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Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2019Atypical El Tor strains of O1 harboring variant genes of cholera toxin (CT) have gradually become a major cause of recent cholera epidemics. occasionally produces CT,...
Atypical El Tor strains of O1 harboring variant genes of cholera toxin (CT) have gradually become a major cause of recent cholera epidemics. occasionally produces CT, encoded by on CTXФ genome; toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), a major intestinal colonization factor; and also the CTXФ-specific receptor. This study carried out extensive molecular characterization of CTXФ and ToxT regulon in -positive () strains (i.e., strains containing ) isolated from the Bengal coast. Southern hybridization, PCR, and DNA sequencing of virulence-related genes revealed the presence of an El Tor type CTX prophage (CTX) carrying a novel , tandem copies of environmental type pre-CTX prophage (pre-CTX), and RS1 elements, which were organized as an RS1-CTX-RS1-pre-CTX-pre-CTX array. Additionally, novel variants of and , respectively, showing phylogenetic lineage to a clade of non-O1 and to a clade of non-O139, were identified. The strains lacked the RTX (repeat in toxin) and TLC (toxin-linked cryptic) elements and lacked seventh-pandemic islands of the El Tor strains but contained five heptamer (TTTTGAT) repeats in promoter region similar to those seen with some classical strains of O1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that all the strains were clonally related. However, their CT production and toxigenicity characteristics were variable, which could be explainable by differential transcription of virulence genes along with the ToxR regulon. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that environmental strains act as a potential reservoir of atypical virulence factors, including variant CT and ToxT regulons, and may contribute to the evolution of hybrid strains. Natural diversification of CTXФ and genes certainly influences disease severity and shifting patterns in major etiological agents of cholera, e.g., the overwhelming emergence of hybrid El Tor variants, replacing the prototype El Tor strains of This report, showing the occurrence of CTX comprising a novel variant of in , points out a previously unnoticed evolutionary event that is independent of the evolutionary event associated with the El Tor strains of Identification and cluster analysis of the newly discovered alleles of and suggest their horizontal transfer from an uncommon clone of The genomic contents of ToxT regulon and of tandemly arranged multiple pre-CTXФ and of a CTXФ in probably act as salient raw materials that induce natural recombination among the hallmark virulence genes of hybrid strains. This report provides valuable information to enrich our knowledge on the evolution of new variant CT and ToxT regulons.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Cholera; Cholera Toxin; Environmental Microbiology; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Humans; Phylogeny; Regulon; Vibrio cholerae O1; Vibrio mimicus; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30446560
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01977-18 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Oct 2023Vibrio mimicus caused a seafood-associated outbreak in Florida, USA, in which 4 of 6 case-patients were hospitalized; 1 required intensive care for severe diarrhea....
Vibrio mimicus caused a seafood-associated outbreak in Florida, USA, in which 4 of 6 case-patients were hospitalized; 1 required intensive care for severe diarrhea. Strains were ctx-negative but carried genes for other virulence determinants (hemolysin, proteases, and types I-IV and VI secretion systems). Cholera toxin-negative bacterial strains can cause cholera-like disease.
Topics: Humans; Cholera; Florida; Vibrio mimicus; Disease Outbreaks; Seafood
PubMed: 37735754
DOI: 10.3201/eid2910.230486 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Jan 2021The outer membrane protein U (OmpU) is a conserved outer membrane protein in a variety of pathogenic Vibrio species and has been considered as a vital protective antigen...
The outer membrane protein U (OmpU) is a conserved outer membrane protein in a variety of pathogenic Vibrio species and has been considered as a vital protective antigen for vaccine development. Vibrio mimicus (V. mimicus) is the pathogen causing ascites disease in aquatic animals. In this study, the prokaryotically expressed and purified His-tagged OmpU of V. mimicus (His-OmpU) was used as a subunit vaccine. The formalin inactivated V. mimicus, purified His tag (His-tag), and PBS were used as controls. The vaccinated yellow catfish were challenged with V. mimicus at 28 days post-vaccination, and the results showed that the His-OmpU and inactivated V. mimicus groups exhibited much higher survival rates than the His-tag and PBS groups. To fully understand the underlying mechanism, we detected the expression levels of several immune-related genes in the spleen of fish at 28 days post-vaccination and 24 h post-challenge. The results showed that most of the detected immune-related genes were significantly upregulated in His-OmpU and inactivated V. mimicus groups. In addition, we performed the serum bactericidal activity assay, and the results showed that the serum from His-OmpU and inactivated V. mimicus groups exhibited much stronger bactericidal activity against V. mimicus than those of His-tag and PBS groups. Finally, the serum agglutination antibody was detected, and the antibody could be detected in His-OmpU and inactivated V. mimicus groups with the antibody titers increasing along with the time post-vaccination, but not in His-tag or PBS group. Our data reveal that the recombinant OmpU elicits potent protective immune response and is an effective vaccine candidate against V. mimicus in yellow catfish.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Catfishes; Fish Diseases; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Vaccines, Subunit; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio mimicus
PubMed: 33285164
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.030 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022The study aimed to determine the prevalence of different species of spp. in fish and shellfish sold in subtropical-arid countries (United Arab Emirates). It also...
The study aimed to determine the prevalence of different species of spp. in fish and shellfish sold in subtropical-arid countries (United Arab Emirates). It also examined the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated species and their growth behavior upon environmental changes concerning temperature, pH, and salinity. The prevalence of spp. in fish and shellfish samples, was 64.5 and 92%, respectively. However, were detected in a mere 7.5 and 13.0% of the samples, respectively. On the other hand, was detected in 1.5 and 8.5% of the samples, respectively. None of the six antibiotics studied except for Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were effective against fish spp. isolates. On a similar note, three antibiotics, namely Penicillin, Daptomycin, and Vancomycin, were ineffective against the shellfish isolates. The growth of the microorganisms did not show any significant trend with changes in pH and salinity. The optimum temperature for spp. growth was observed to be 37°C.
PubMed: 35464960
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.861547 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Protein lysine acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification (PTM), which is dynamic and reversible, playing a crucial regulatory role in...
Protein lysine acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification (PTM), which is dynamic and reversible, playing a crucial regulatory role in almost every aspect of metabolism, of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Several global lysine acetylome studies have been carried out in various bacteria, but thus far, there have been no reports of lysine acetylation for the commercially important aquatic animal pathogen In the present study, we used anti-Ac-K antibody beads to highly sensitive immune-affinity purification and combined high-resolution LC-MS/MS to perform the first global lysine acetylome analysis in , leading to the identification of 1,097 lysine-acetylated sites on 582 proteins, and more than half (58.4%) of the acetylated proteins had only one site. The analysis of acetylated modified peptide motifs revealed six significantly enriched motifs, namely, KacL, KacR, L(-2) KacL, LKacK, L(-7) EKac, and IEKac. In addition, bioinformatic assessments state clearly that acetylated proteins have a hand in many important biological processes in , such as purine metabolism, ribosome, pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, and so on. Moreover, 13 acetylated proteins were related to the virulence of . To sum up, this is a comprehensive analysis whole situation protein lysine acetylome in and provides an important foundation for in-depth study of the biological function of lysine acetylation in .
PubMed: 35250932
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.816968 -
International Maritime Health 2021Vibrio infections are becoming more frequent in the Baltic Sea region, which is caused by an increase in the sea surface temperature. Climate change creates the...
BACKGROUND
Vibrio infections are becoming more frequent in the Baltic Sea region, which is caused by an increase in the sea surface temperature. Climate change creates the conditions for the emergence of new environmental niches that are beneficial for Vibrio spp., especially in the summer months. Vibrio vulnificus, which causes wound infections and septicaemia, represents a particularly dangerous species of Vibrio spp. There are numerous publications on the prevalence of V. vulnificus in various regions of the Baltic Sea, but there is a lack of such data for the Polish coast. This prompted us to conduct a pilot study into the prevalence of the bacteria in the Gulf of Gdansk. The study aimed to detect Vibrio spp. in the coastal waters and the wet sand at the beaches and bathing areas in the Gulf of Gdansk.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During the period from June 16th to September 23rd 2020, 112 samples of seawater and 105 samples of wet sand were collected at 16 locations along the coast of the Gulf of Gdansk and Hel peninsula. Isolation of Vibrio spp. was conducted by filtering method and the isolated bacteria was cultured on CHROM agar Vibrio and TCBS agar. Final genus identification was performed by the MALDI TOF technique.
RESULTS
In the present study, 10 isolates of Vibrio spp. were obtained from seawater and wet sand samples collected in the Gulf of Gdansk and Hel peninsula coast. Three of the isolates were identified as V. vulnificus; the presence of the species was confirmed in the seawater samples which had been collected in Hel (1 isolate), Jastarnia (1 isolate), and Chalupy (1 isolate). One strain of Vibrio alginolyticus was isolated from the seawater sample collected in Hel. Moreover, identification was incomplete for 6 of the isolated strains, these were identified as Vibrio cholerae/mimicus These strains were collected in Jastarnia (1 isolate), Kuznica (1 isolate), Gdansk-Brzezno (1 isolate), Puck (2 isolates), Chalupy (1 isolate).
CONCLUSIONS
Our preliminary research study confirmed the presence of potentially pathogenic V. vulnificus in the Gulf of Gdansk in the summer months. Therefore, further monitoring of the presence of Vibrio spp. in the Baltic coast area is necessary.
Topics: Agar; Humans; Pilot Projects; Sand; Seawater; Vibrio; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 35147210
DOI: 10.5603/IMH.2021.0048 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Jun 2024Infection with Vibrio mimicus in the Siluriformes has demonstrated a rapid and high infectivity and mortality rate, distinct from other hosts. Our earlier investigations...
Infection with Vibrio mimicus in the Siluriformes has demonstrated a rapid and high infectivity and mortality rate, distinct from other hosts. Our earlier investigations identified necrosis, an inflammatory storm, and tissue remodeling as crucial pathological responses in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) infected with V. mimicus. The objective of this study was to further elucidate the impact linking these pathological responses within the host during V. mimicus infection. Employing metabolomics and transcriptomics, we uncovered infection-induced dense vacuolization of perimysium; Several genes related to nucleosidase and peptidase activities were significantly upregulated in the skin and muscles of infected fish. Concurrently, the translation processes of host cells were impaired. Further investigation revealed that V. mimicus completes its infection process by enhancing its metabolism, including the utilization of oligopeptides and nucleotides. The high susceptibility of yellow catfish to V. mimicus infection was associated with the composition of its body surface, which provided a microenvironment rich in various nucleotides such as dIMP, dAMP, deoxyguanosine, and ADP, in addition to several amino acids and peptides. Some of these metabolites significantly boost V. mimicus growth and motility, thus influencing its biological functions. Furthermore, we uncovered an elevated expression of gangliosides on the surface of yellow catfish, aiding V. mimicus adhesion and increasing its infection risk. Notably, we observed that the skin and muscles of yellow catfish were deficient in over 25 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as Eicosapentaenoic acid, 12-oxo-ETE, and 13-Oxo-ODE. These substances play a role in anti-inflammatory mechanisms, possibly contributing to the immune dysregulation observed in yellow catfish. In summary, our study reveals a host immune deviation phenomenon that promotes bacterial colonization by increasing nutrient supply. It underscores the crucial factors rendering yellow catfish highly susceptible to V. mimicus, indicating that host nutritional sources not only enable the establishment and maintenance of infection within the host but also aid bacterial survival under immune pressure, ultimately completing its lifecycle.
PubMed: 38885802
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109707 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology Aug 2018The Rio Bravo (Rio Grande) adjoins various states in the Mexican region and has a great importance in water distribution in the northeast Tamaulipas (Mexico). In this...
UNLABELLED
The Rio Bravo (Rio Grande) adjoins various states in the Mexican region and has a great importance in water distribution in the northeast Tamaulipas (Mexico). In this work 161 strains were isolated, identified and characterized from the water samples taken from the flow of the Rio Bravo and the two inner canals that cover Reynosa city. The strains were identified as Vibrio cholerae (74·5%), Vibrio spp. (1·2%) and Vibrio mimicus (0·6%). Furthermore, the detected virulence genes in the V. cholerae strains, were the hlyA, ompU, tcpA, toxR genes in 78·3, 62·5, 15·8 and 90·8% respectively. Only the ompU and vmh genes were detected in the V. mimicus strain. These results indicate the presence of multi-toxigenic V. cholerae strains in the Rio Bravo/Grande and in the water bodies from Reynosa city, which could represent a risk for the exposed population.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Water quality is associated with public health, as it plays an important role in the transmission and epidemiology of pathogens such as Vibrio, since this species have been responsible for human diseases around the world. This study demonstrated the presence of toxigenic Vibrio species in water bodies in Reynosa surroundings, indicating that water bodies may be a source of public health risk.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; DNA-Binding Proteins; Fimbriae Proteins; Hemolysin Proteins; Humans; Mexico; Nitriles; Rivers; Serogroup; Transcription Factors; Vibrio cholerae; Virulence; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 29791974
DOI: 10.1111/lam.13009 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jul 2023Vibrio species are waterborne ubiquitous organisms capable of causing diseases in humans and animals and the occurrence of infections caused by pathogenic Vibrio species... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Vibrio species are waterborne ubiquitous organisms capable of causing diseases in humans and animals and the occurrence of infections caused by pathogenic Vibrio species among humans have increased globally. This reemergence is attributed to environmental impacts such as global warming and pollution. Africa is most vulnerable to waterborne infections caused by these pathogens because of lack of good water stewardship and management. This study was carried out to provide an in-depth inquiry into the occurrence of pathogenic Vibrio species in water sources and wastewater across Africa. In this regard, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching five databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Springer Search and African Journals Online (AJOL). The search yielded 70 articles on pathogenic Vibrio species presence in African aquatic environments that fit our inclusion criteria. Based on the random effects model, the pooled prevalence of pathogenic Vibrio species in various water sources in Africa was 37.6 % (95 % CI: 27.7-48.0). Eighteen countries were represented by the systematically assessed studies and their nationwide prevalence in descending order was: Nigeria (79.82 %), Egypt (47.5 %), Tanzania (45.8 %), Morocco (44.8), South Africa (40.6 %), Uganda (32.1 %), Cameroon (24.5 %), Burkina Faso (18.9 %) and Ghana (5.9 %). Furthermore, 8 pathogenic Vibrio species were identified across water bodies in Africa with the highest detection for V. cholerae (59.5 %), followed by V. parahaemolyticus (10.4 %), V.alginolyticus (9.8 %), V. vulnificus (8.5 %), V. fluvialis (6.6 %), V. mimicus (4.6 %), V. harveyi (0.5 %) and V. metschnikovii (0.1 %). Evidently, pathogenic Vibrio species occurrence in these water sources especially freshwater corroborates the continuous outbreaks observed in Africa. Therefore, there is an urgent need for proactive measures and continuous monitoring of water sources used for various purposes across Africa and proper treatment of wastewater before discharge into water bodies.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Wastewater; Water; Vibrio; Vibrio cholerae; Burkina Faso
PubMed: 37028683
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163332 -
Archives of Microbiology Dec 2022For the sustainable farming of disease-free and healthy shrimps, antimicrobial use is frequent nowadays in shrimp-cultured system. Considering the serious impact of...
For the sustainable farming of disease-free and healthy shrimps, antimicrobial use is frequent nowadays in shrimp-cultured system. Considering the serious impact of global antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the present study was focused to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant vibrios among infected shrimps (Penaeus vannamei) from two brackish water-cultured farms. Diverse species of vibrios viz. V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, V. mimicus, and V. fluvialis along with Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida and Shewanella algae were recovered from the shrimps on TCBS medium. Shannon-Wiener diversity index and H' (loge) were 1.506 and 1.69 for the isolates from farm 1 and farm 2, respectively. V. alginolyticus was found to be the most resistant isolate by showing multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.60 followed by V. mimicus (0.54) and V. parahaemolyticus (0.42). Among the 35 antibiotics of 15 different classes tested, tetracyclines, beta-lactams and cephalosporins were found as the most resistant antibiotic classes. All the isolates possessed a MAR index > 0.2 and the majority exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > 256 mcg/ml, thereby indicating the excess exposure of antibiotics in the systems. An enhanced altered resistance phenotype and a significant shift in the MAR index were noticed after plasmid curing. Public health is further concerning because plasmid-borne AMR is evident among the isolates and the studied shrimp samples are significant in the food industry. This baseline information will help the authorities to curb antimicrobial use and pave the way for establishing new alternative strategies by undertaking a multidimensional "One-Health" approach.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Penaeidae; Vibrio; Vibrio cholerae; Anti-Infective Agents; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 36571636
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03376-w