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Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease May 2019
Topics: AIDS-Associated Nephropathy; HIV Infections; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 31202387
DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.04.002 -
The American Journal of Nursing Jul 2015Over the past 15 years, the incidences of hepatitis A and B virus infection in the United States have declined significantly. By contrast, the incidence of hepatitis C... (Review)
Review
Over the past 15 years, the incidences of hepatitis A and B virus infection in the United States have declined significantly. By contrast, the incidence of hepatitis C virus infection, formerly stable or in decline, has increased by 75% since 2010. Suboptimal therapies of the past, insufficient provider awareness, and low screening rates have hampered efforts to improve diagnosis, management, and treatment of viral hepatitis. New screening recommendations, innovations in assessment and treatment, and an updated action plan from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) seem likely to lead to significant progress in the coming years. This article reviews the epidemiology, natural history, and diagnosis of viral hepatitis; discusses new screening recommendations, assessment tools, and treatments; and outlines the HHS action plan, focusing on the role of nurses in prevention and treatment.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Antiviral Agents; Disease Progression; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Incidence; Liver Diseases; Mass Screening; Nurse's Role; Patient Education as Topic; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Serologic Tests; Severity of Illness Index; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services
PubMed: 26067653
DOI: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000467272.98199.7e -
Liver International : Official Journal... Apr 2023Chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV & HCV) is a major contributor to liver disease and liver-related mortality in Uzbekistan. There is a need to...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV & HCV) is a major contributor to liver disease and liver-related mortality in Uzbekistan. There is a need to demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale simplified testing and treatment to implement a national viral hepatitis elimination program.
METHODS
Thirteen polyclinics were utilized to screen, conduct follow-up biochemical measures and treat chronic HBV and HCV infection in the general adult population. Task shifting and motivational interviewing training allowed nurses to provide rapid screening and general practitioners (GPs) to treat individuals on-site. An electronic medical system tracked individuals through the cascade of care.
RESULTS
The use of rapid tests allowed for screening of 60 769 people for HCV and HBV over 6 months and permitted outdoor testing during the COVID-19 pandemic along with COVID testing. 13%-14% of individuals were lost to follow-up after the rapid test, and another 62%-66% failed to come in for their consultation. One stop testing and treatment did not result in a statistically increase in retention and lack of patient awareness of viral hepatitis was identified as a key factor. Despite training, there were large differences between GPs and patients initiating treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
The current study demonstrated the feasibility of large-scale general population screening and task shifting in low- and middle-income countries. However, such programs need to be proceeded by awareness campaign to minimize loss to follow up. In addition, multiple trainings are needed for GPs to bolster their skills to talk to patients about treatment.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Uzbekistan; COVID-19 Testing; Developing Countries; Pandemics; COVID-19; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis C
PubMed: 36606729
DOI: 10.1111/liv.15514 -
Viruses May 2022Asia has a very high burden of acute hepatitis; thus, a comprehensive study of the current burden and long-term trends of acute hepatitis in Asia is needed. We aimed to...
Asia has a very high burden of acute hepatitis; thus, a comprehensive study of the current burden and long-term trends of acute hepatitis in Asia is needed. We aimed to assess the current status and trends from 1990 to 2019 of acute hepatitis burden in Asia, using the data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 (GBD 2019) results. We used the data from the GBD 2019. Absolute death, incidence, and disability adjusted life years (DALY) number and rate of acute hepatitis in Asia were derived from the database from 1990 to 2019. Age-standardized mortality, incidence and DALY rates (ASMR, ASIR and ASDR) were used to compare populations in different regions and times. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in the rates quantified the trends of the acute hepatitis burden. From 1990 to 2019, the ASMR and ASDR of acute hepatitis decreased significantly at different paces, with the largest decrease in acute hepatitis C and the smallest in acute hepatitis E. The ASIR of acute hepatitis decreased relatively slowly, by an average of 0.06% (95% CI, 0.05-0.08%) per year in acute hepatitis A, 0.91% (0.64-1.18%) per year in acute hepatitis C and 0.26% (0.24-0.28%) per year in acute hepatitis E; while the ASIR of acute hepatitis B decreased by an average of 1.95% (1.08-2.11) per year. From 1990 to 2019, the incidence rate of acute hepatitis A increased in most age groups (from the age of 5 to 70), with the 50-55 years group having the fastest increase by an average of 1.81% (95% CI, 1.67-1.95%) per year. In 2019, Afghanistan had the highest ASMR (10.44 per 100,000) and ASDR (357.85 per 100,000) of acute hepatitis, and the highest ASIR was in Mongolia (4703.14 per 100,000). In Asia, the burden of acute viral hepatitis was at a relatively high level, compared with the other four continents. International cooperation and multifaceted and multisectoral actions are needed for Asian countries to eliminate viral hepatitis and to contribute to the global elimination of viral hepatitis.
Topics: Asia; Global Health; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis E; Humans; Incidence
PubMed: 35746650
DOI: 10.3390/v14061180 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Nov 2018Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is the inflammatory disease of the gallbladder in the absence of gallstones. AAC is estimated to represent at least 50% to 70% of... (Review)
Review
Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is the inflammatory disease of the gallbladder in the absence of gallstones. AAC is estimated to represent at least 50% to 70% of all cases of acute cholecystitis during childhood. Although this pathology was originally described in critically ill or post-surgical patients, most pediatric cases have been observed during several infectious diseases. In addition to cases caused by bacterial and parasitic infections, most pediatric reports after 2000 described children developing AAC during viral illnesses (such as Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis A virus infections). Moreover, some pediatric cases have been associated with several underlying chronic diseases and, in particular, with immune-mediated disorders. Here, we review the epidemiological aspects of pediatric AAC, and we discuss etiology, pathophysiology and clinical management, according to the cases reported in the medical literature.
Topics: Acalculous Cholecystitis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Cholecystectomy; Cholecystitis, Acute; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Gallbladder; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Virus, Human; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Incidence; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30487697
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i43.4870 -
La Revue de Medecine Interne Oct 2022Viral hepatitis A is characterized by a wide range of clinical pictures ranging from a completely unapparent infection to a fulminant, potentially fatal hepatitis or the... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis A is characterized by a wide range of clinical pictures ranging from a completely unapparent infection to a fulminant, potentially fatal hepatitis or the classical icteric form. Hepatitis A can develop in an unusual way and extrahepatic manifestations (neurological, renal, haematological, cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, vasculitis, etc.) can occasionally complicate the course of the disease. Although hepatitis A infection was identified in the early 1970s, there are few or no studies assessing the actual frequency of these complications. They have been studied mainly through clinical case reports. Currently, since the disease has become more common in adults, these complications are being increasingly observed. We present an update on extrahepatic complications during hepatitis A, which should be known by both specialist doctors (infectiologists internists, hepatologists and others) and general practitioners.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Hepatitis A; Humans; Pancreatitis; Vasculitis
PubMed: 35906107
DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2022.07.007 -
Viruses Jan 2023Viral hepatitis is an infection of human hepatocytes resulting in liver damage. Dual infection of two hepatotropic viruses affects disease outcomes. The hepatitis A... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis is an infection of human hepatocytes resulting in liver damage. Dual infection of two hepatotropic viruses affects disease outcomes. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are two enterically transmitted viruses; they are single-stranded RNA viruses and have common modes of transmission. They are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route and ingestion of contaminated food, though the HAV has no animal reservoirs. The HAV and HEV cause acute self-limiting disease; however, the HEV, but not HAV, can progress to chronic and extrahepatic infections. The HAV/HEV dual infection was reported among acute hepatitis patients present in developing countries. The impact of the HAV/HEV on the prognosis for acute hepatitis is not completely understood. Studies showed that the HAV/HEV dual infection increased abnormalities in the liver leading to fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) with a higher mortality rate compared to infection with a single virus. On the other hand, other reports showed that the clinical symptoms of the HAV/HEV dual infection were comparable to symptoms associated with the HAV or HEV monoinfection. This review highlights the modes of transmission, the prevalence of the HAV/HEV dual infection in various countries and among several study subjects, the possible outcomes of this dual infection, potential model systems for studying this dual infection, and methods of prevention of this dual infection and its associated complications.
Topics: Humans; Hepatitis E virus; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis E
PubMed: 36851512
DOI: 10.3390/v15020298 -
International Journal of Food... Jan 2021Foodborne viruses have been recognized as a growing concern to the food industry and a serious public health problem. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible for the... (Review)
Review
Foodborne viruses have been recognized as a growing concern to the food industry and a serious public health problem. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible for the majority of viral outbreaks of food origin worldwide, while hepatitis E virus (HEV) has also been gaining prominence as a foodborne viral agent in the last years, due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of uncooked or undercooked infected meat or derivatives. However, there is a lack of scientific reports that gather all the updated information about HAV and HEV as foodborne viruses. A search of all scientific articles about HAV and HEV in food until March 2020 was carried out, using the keywords "HAV", "HEV", "foodborne", "outbreak" and "detection in food". Foodborne outbreaks due to HAV have been reported since 1956, mainly in the USA, and in Europe in recent years, where the number of outbreaks has been increasing throughout time, and nowadays it has become the continent with the highest foodborne HAV outbreak report. Investigation and detection of HAV in food is more recent, and the first detections were performed in the 1990s decade, most of them carried out on seafood, first, and frozen food, later. On the other hand, HEV has been mainly looked for and detected in food derived from reservoir animals, such as meat, sausages and pate of pigs and wild boars. For this virus, only isolated cases and small outbreaks of foodborne transmission have been recorded, most of them in industrialized countries, due to HEV genotype 3 or 4. Virus detection in food matrices requires special processing of the food matrix, followed by RNA detection by molecular techniques. For HAV, a real-time PCR has been agreed as the standard method for virus detection in food; in the case of HEV, a consensus assay for its detection in food has not been reached yet. Our investigation shows that there is still little data about HAV and HEV prevalence and frequency of contamination in food, prevalent viral strains, and sources of contamination, mainly in developing countries, where there is no research and legislation in this regard. Studies on these issues are needed to get a better understanding of foodborne viruses, their maintenance and their potential to cause diseases.
Topics: Animals; Europe; Food Microbiology; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Humans; Meat Products; Swine
PubMed: 33257099
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108986 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Jul 2015The burden of viral hepatitis in India is not well characterized. In 2009, the national Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) began conducting surveillance...
The burden of viral hepatitis in India is not well characterized. In 2009, the national Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) began conducting surveillance across all Indian states for epidemic-prone diseases, including foodborne and waterborne forms of viral hepatitis (e.g., hepatitis A and E). Information on outbreaks of all forms of viral hepatitis, including A, B, C, and E, also is collected. This report summarizes viral hepatitis surveillance and outbreak data reported to IDSP during 2011-2013. During this period, 804,782 hepatitis cases and 291 outbreaks were reported; the virus type was unspecified in 92% of cases. Among 599,605 cases tested for hepatitis A, 44,663 (7.4%) were positive, and among 187,040 tested for hepatitis E, 19,508 (10.4%) were positive. At least one hepatitis outbreak report was received from 23 (66%) of 35 Indian states. Two-thirds of outbreaks were reported from rural areas. Among 163 (56%) outbreaks with known etiology, 78 (48%) were caused by hepatitis E, 54 (33%) by hepatitis A, 19 (12%) by both hepatitis A and E, and 12 (7%) by hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Contaminated drinking water was the source of most outbreaks. Improvements in water quality and sanitation as well as inclusion of hepatitis A vaccine in childhood immunization programs should be considered to reduce the public health burden of hepatitis in India. Efforts to decrease the proportion of cases for which the etiology is unspecified, including expanding the IDSP to support hepatitis B and C testing, might help further elucidate the epidemiology of these diseases.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; India; Population Surveillance
PubMed: 26203629
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6428a3 -
Journal of Tropical Pediatrics Jan 2022The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most frequent global causes of vaccine-preventable viral hepatitis. Since Somalia is regarded as highly endemic for hepatitis A, the...
BACKGROUND
The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most frequent global causes of vaccine-preventable viral hepatitis. Since Somalia is regarded as highly endemic for hepatitis A, the hepatitis A vaccine was not included in the World Health Organization's expanded immunization program. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis A infection in the Somalia capital, Mogadishu.
METHODS
The serological results of 1153 individuals presenting to the Mogadishu Training and Research Hospital between January 2019 and January 2021 were examined retrospectively to evaluate the presence of anti-HAV IgG and IgM. The seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG and IgM was analyzed on the basis of age and sex. The seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG was also compared among the 11-year age group.
FINDINGS
The seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG and IgM did not vary significantly between the sexes. Overall, the seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG was 67.6%. The percentage of seropositivity for anti-HAV IgG was highest in adults aged ≥41 years (88.9%) and lowest in children aged 1-2 years (29.4%). Estimated age at midpoint of population immunity was 5 years which is compatible high endemicity. In addition, a significant rate of hepatitis A infection was also observed in the adolescent age group.
CONCLUSIONS
This study confirms the high HAV endemicity in Mogadishu. These data will be useful towards planning preventive and control measures by improving the sanitation programs in Mogadishu. Furthermore, prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate urban-rural heterogeneity.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Antibodies; Humans; Infant; Retrospective Studies; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Somalia
PubMed: 35134249
DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmac009