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Frontiers in Immunology 2024The host immune response determines the differential outcome of acute or chronic viral infections. The comprehensive comparison of lymphoid tissue immune cells at the...
INTRODUCTION
The host immune response determines the differential outcome of acute or chronic viral infections. The comprehensive comparison of lymphoid tissue immune cells at the single-cell level between acute and chronic viral infections is largely insufficient.
METHODS
To explore the landscape of immune responses to acute and chronic viral infections, single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq), scTCR-seq and scBCR-seq were utilized to evaluate the longitudinal dynamics and heterogeneity of lymph node CD45 immune cells in mouse models of acute (LCMV Armstrong) and chronic (LCMV clone 13) viral infections.
RESULTS
In contrast with acute viral infection, chronic viral infection distinctly induced more robust NK cells and plasma cells at the early stage (Day 4 post-infection) and acute stage (Day 8 post-infection), respectively. Moreover, chronic viral infection exerted decreased but aberrantly activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) at the acute phase. Simultaneously, there were significantly increased IgA plasma cells (MALT B cells) but differential usage of B-cell receptors in chronic infection. In terms of T-cell responses, Gzma-high effector-like CD8 T cells were significantly induced at the early stage in chronic infection, which showed temporally reversed gene expression throughout viral infection and the differential usage of the most dominant TCR clonotype. Chronic infection also induced more robust CD4 T cell responses, including follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and regulatory T cells (Treg). In addition, chronic infection compromised the TCR diversity in both CD8 and CD4 T cells.
DISCUSSION
In conclusion, gene expression and TCR/BCR immune repertoire profiling at the single-cell level in this study provide new insights into the dynamic and differential immune responses to acute and chronic viral infections.
Topics: Mice; Animals; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; Persistent Infection; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; Lymph Nodes; Sequence Analysis, RNA
PubMed: 38352870
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341985 -
Annals of Neurology Jul 2020In less than 6 months, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide infecting nearly 6 million people and killing over... (Review)
Review
In less than 6 months, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide infecting nearly 6 million people and killing over 350,000. Initially thought to be restricted to the respiratory system, we now understand that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) also involves multiple other organs, including the central and peripheral nervous system. The number of recognized neurologic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection is rapidly accumulating. These may result from a variety of mechanisms, including virus-induced hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable states, direct virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), and postinfectious immune mediated processes. Example of COVID-19 CNS disease include encephalopathy, encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, meningitis, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, venous sinus thrombosis, and endothelialitis. In the peripheral nervous system, COVID-19 is associated with dysfunction of smell and taste, muscle injury, the Guillain-Barre syndrome, and its variants. Due to its worldwide distribution and multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms, COVID-19 poses a global threat to the entire nervous system. Although our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 neuropathogenesis is still incomplete and our knowledge is evolving rapidly, we hope that this review will provide a useful framework and help neurologists in understanding the many neurologic facets of COVID-19. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:1-11 ANN NEUROL 2020;88:1-11.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; Brain Diseases; Brain Ischemia; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Encephalitis; Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Inflammation; Intracranial Hemorrhages; Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic; Meningitis, Viral; Nervous System Diseases; Olfaction Disorders; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial; Stroke; Thrombophilia
PubMed: 32506549
DOI: 10.1002/ana.25807 -
Folia Medica Cracoviensia 2019Parechovirus and enterovirus belong to a family of Picornaviridae, non- enveloped, small-sized RNA viruses, responsible for multiple human diseases. Recent introduction...
BACKGROUND
Parechovirus and enterovirus belong to a family of Picornaviridae, non- enveloped, small-sized RNA viruses, responsible for multiple human diseases. Recent introduction of molecular tests enabled the identi cation of parechovirus and enterovirus infections. Our aim was a retrospective analysis of signs and symptoms associated with confirmed parechovirus or enterovirus infections among children treated in the Department of Neonatology, St. Louis Regional Children's Hospital in Kraków, Poland.
METHODS
Based on laboratory records, we identified all cases of parecho- or enterovirus infections confirmed by identification of viral RNA in nasal swab or cerebrospinal fluid samples. Hospital records and laboratory tests results of selected patients were then analyzed, and selected data were summarized, with emphasis on clinical and laboratory findings at admission.
RESULTS
We identified 11 cases of parechovirus and three of enterovirus infections. All cases were neonates admitted to hospital with fever and irritability. Except for leukopenia in 50% of patients, no significant abnormalities were noted in blood counts and serum biochemistry, including low C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. In nine cases, cerebrospinal fluid was collected, the fluid protein concentrations and cell counts were moderately increased. Final diagnosis was meningitis in 12 children, and other viral infections in two.
CONCLUSIONS
Viral infection, including parecho- and enteroviruses, should be considered in the etiology of fever and meningitis in neonates. The available molecular tests allow for detection of viral genetic material even in a scant biological specimen collected from neonates.
Topics: Enterovirus Infections; Female; Fever; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Leukopenia; Male; Meningitis, Viral; Nasal Cavity; Parechovirus; Picornaviridae Infections; RNA, Viral; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 31180074
DOI: No ID Found -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Oct 2014
Topics: DNA, Viral; Diagnosis, Differential; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Leukocytosis; Lymphocytes; Male; Meningitis, Viral; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Recurrence
PubMed: 25253408
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70874-6 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jul 2017In China, there were few studies about the pathogens of acute viral encephalitis and meningitis in children in recent years. The aims of this study were to characterize...
BACKGROUND
In China, there were few studies about the pathogens of acute viral encephalitis and meningitis in children in recent years. The aims of this study were to characterize the etiology and prognosis of acute viral encephalitis and meningitis in Chinese children.
METHODS
This was a multicentre prospective study. Two hundred and sixty one viral encephalitis patients and 285 viral meningitis patients were enrolled. The mean age of viral encephalitis and meningitis were 5.88 ± 3.60 years and 6.39 ± 3.57 years, respectively. Real-time reverse transcription PCR and multiplex PCR were used to detect human enteroviruses and herpes viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with encephalitis or meningitis. The enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detecting IgM antibody against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in CSF and against mumps virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), dengue virus and rubella virus in acute serum. The clinical and outcome data were collected during patients' hospitalization.
RESULTS
The etiology of viral encephalitis was confirmed in 52.5% patients. The primary pathogen was human enteroviruses (27.7%) in viral encephalitis. The incidence of sequelae and the fatality rate of viral encephalitis with confirmed etiology were 7.5% and 0.8%, respectively. The etiology of viral meningitis was identified in 42.8% cases. The leading pathogen was also human enteroviruses (37.7%) in viral meningitis. The prognosis of viral meningitis was favorable with only 0.7% patients had neurological sequelae.
CONCLUSIONS
Human enteroviruses were the leading cause both in acute viral encephalitis and viral meningitis in children. The incidence of sequelae and fatality rate of viral encephalitis with confirmed etiology were 7.5% and 0.8%, respectively. The prognosis of viral meningitis was favorable compared to viral encephalitis.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne; Encephalitis, Viral; Enterovirus; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Meningitis, Viral; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Rubella virus
PubMed: 28705180
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2572-9 -
Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal 2020Meningitis is a significant viral, bacterial, or fungal infection of the meninges that cover and protect the brain and the spinal cord. Symptoms of meningitis may...
Meningitis is a significant viral, bacterial, or fungal infection of the meninges that cover and protect the brain and the spinal cord. Symptoms of meningitis may present rapidly or develop gradually over a period of days, manifesting with common prodromal flu-like symptoms of headache, photophobia, fever, nuchal rigidity, myalgias, and fatigue. Character and significance of symptoms vary by patient age. Symptoms of infection may improve spontaneously or worsen, becoming potentially lethal. Early recognition and treatment of meningitis are crucial to prevent morbidity and mortality. The case reviewed in this article focuses on viral meningitis in a pediatric patient that may be unrecognized or underreported because of indistinct symptoms. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, assessment techniques, diagnostics, clinical management, and health promotion relevant to viral meningitis are presented.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adolescent; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Diagnosis, Differential; Emergency Service, Hospital; Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Male; Meningitis, Viral; Pain Measurement
PubMed: 33105178
DOI: 10.1097/TME.0000000000000318 -
Annals of Clinical and Translational... Dec 2021To determine whether the metabolites of Kynurenine pathway (KP) could serve as biomarkers for distinguishing between viral CNS infections and autoimmune...
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether the metabolites of Kynurenine pathway (KP) could serve as biomarkers for distinguishing between viral CNS infections and autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases, especially anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) and herpes virus encephalitis (HSE).
METHODS
This study enrolled CSF samples from 76 patients with viral CNS infections, autoimmune neuroinflammatory, and non-inflammatory neurological diseases. We measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (Kyn) by ELISA.
RESULTS
Kyn concentrations and Kyn/Trp ratios were highly increased (p < 0.001, viral vs. autoimmune) in viral CNS infections, whereas patients with autoimmune neuroinflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases exhibited low concentrations. Furthermore, Kyn concentrations and Kyn/Trp ratio turned out to be excellent biomarkers to distinguish between herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and NMDARE (AUC 0.920 and AUC 0.906), whereas Trp concentrations were similar in all three groups.
INTERPRETATION
The results suggest that elevated CSF Kyn concentrations and Kyn/Trp ratio may serve as biomarkers for distinguishing viral CNS infections from autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases. In particular, the distinction between HSE and NMDARE is of great clinical relevance. Further studies are warranted to investigate the potential of CSF Kyn levels and Kyn/Trp ratio as routine parameters in patients with CNS diseases.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis; Biomarkers; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex; Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster; Female; Humans; Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure; Kynurenine; Male; Meningitis, Viral; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Pseudotumor Cerebri; Signal Transduction; Tryptophan; Young Adult
PubMed: 34623755
DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51383 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Apr 2019Viral aetiologies are the most common cause of central nervous system (CNS) infections. Approximately one-half of CNS infections remain of undetermined origin.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Viral aetiologies are the most common cause of central nervous system (CNS) infections. Approximately one-half of CNS infections remain of undetermined origin. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) brought new perspectives to CNS infection investigations, allowing investigation of viral aetiologies with an unbiased approach. HTS use is still limited to specific clinical situations.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this review was to evaluate the contribution and pitfalls of HTS for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis in CNS patient samples.
SOURCES
PubMed was searched from 1 January 2008 to 2 August 2018 to retrieve available studies on the topic. Additional publications were included from a review of full-text sources.
CONTENT
Among 366 studies retrieved, 29 used HTS as a diagnostic technique. HTS was performed in cerebrospinal fluid and brain biopsy samples of 307 patients, including immunocompromised, immunocompetent paediatric, and adult cases. HTS was performed retrospectively in 18 studies and prospectively in 11. HTS led to the identification of a potential causal virus in 41 patients, with 11 viruses known and ten not expected to cause CNS infections. Various HTS protocols were used.
IMPLICATIONS
The additional value of HTS is difficult to quantify because of various biases. Nevertheless, HTS led to the identification of a viral cause in 13% of encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis cases in which various assays failed to identify the cause. HTS should be considered early in clinical management as a complement to routine assays. Standardized strategies and systematic studies are needed for the integration of HTS in clinical management.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brain; Child; Child, Preschool; Encephalitis, Viral; Female; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Infant; Male; Meningitis, Viral; Meningoencephalitis; Middle Aged; Viruses; Young Adult
PubMed: 30641229
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.022 -
Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea) Apr 2022The role of oral microbiota in viral encephalitis and/or viral meningitis (VEVM) remains unclear. In this hospital-based, frequency-matched study, children with...
The role of oral microbiota in viral encephalitis and/or viral meningitis (VEVM) remains unclear. In this hospital-based, frequency-matched study, children with clinically diagnosed VEVM (n = 68) and those with other diseases (controls, n = 68) were recruited. Their oral swab samples were collected and the oral microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The oral microbiota of children with VEVM exhibited different beta diversity metrics (unweighted UniFrac distance: P < 0.001, R = 0.025, Bray-curtis dissimilarity: P = 0.045, R = 0.011, and Jaccard dissimilarity: P < 0.001, R = 0.017) and higher relative abundances of taxa identified by Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with effect size (Enterococcus, Pedobacter, Massilia, Prevotella_9, Psychrobacter, Butyricimonas, Bradyrhizobium, etc., LDA scores > 2.0) when compared with the control group. The higher pathway abundance of steroid hormone biosynthesis predicted by oral microbiota was suggested to be linked to VEVM (q = 0.020). Further, a model based on oral microbial traits showed good predictive performance for VEVM with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.920 (95% confidence interval: 0.834-1.000). Similar results were also obtained between children with etiologically diagnosed VEVM (n = 43) and controls (n = 68). Our preliminary study identified VEVM-specific oral microbial traits among children, which can be effective in the diagnosis of VEVM.
Topics: Child; China; Encephalitis, Viral; Humans; Meningitis, Viral; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 35157224
DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1560-y -
Clinical Laboratory Dec 2023Differentiating bacterial and viral meningitis is crucial, and this study explored the potential of mean platelet volume (MPV) as a marker for differentiation.
BACKGROUND
Differentiating bacterial and viral meningitis is crucial, and this study explored the potential of mean platelet volume (MPV) as a marker for differentiation.
METHODS
Blood samples were collected from patients with central nerve system related manifestations, and MPV was tested. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained and bacterial culture and the FilmArray ME panel were performed. The distribution of MPV was compared between groups.
RESULTS
The study included 8 patients in the bacterial meningitis group and 12 patients in the viral meningitis group. The bacterial meningitis group showed a significantly higher median MPV of 10.9 (9.2 - 11.6) fL compared to the viral meningitis group with 8.4 (8.1 - 8.8) fL (p < 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS
MPV could serve as a diagnostic indicator to differentiate between bacterial and viral meningitis. Larger studies are needed to validate these findings.
Topics: Humans; Mean Platelet Volume; Meningitis, Bacterial; Bacteria; Meningitis, Viral; Meningitis
PubMed: 38084680
DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2023.230631