-
Viruses May 2021Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Despite decades of research, the pathogenic mechanisms of hepatitis A remain... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Despite decades of research, the pathogenic mechanisms of hepatitis A remain incompletely understood. As the replication of HAV is noncytopathic in vitro, a widely accepted concept has been that virus-specific cytotoxic T cells are responsible for liver injury. However, accumulating evidence suggests that natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, and even non-HAV-specific CD8 T cells contribute to liver damage during HAV infection. In addition, intrinsic death of virus-infected hepatocytes has been implicated as a cause of liver injury in a murine model of hepatitis A. Furthermore, genetic variations in host factors such as T cell immunoglobulin-1 (TIM1) and IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) have been linked to hepatitis A severity. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms of hepatocellular injury in hepatitis A. Different mechanisms may be involved under different conditions and they are not necessarily mutually exclusive. A better understanding of these mechanisms would aid in diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with HAV infection.
Topics: Animals; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatocytes; Humans; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Mice
PubMed: 34066709
DOI: 10.3390/v13050861 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023The hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection causes acute hepatitis. HAV also induces acute liver failure or acute-on-chronic liver failure; however, no potent anti-HAV drugs...
The hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection causes acute hepatitis. HAV also induces acute liver failure or acute-on-chronic liver failure; however, no potent anti-HAV drugs are currently available in clinical situations. For anti-HAV drug screening, more convenient and useful models that mimic HAV replication are needed. In the present study, we established HuhT7-HAV/Luc cells, which are HuhT7 cells stably expressing the HAV HM175-18f genotype IB subgenomic replicon RNA harboring the firefly luciferase gene. This system was made by using a PiggyBac-based gene transfer system that introduces nonviral transposon DNA into mammalian cells. Then, we investigated whether 1134 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs exhibited in vitro anti-HAV activity. We further demonstrated that treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor masitinib significantly reduced both HAV HM175-18f genotype IB replication and HAV HA11-1299 genotype IIIA replication. Masitinib also significantly inhibited HAV HM175 internal ribosomal entry-site (IRES) activity. In conclusion, HuhT7-HAV/Luc cells are adequate for anti-HAV drug screening, and masitinib may be useful for the treatment of severe HAV infection.
Topics: Humans; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Antibodies; Hepatitis A virus; Protein Biosynthesis; RNA, Viral; Virus Replication; Subgenomic RNA
PubMed: 37298659
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119708 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2022Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis globally, which can occasionally lead to acute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver...
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis globally, which can occasionally lead to acute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), which often result in death without liver transplantation [...].
Topics: Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver Transplantation
PubMed: 35806219
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137214 -
The New Microbiologica Jul 2022The hepatitis D virus (HDV) is unique in animal virology. It is the smallest of human pathogens, re- quires the HBsAg capsid of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to assembly...
The hepatitis D virus (HDV) is unique in animal virology. It is the smallest of human pathogens, re- quires the HBsAg capsid of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to assembly into infectious virions, and parasitizes the transcriptional machinery of the host. Hepatitis D is ubiquitous but prevalence varies throughout the world. It is the most severe form of chronic viral liver disorder. Vaccination against the HBV has decreased the circulation of HDV in industrialized countries but Hepatitis D remains a significant medical issue in many areas of the developing world.
Topics: Animals; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Humans; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 35920869
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Therapy Apr 2022Viral hepatitis remains a significant global health problem. All forms of viral hepatitis A through E (A-E) can lead to acute symptomatic infection, while hepatitis B... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis remains a significant global health problem. All forms of viral hepatitis A through E (A-E) can lead to acute symptomatic infection, while hepatitis B and C can lead to chronic infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality related to progression to cirrhosis, end-stage-liver disease, and liver cancer. Viral hepatitis occurs worldwide, though certain regions are disproportionately affected. We now, remarkably, have highly effective curative regimens for hepatitis C, and safe and tolerable medications to suppress hepatitis B activity, and to prevent liver damage and slow disease progression. We have effective vaccines for hepatitis A and B which provide long-lasting immunity, while improved sanitation and awareness can curb outbreaks of hepatitis A and E. However, more effective and available preventive and curative strategies are needed to achieve global eradication of viral hepatitis. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, and clinical features of each viral hepatitis with a primary focus on current and future therapeutic and curative options.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver Neoplasms
PubMed: 35220557
DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02070-z -
Primary Care Dec 2017Hepatitis A virus causes acute viral hepatitis, presenting with jaundice, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms are self-limited and treated symptomatically. Routine... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis A virus causes acute viral hepatitis, presenting with jaundice, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms are self-limited and treated symptomatically. Routine vaccination of infants has greatly reduced the incidence in the United States. Vaccination is recommended for all infants and adults at increased risk. Hepatitis B virus can cause acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Acute hepatitis B is usually self-limited, but can develop into a chronic infection. Patients are at highest risk for developing chronic disease if they are infected at a younger age. Routine vaccination and universal screening of pregnant women has decreased the transmission of hepatitis B virus.
Topics: Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Humans; Primary Health Care; Risk Factors; United States
PubMed: 29132524
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2017.07.005 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2022Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver; it can be acute or chronic. In chronic cases, the prolonged inflammation gradually damages the liver, resulting in... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver; it can be acute or chronic. In chronic cases, the prolonged inflammation gradually damages the liver, resulting in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and sometimes liver failure or cancer. Hepatitis is often caused by viral infections. The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five hepatitis viruses-hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). While HAV and HEV rarely (or do not) cause chronic hepatitis, a considerable proportion of acute hepatitis cases caused by HBV (sometimes co-infected with HDV) and HCV infections become chronic. Thus, many medical researchers have focused on the treatment of HBV and HCV. It has been documented that host lipid metabolism, particularly cholesterol metabolism, is required for the hepatitis viral infection and life cycle. Thus, manipulating host cholesterol metabolism-related genes and proteins is a strategy used in fighting the viral infections. Efforts have been made to evaluate the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering drugs, particularly 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, in the treatment of hepatitis viral infections; promising results have been obtained. This review provides information on the relationships between hepatitis viruses and host cholesterol metabolism/homeostasis, as well as the discovery/development of cholesterol-lowering natural phytochemicals that could potentially be applied in the treatment of viral hepatitis.
Topics: Cholesterol; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Hepatitis E virus; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Inflammation; Lipid Metabolism; Liver Cirrhosis
PubMed: 35409259
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073897 -
Topics in Antiviral Medicine Sep 2019Among individuals with HIV infection, liver disease remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, even with the availability of agents that cure hepatitis C...
Among individuals with HIV infection, liver disease remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, even with the availability of agents that cure hepatitis C infection and suppress hepatitis B replication. The causes of liver disease are multifaceted and continue to evolve as the population ages and new etiologies arise. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis viruses such as A, D, and E have emerged even as hepatitis C has receded. Newer antiretroviral agents may increase risk of weight gain and subsequent fatty infiltration, and prior use of nucleotide-based therapies may continue to impact liver health. Several barriers including economics, social stigma, and psychiatric disease impact identification of liver disease, as well as management and treatment interventions. Hepatocellular carcinoma is emerging as a more common and late-diagnosed complication in those with HIV infection and liver disease.
Topics: Antirheumatic Agents; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Fatty Liver; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic; HIV Infections; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
PubMed: 31634861
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Virus Research 2020Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are the main causes for acute hepatitis worldwide. Both viruses had long been considered as nonenveloped... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are the main causes for acute hepatitis worldwide. Both viruses had long been considered as nonenveloped viruses. However, recent work has uncovered that both viruses circulate in the bloodstream as membrane-cloaked, "quasi-enveloped" particles that are, surprisingly, infectious and likely the only form mediating virus spread within the host. The discovery of quasi-enveloped HAV and HEV particles has fundamentally changed the traditional view on the life cycle and pathogenesis of these viruses. However, because HAV and HEV are phylogenetically unrelated and their capsid assembly processes are quite distinct, it is not clear whether they use similar or different mechanisms for envelopment and exit. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the assembly and exit processes of HAV and HEV and perspectives for future studies.
Topics: Books; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cell Membrane; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Humans; Viral Envelope; Virus Assembly; Virus Release
PubMed: 33837720
DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.08.004 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Apr 2016Viral hepatitis is a serious global public health problem. It is also a common cause of jaundice and gestational complications in pregnant women. Moreover, infected... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis is a serious global public health problem. It is also a common cause of jaundice and gestational complications in pregnant women. Moreover, infected mothers can transmit the virus to their fetus or neonate, which may increase disease burden and decrease quality of life. To date, commercial vaccines have been developed for hepatitis A, B, and E and are available to the general population. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices currently accepts emergency vaccination against hepatitis A and B during pregnancy due to benefits that overweight the potential risks. While there are limited data from trials with limited numbers of samples that suggest the efficacy or safety of hepatitis B and E vaccines in pregnant women, additional data are necessary to provide evidence of vaccination during pregnancy.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Hepatitis E; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Vaccination; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines
PubMed: 26833263
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1132129