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Current trends in polymerase chain reaction based detection of three major human pathogenic vibrios.Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2022, and are the most significant aquatic pathogens of the genera , account for most -associated outbreaks worldwide. Rapid identification of these pathogens is of great... (Review)
Review
, and are the most significant aquatic pathogens of the genera , account for most -associated outbreaks worldwide. Rapid identification of these pathogens is of great importance for disease surveillance, outbreak investigations and food safety maintenance. Traditional culture dependent methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive whereas culture-independent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assays are reliable, consistent, rapid and reproducible. This review covers the recent development and applications of PCR based techniques, which have accelerated advances in the analysis of nucleic acids to identify three major pathogenic vibrios. Emphasis has been given to analytical approaches as well as advantages and limits of the available methods. Overall, this review article possesses the substantial merit to be used as a reference guide for the researchers to develop improved PCR based techniques for the differential detection and quantification of species.
Topics: Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 33146031
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1841728 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Aug 2016
Topics: Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Vibrio
PubMed: 27905630
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182016000400011 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2020has been consistently found to be involved in the food-borne disease outbreaks every year. Particularly, can be induced into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state... (Review)
Review
has been consistently found to be involved in the food-borne disease outbreaks every year. Particularly, can be induced into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state under cold-starvation conditions. In this physiological state, losses its colony-forming ability and shows reduced metabolic activities. The subsequent failure of its detection may threaten public health-hygiene practices. Until now, evident information on physiological properties of VBNC and its underlying mechanism remains unclear and unorganized. Therefore, this review summarized survival behavior, persistence, and entry of pathogenic microorganisms into a VBNC state in response to various environmental conditions and discussed distinctive characteristics of VBNC cells. To survive under unfavorable environments, VBNC shows marked modifications in cell membrane composition, fatty acid synthesis, morphology, metabolism, gene expression, and capability of adhesion and virulence. These physiological modifications might be closely associated with an imbalance in maintaining essential biological processes within VBNC cells, thereby causing a decrease in cell membrane fluidity. To develop an efficient surveillance method and to prevent the recovery of VBNC cells in food, the induction of a VBNC state needs to be profoundly understood.
Topics: Cold Temperature; Membrane Fluidity; Microbial Viability; Nutrients; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 30701982
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1570076 -
The ISME Journal Oct 2019Humans have profoundly affected the ocean environment but little is known about anthropogenic effects on the distribution of microbes. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is found...
Humans have profoundly affected the ocean environment but little is known about anthropogenic effects on the distribution of microbes. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is found in warm coastal waters and causes gastroenteritis in humans and economically significant disease in shrimps. Based on data from 1103 genomes of environmental and clinical isolates, we show that V. parahaemolyticus is divided into four diverse populations, VppUS1, VppUS2, VppX and VppAsia. The first two are largely restricted to the US and Northern Europe, while the others are found worldwide, with VppAsia making up the great majority of isolates in the seas around Asia. Patterns of diversity within and between the populations are consistent with them having arisen by progressive divergence via genetic drift during geographical isolation. However, we find that there is substantial overlap in their current distribution. These observations can be reconciled without requiring genetic barriers to exchange between populations if long-range dispersal has increased dramatically in the recent past. We found that VppAsia isolates from the US have an average of 1.01% more shared ancestry with VppUS1 and VppUS2 isolates than VppAsia isolates from Asia itself. Based on time calibrated trees of divergence within epidemic lineages, we estimate that recombination affects about 0.017% of the genome per year, implying that the genetic mixture has taken place within the last few decades. These results suggest that human activity, such as shipping, aquatic products trade and increased human migration between continents, are responsible for the change of distribution pattern of this species.
Topics: Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Phylogeny; Shellfish; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 31235840
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0461-5 -
Journal of Aquatic Animal Health Jun 2019This study investigated the environmental factors associated with the presence of Vibrionaceae in economically important cage-cultured tropical marine fishes: the Asian...
This study investigated the environmental factors associated with the presence of Vibrionaceae in economically important cage-cultured tropical marine fishes: the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer, snapper Lutjanus sp., and hybrid grouper Epinephelus sp. Fish sampling was conducted at monthly intervals between December 2016 and August 2017. The body weight and length of individual fish were measured, and the skin, eye, liver, and kidney were sampled for bacterial isolation and identification. Water physicochemical parameters during the sampling activities were determined, and the enumeration of total Vibrionaceae count was also conducted from water and sediment samples. Nine species of Vibrio were identified, including V. alginolyticus, V. diabolicus, V. harveyi, V. campbellii, V. parahaemolyticus, V. rotiferianus, V. furnissii, V. fluvialis, and V. vulnificus. Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae was also identified. A total of 73% of the isolated Vibrio belonged to the Harveyi clade, followed by the Vulnificus clade (5.5%) and Cholera clade (0.6%). Highest occurrence of Vibrio spp. and P. damselae subsp. damselae was found in hybrid grouper (72%), followed by Asian Seabass (48%) and snapper (36%). The associations of Vibrio spp. and P. damselae subsp. damselae with the host fish were not species specific. However, fish mortality and fish size showed strong associations with the presence of some Vibrio spp. On average, 60% of the infected cultured fish exhibited at least one clinical sign. Nevertheless, inconsistent associations were observed between the pathogens and water quality. The yearlong occurrence and abundance of Vibrionaceae in the environmental components indicate that they might serve as reservoirs of these pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Bass; Fish Diseases; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Perciformes; Photobacterium; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 30653742
DOI: 10.1002/aah.10062 -
Microbial Genomics Apr 2023is the leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. A distinctive feature of the O3:K6 pandemic clone, and its derivatives, is the presence of a second,...
is the leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. A distinctive feature of the O3:K6 pandemic clone, and its derivatives, is the presence of a second, phylogenetically distinct, type III secretion system (T3SS2) encoded within the genomic island VPaI-7. The T3SS2 allows the delivery of effector proteins directly into the cytosol of infected eukaryotic cells to subvert key host-cell processes, critical for to colonize and cause disease. Furthermore, the T3SS2 also increases the environmental fitness of in its interaction with bacterivorous protists; hence, it has been proposed that it contributed to the global oceanic spread of the pandemic clone. Several reports have identified T3SS2-related genes in and non- species, suggesting that the T3SS2 gene cluster is not restricted to the and can mobilize through horizontal gene transfer events. In this work, we performed a large-scale genomic analysis to determine the phylogenetic distribution of the T3SS2 gene cluster and its repertoire of effector proteins. We identified putative T3SS2 gene clusters in 1130 bacterial genomes from 8 bacterial genera, 5 bacterial families and 47 bacterial species. A hierarchical clustering analysis allowed us to define six T3SS2 subgroups (I-VI) with different repertoires of effector proteins, redefining the concepts of T3SS2 core and accessory effector proteins. Finally, we identified a subset of the T3SS2 gene clusters (subgroup VI) that lacks most T3SS2 effector proteins described to date and provided a list of 10 novel effector candidates for this subgroup through bioinformatic analysis. Collectively, our findings indicate that the T3SS2 extends beyond the family and suggest that different effector protein repertories could have a differential impact on the pathogenic potential and environmental fitness of each bacterium that has acquired the T3SS2 gene cluster.
Topics: Humans; Type III Secretion Systems; Vibrionaceae; Phylogeny; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 37018030
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000973 -
Archives of Microbiology Nov 2023The marine bacteria of the Vibrionaceae family are significant from the point of view of their role in the marine geochemical cycle, as well as symbionts and... (Review)
Review
The marine bacteria of the Vibrionaceae family are significant from the point of view of their role in the marine geochemical cycle, as well as symbionts and opportunistic pathogens of aquatic animals and humans. The well-known pathogens of this group, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus, are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality associated with a range of infections from gastroenteritis to bacteremia acquired through the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood and exposure to seawater containing these pathogens. Although generally regarded as susceptible to commonly employed antibiotics, the antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio spp. has been on the rise in the last two decades, which has raised concern about future infections by these bacteria becoming increasingly challenging to treat. Diverse mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance have been discovered in pathogenic vibrios, the most important being the membrane efflux pumps, which contribute to antimicrobial resistance and their virulence, environmental fitness, and persistence through biofilm formation and quorum sensing. In this review, we discuss the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic vibrios and some of the well-characterized efflux pumps' contributions to the physiology of antimicrobial resistance, host and environment survival, and their pathogenicity.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Vibrionaceae; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Vibrio; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 38017151
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03731-5 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jan 2024
Topics: Animals; Vibrio cholerae; Chironomidae; Disease Reservoirs; Species Specificity; Vibrio
PubMed: 38059589
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02567-23 -
Toxins Jul 2019Phobalysin P (PhlyP, for photobacterial lysin encoded on a plasmid) is a recently described small β-pore forming toxin of subsp. This organism, belonging to the... (Review)
Review
Phobalysin P (PhlyP, for photobacterial lysin encoded on a plasmid) is a recently described small β-pore forming toxin of subsp. This organism, belonging to the family of is an emerging pathogen of fish and various marine animals, which occasionally causes life-threatening soft tissue infections and septicemia in humans. By using genetically modified strains, PhlyP was found to be an important virulence factor. More recently, in vitro studies with purified PhlyP elucidated some basic consequences of pore formation. Being the first bacterial small β-pore forming toxin shown to trigger calcium-influx dependent membrane repair, PhlyP has advanced to a revealing model toxin to study this important cellular function. Further, results from co-culture experiments employing various strains and epithelial cells together with data on other bacterial toxins indicate that limited membrane damage may generally enhance the association of bacteria with target cells. Thereby, remodeling of plasma membrane and cytoskeleton during membrane repair could be involved. In addition, a chemotaxis-dependent mechanism influenced by environmental factors like salinity may contribute to PhlyP-dependent association of with cells. Obviously, a synoptic approach is required to capture the regulatory links governing the interaction of with target cells. The characterization of secretome may hold additional clues because it may lead to the identification of proteases activating PhlyP's pro-form. Current findings on PhlyP support the notion that pore forming toxins are not just killer proteins but serve bacteria to fulfill more subtle functions, like accessing their host.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Cell Adhesion; Cell Membrane; Chemotaxis; Epithelial Cells; Hemolysin Proteins; Humans; Phenotype; Photobacterium
PubMed: 31315179
DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070412 -
Journal of Bacteriology Sep 2021Swimming motility is a critical virulence factor in pathogenesis for numerous species. Vibrio campbellii DS40M4 is a wild-type isolate that has been recently...
Swimming motility is a critical virulence factor in pathogenesis for numerous species. Vibrio campbellii DS40M4 is a wild-type isolate that has been recently established as a highly tractable model strain for bacterial genetics studies. We sought to exploit the tractability and relevance of this strain for characterization of flagellar gene regulation in . Using comparative genomics, we identified homologs of flagellar and chemotaxis genes conserved in other members of the and determined the transcriptional profile of these loci using differential RNA-seq. We systematically deleted all 63 predicted flagellar and chemotaxis genes in and examined their effects on motility and flagellum production. We specifically focused on the core regulators of the flagellar hierarchy established in other vibrios: RpoN (σ), FlrA, FlrC, and FliA. Our results show that transcription of flagellar and chemotaxis genes is governed by a multitiered regulatory hierarchy similar to other motile species. However, there are several critical differences in : (i) the σ-dependent regulator FlrA is dispensable for motility; (ii) the , , , and operons do not require σ for expression; and (iii) FlrA and FlrC coregulate class II genes. Our model proposes that the flagellar transcriptional hierarchy has three classes of genes, in contrast to the four-class hierarchy in Vibrio cholerae. Our genetic and phenotypic dissection of the flagellar regulatory network highlights the differences that have evolved in flagellar regulation across the . Vibrio campbellii is a Gram-negative bacterium that is free-living and ubiquitous in marine environments and is an important global pathogen of fish and shellfish. Disruption of the flagellar motor significantly decreases host mortality of , suggesting that motility is a key factor in pathogenesis. Using this model organism, we identified >60 genes that encode proteins with predicted structural, mechanical, or regulatory roles in function of the single polar flagellum in . We systematically tested strains containing single deletions of each gene to determine the impact on motility and flagellum production. Our studies have uncovered differences in the regulatory network and function of several genes in compared to established systems in Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Biological Evolution; Chemotaxis; Flagella; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Models, Biological; Movement; Transcription, Genetic; Vibrio
PubMed: 34339299
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00276-21