the importance of elasmobranchs in the epidemiological salmonellosis chain.
CONCLUSIONS
The detection of several pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria may pose significant Public Health risks in Brazil, due to high elasmobranch consumption rates, indicating the urgent need for further bacteriological assessments in this group.
Topics: Animals; Escherichia coli; Sharks; Brazil; Salmonella; Vibrio cholerae; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aeromonas
PubMed: 38486350
DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae068 -
Microbial Genomics Feb 2022is a food-borne pathogen with epidemic potential that causes cholera-like acute gastroenteritis and sometimes extraintestinal infections in humans. However, research on...
is a food-borne pathogen with epidemic potential that causes cholera-like acute gastroenteritis and sometimes extraintestinal infections in humans. However, research on its genetic diversity and pathogenicity-related genetic elements based on whole genome sequences is lacking. In this study, we collected and sequenced 130 strains of from 14 provinces of China, and also determined the susceptibility of 35 of the strains to 30 different antibiotics. Combined with 52 publicly available genomes, we inferred the population structure and investigated the characteristics of pathogenicity-related factors. The strains exhibited high levels of homologous recombination and were assigned to two major populations, VflPop1 and VflPop2, according to the different compositions of their gene pools. VflPop2 was subdivided into groups 2.1 and 2.2. Except for VflPop2.2, which consisted only of Asian strains, the strains in VflPop1 and VflPop2.1 were distributed in the Americas, Asia and Europe. Analysis of the pathogenicity potential of showed that most of the identified virulence-related genes or gene clusters showed high prevalence in , except for three mobile genetic elements: pBD146, ICEInd1 and MGIInd1, which were scattered in only a few strains. A total of 21 antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in the genomes of the 182 strains analysed in this study, and 19 (90%) of them were exclusively present in VflPop2. Notably, the tetracycline resistance-related gene (35) was present in 150 (95%) of the strains in VflPop2, and in only one (4%) strain in VflPop1, indicating it was population-specific. In total, 91% of the 35 selected strains showed resistance to cefazolin, indicating has a high resistance rate to cefazolin. Among the 15 genomes that carried the previously reported drug resistance-related plasmid pBD146, 11 (73%) showed resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which we inferred was related to the presence of the gene in the plasmid. On the basis of the population genomics analysis, the genetic diversity, population structure and distribution of pathogenicity-related factors of were delineated in this study. The results will provide further clues regarding the evolution and pathogenic mechanisms of , and improve our knowledge for the prevention and control of this pathogen.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefazolin; Humans; Metagenomics; Vibrio; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 35212619
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000769 -
Open Forum Infectious Diseases Jun 2020is a foodborne pathogen known to cause a cholera-like gastroenteritis syndrome. Here we report the first case of liver abscess and bacteremia presumed to be from...
is a foodborne pathogen known to cause a cholera-like gastroenteritis syndrome. Here we report the first case of liver abscess and bacteremia presumed to be from sashimi, a Japanese raw seafood delicacy. We also provide a literature review of reported cases of extra-intestinal diseases including bacteremia.
PubMed: 32587879
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa212 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2020Agarose-oligosaccharide production from agar degradation by agarase exhibits lots of advantages and good application prospects. In this study, a novel agar-degrading...
Agarose-oligosaccharide production from agar degradation by agarase exhibits lots of advantages and good application prospects. In this study, a novel agar-degrading bacterium sp. A8 was isolated from a red algae in the South China Sea. The whole genome sequencing with comparative genomic and secretomic analysis were used to better understand its genetic components about agar degradation. This strain exhibited good agarase production in artificial seawater after culture optimization. The complete genome (4.88 Mb) of this strain comprised two circular chromosomes (3.19 and 1.69 Mb) containing 4,572 protein-coding genes, 108 tRNA genes and 31 rRNA genes. This strain was identified as A8 by comparative genomic analysis based on genome phylogenetic tree and average nucleotide identity (ANI) similarity. Different from other 20 similar strains including three strains of the same species, A8 possessed unique agar degradation ability with four β-agarases (GH50) and one α-1,3-L-NA2 hydrolase (GH117) due to the horizontal gene transfer. Secretomic analysis showed that only β-agarase (gene 3152) was abundantly expressed in the secretome of A8. This agarase had a good substrate specificity and wide work conditions in complex environments, suggesting its potential application for agarose-oligosaccharide production.
PubMed: 32849481
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01934 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2023Vibrio cholerae can utilize a type VI secretion system (T6SS) to increase its intra- and interspecies competition. However, much still remains to be understood about the...
Vibrio cholerae can utilize a type VI secretion system (T6SS) to increase its intra- and interspecies competition. However, much still remains to be understood about the underlying mechanism of this intraspecies competition. In this study, we isolated an environmental V. cholerae strain E1 that lacked the typical virulence factors toxin-coregulated pilus and cholera toxin and that encoded a functional T6SS. We identified an evolved VgrG3 variant with a predicted C-terminal pesticin-like domain in V. cholerae E1, designated VgrG3. Using heterologous expression, protein secretion, and peptidoglycan-degrading assays, we demonstrated that VgrG3 is a T6SS-dependent effector harboring cell wall muramidase activity and that its toxicity can be neutralized by cognate immunity protein TsiV3. Site-directed mutagenesis proved that the aspartic acid residue at position 867 is crucial for VgrG3-mediated antibacterial activity. Bioinformatic analysis showed that genes encoding VgrG3-like homologs are distributed in species, are linked with T6SS structural genes and auxiliary genes, and the gene pair of V. cholerae probably evolved from Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio fluvialis via homologous recombination. Through a time-lapse microscopy assay, we directly determined that cells accumulating VgrG3 disrupted bacterial division, while the cells continued to increase in size until the loss of membrane potential and cell wall breakage and finally burst. The results of the competitive killing assay showed that VgrG3 contributes to V. cholerae interspecies competition. Collectively, our study revealed a novel T6SS E-I pair representing a new T6SS toxin family which allows V. cholerae to gain dominance within polymicrobial communities by T6SS. The type VI secretion system used by a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria delivers toxic proteins to target adjacent eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Diversification of effector proteins determines the complex bacterium-bacterium interactions and impacts the health of hosts and environmental ecosystems in which bacteria reside. This work uncovered an evolved valine-glycine repeat protein G3, carrying a C-terminal pesticin-like domain (VgrG3), which has been suggested to harbor cell wall hydrolase activity and is able to affect cell division and the integrity of cell wall structure. Pesticin-like homologs constitute a family of T6SS-associated effectors targeting bacterial peptidoglycan which are distributed in species, and genetic loci of them are linked with T6SS structural genes and auxiliary genes. T6SS-delivered VgrG3 mediated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity for several microorganisms tested, indicating that VgrG3-mediated antimicrobial activity is capable of conferring bacteria a competitive advantage over competitors in the same niches.
Topics: Type VI Secretion Systems; Vibrio cholerae; Peptidoglycan; Ecosystem; Bacterial Proteins; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Wall
PubMed: 36625646
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04267-22 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Mar 2024Vibrio fluvialis is a bacterium that can be found in both seawater and freshwater, and it is responsible for causing gastroenteritis and cholangitis. V. fluvialis...
Vibrio fluvialis is a bacterium that can be found in both seawater and freshwater, and it is responsible for causing gastroenteritis and cholangitis. V. fluvialis bacteremia has rarely been reported. We report a case of V. fluvialis bacteremia due to cholangitis in an immunocompetent adult who was exposed to seawater regularly as a sushi chef. The increased risk of V. fluvialis entry into the body resulting from frequent consumption of raw fish and regular exposure to seawater, bile outflow impairment caused by transient inflammation of the bile duct, and the presence of multiple bile acid resistance-related genes in V. fluvialis may lead to the development of acute cholangitis and subsequent bacteremia in immunocompetent patients.
PubMed: 38432963
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3078-23 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023Although medicinal plants have been used by ethnic communities since ancient times to prevent and treat various diseases, only a few have been scientifically documented.... (Review)
Review
Although medicinal plants have been used by ethnic communities since ancient times to prevent and treat various diseases, only a few have been scientifically documented. Therefore, due to their rare availability and lack of comprehensive scientific information, we reviewed the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of plants within the genus . To do this, we used specific search terms and phrases to retrieve relevant information from online sources published in English from 2000 to July 2023. The results showed that there are only two plants in the genus ( Sparrm. and Hutch.), which are traditionally used to treat a wide range of diseases, especially cancer, and skin, gastrointestinal, and urinogenital tract ailments in humans, and to cure animals in ethnoveterinary practices. It was noted that 13 secondary metabolites have been isolated from the two plants, the most prominent of which are flavonoids (diinsininol, diinsinin, and naringenin). The antioxidant activity of . is reported based on the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC: 4.26 ± 0.22 μg/mL) and 2 -2'-Azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate (ABTS) radicals (IC: 4.62 ± 0.14 μg/mL), chelating iron (IC: 1.82 ± 0.01 μg/mL, 3.50 ± 0.09 μg/mL), and nitric oxide (IC: 9.97 ± 0.88 μg/mL, 9.09 ± 0.11 μg/mL). The methanolic stem extracts of possess antimicrobial activity against and , with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.16 to 0.625 mg/mL, and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1.25 to 5 mg/mL. Cytotoxic effects of the extracts from the two plant species were also demonstrated. possesses therapeutic potential as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of the aqueous rhizome extract on edema (1,000 mg/kg) and prostaglandin synthesis (IC = 0.2 mg/mL). In addition, diinsininol and diinsinin were isolated from inhibited prostaglandin synthesis (IC: 9.20 µM, 13.14 µM) and platelet-activating factor-induced exocytosis. Therefore, based on this review, further scientific research is needed to demystify the links between traditional medicinal uses, various secondary metabolites, and the pharmacology of the two plants.
PubMed: 38259280
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1301672 -
Journal of Bacteriology Sep 2015Siderophores, small iron-binding molecules secreted by many microbial species, capture environmental iron for transport back into the cell. Vibrio cholerae synthesizes...
UNLABELLED
Siderophores, small iron-binding molecules secreted by many microbial species, capture environmental iron for transport back into the cell. Vibrio cholerae synthesizes and uses the catechol siderophore vibriobactin and also uses siderophores secreted by other species, including enterobactin produced by Escherichia coli. E. coli secretes both canonical cyclic enterobactin and linear enterobactin derivatives likely derived from its cleavage by the enterobactin esterase Fes. We show here that V. cholerae does not use cyclic enterobactin but instead uses its linear derivatives. V. cholerae lacked both a receptor for efficient transport of cyclic enterobactin and enterobactin esterase to promote removal of iron from the ferrisiderophore complex. To further characterize the transport of catechol siderophores, we show that the linear enterobactin derivatives were transported into V. cholerae by either of the catechol siderophore receptors IrgA and VctA, which also transported the synthetic siderophore MECAM [1,3,5-N,N',N″-tris-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-triaminomethylbenzene]. Vibriobactin is transported via the additional catechol siderophore receptor ViuA, while the Vibrio fluvialis siderophore fluvibactin was transported by all three catechol receptors. ViuB, a putative V. cholerae siderophore-interacting protein (SIP), functionally substituted for the E. coli ferric reductase YqjH, which promotes the release of iron from the siderophore in the bacterial cytoplasm. In V. cholerae, ViuB was required for the use of vibriobactin but was not required for the use of MECAM, fluvibactin, ferrichrome, or the linear derivatives of enterobactin. This suggests the presence of another protein in V. cholerae capable of promoting the release of iron from these siderophores.
IMPORTANCE
Vibrio cholerae is a major human pathogen and also serves as a model for the Vibrionaceae, which include other serious human and fish pathogens. The ability of these species to persist and acquire essential nutrients, including iron, in the environment is epidemiologically important but not well understood. In this work, we characterize the ability of V. cholerae to acquire iron by using siderophores produced by other organisms. We resolve confusion in the literature regarding its ability to use the Escherichia coli siderophore enterobactin and identify the receptor and TonB system used for the transport of several siderophores. The use of some siderophores did not require the ferric reductase ViuB, suggesting that an uncharacterized ferric reductase is present in V. cholerae.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Biological Transport; Catechols; Enterobactin; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Molecular Structure; Receptors, Cell Surface; Siderophores; Vibrio cholerae
PubMed: 26100039
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00417-15 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Water resources contaminated with pathogenic species are usually a source of devastating infection outbreaks that have been a public health concern in both developed...
Water resources contaminated with pathogenic species are usually a source of devastating infection outbreaks that have been a public health concern in both developed and developing countries over the decades. The present study assessed the prevalence of six medically significant species in some water resources in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa for 12 months. We detected vibrios in all the 194 water samples analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of , , , , , and in freshwater samples was 34, 19, 9, 2, 3, and 2%, and that in brackish water samples was 44, 28, 10, 7, 46, and 51%, respectively. The population of the presumptive spp. isolated from freshwater (628) and brackish water (342) samples that were confirmed by PCR was 79% (497/628) and 85% (291/342), respectively. Twenty-two percent of the PCR-confirmed isolates from freshwater ( = 497) samples and 41% of the PCR-confirmed isolates from brackish water samples ( = 291) fall among the species of interest. The incidences of , , , , , and amidst these spp. of interest that were recovered from freshwater samples were 75, 14, 4, 6, 1, and 1%, whereas those from brackish water samples were 24, 7, 3, 3, 47, and 18%, respectively. Our observation during the study suggests pollution as the reason for the unusual isolation of medically important vibrios in winter. Correlation analysis revealed that temperature drives the frequency of isolation, whereas salinity drives the composition of the targeted species at our sampling sites. The finding of the study is of public health importance going by the usefulness of the water resources investigated. Although controlling and preventing most of the factors that contribute to the prevalence of medically important bacteria, such as species, at the sampling points might be difficult, regular monitoring for creating health risk awareness will go a long way to prevent possible -related infection outbreaks at the sampling sites and their immediate environment.
PubMed: 34149632
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617703