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Nature Reviews. Microbiology Aug 2015Major advances have occurred in recent years in our understanding of HIV-1 assembly, release and maturation, as work in this field has been propelled forwards by... (Review)
Review
Major advances have occurred in recent years in our understanding of HIV-1 assembly, release and maturation, as work in this field has been propelled forwards by developments in imaging technology, structural biology, and cell and molecular biology. This increase in basic knowledge is being applied to the development of novel inhibitors designed to target various aspects of virus assembly and maturation. This Review highlights recent progress in elucidating the late stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle and the related interplay between virology, cell and molecular biology, and drug discovery.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; HIV-1; Humans; Viral Proteins; Virus Assembly; Virus Release; Virus Replication
PubMed: 26119571
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3490 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2019A virus particle consists of a genome contained within a protein shell. This shell (the capsid) plays multiple roles throughout the infectious cycle, from genome... (Review)
Review
A virus particle consists of a genome contained within a protein shell. This shell (the capsid) plays multiple roles throughout the infectious cycle, from genome protection to host recognition to successful genome delivery. When capsids first assemble in the cell, most often an initial product is obtained that has not achieved its fully infectious form. To do so, it must undergo a final process called maturation. Virus maturation entails conformational and stability changes. These changes are often driven by proteolytic cleavages, and their main purpose is to ensure successful delivery of the virus genome to a new host cell. Recent advances in molecular, structural, and physical virology techniques are providing a wealth of detailed information and new points of view to understand the principles of virus maturation. Evidence showing that viral capsids are built with a limited set of structural solutions has prompted a new virus classification in structural lineages deriving from a few initial ancestors. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge on maturation for the main virus structural lineages, as well as for other relevant viruses not assigned to any particular lineage yet.
Topics: Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Genome, Viral; Molecular Conformation; Virus Assembly; Virus Physiological Phenomena; Viruses
PubMed: 31317499
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_7 -
The Journal of General Virology Apr 2023Unlike many segmented negative-sense RNA viruses, most members of the bud at Golgi membranes, as opposed to the plasma membrane. Central players in this assembly... (Review)
Review
Unlike many segmented negative-sense RNA viruses, most members of the bud at Golgi membranes, as opposed to the plasma membrane. Central players in this assembly process are the envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, which upon translation undergo proteolytic processing, glycosylation and trafficking to the Golgi, where they interact with ribonucleoprotein genome segments and bud into Golgi-derived compartments. The processes involved in genome packaging during virion assembly can lead to the generation of reassorted viruses, if a cell is co-infected with two different bunyaviruses, due to mismatching of viral genome segment packaging. This can lead to viruses with high pathogenic potential, as demonstrated by the emergence of Schmallenberg virus. This review focuses on the assembly pathways of tri-segmented bunyaviruses, highlighting some areas in need of further research to understand these important pathogens with zoonotic potential.
Topics: Orthobunyavirus; RNA Viruses; Glycosylation; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 37083579
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001845 -
The Journal of General Virology Aug 2016Clinical isolates of influenza virus produce pleomorphic virus particles, including extremely long filamentous virions. In contrast, strains of influenza that have... (Review)
Review
Clinical isolates of influenza virus produce pleomorphic virus particles, including extremely long filamentous virions. In contrast, strains of influenza that have adapted to laboratory growth typically produce only spherical virions. As a result, the filamentous phenotype has been overlooked in most influenza virus research. Recent advances in imaging and improved animal models have highlighted the distinct structure and functional relevance of filamentous virions. In this review we summarize what is currently known about these strikingly elongated virus particles and discuss their possible roles in clinical infections.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Orthomyxoviridae; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 27365089
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000535 -
Trends in Microbiology Aug 2019Successful replication of the AIDS retrovirus, HIV, requires that its genomic RNA be packaged in assembling virus particles with high fidelity. However, cellular mRNAs... (Review)
Review
Successful replication of the AIDS retrovirus, HIV, requires that its genomic RNA be packaged in assembling virus particles with high fidelity. However, cellular mRNAs can also be packaged under some conditions. Viral RNA (vRNA) contains a 'packaging signal' (ψ) and is packaged as a dimer, with two vRNA monomers joined by a limited number of base pairs. It has two conformers, only one of which is capable of dimerization and packaging. Recent years have seen important progress on the 3D structure of dimeric ψ. Gag, the protein that assembles into the virus particle, interacts specifically with ψ, but this is obscured under physiological conditions by its high nonspecific affinity for any RNA. New results suggest that vRNA is selected for packaging because ψ nucleates assembly more efficiently than other RNAs.
Topics: HIV-1; Humans; RNA, Viral; Virus Assembly; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
PubMed: 31085095
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.04.003 -
Nature Microbiology Aug 2022
Topics: Chikungunya Fever; Chikungunya virus; Humans; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 35918424
DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01190-0 -
Annual Review of Physical Chemistry Apr 2015Viruses are nanoscale entities containing a nucleic acid genome encased in a protein shell called a capsid and in some cases are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane.... (Review)
Review
Viruses are nanoscale entities containing a nucleic acid genome encased in a protein shell called a capsid and in some cases are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. This review summarizes the physics that govern the processes by which capsids assemble within their host cells and in vitro. We describe the thermodynamics and kinetics for the assembly of protein subunits into icosahedral capsid shells and how these are modified in cases in which the capsid assembles around a nucleic acid or on a lipid bilayer. We present experimental and theoretical techniques used to characterize capsid assembly, and we highlight aspects of virus assembly that are likely to receive significant attention in the near future.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Capsid; DNA, Viral; Drug Discovery; Genome, Viral; Humans; Models, Molecular; RNA, Viral; Thermodynamics; Virus Assembly; Virus Diseases; Virus Physiological Phenomena; Viruses
PubMed: 25532951
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040214-121637 -
Current Opinion in Virology Jun 2016
Topics: Capsid; Models, Biological; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Structures; Virion; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 27521688
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.001 -
Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2018Filamentous bacteriophages, also known as filamentous bacterial viruses or Inoviruses, have been studied extensively over the years. They are interesting paradigms in... (Review)
Review
Filamentous bacteriophages, also known as filamentous bacterial viruses or Inoviruses, have been studied extensively over the years. They are interesting paradigms in structural molecular biology and offer insight into molecular assembly, a process that remains to be fully understood. In this chapter, an overview on filamentous bacteriophages will be provided. In particular, we review the constituent proteins of filamentous bacteriophage and discuss assembly by examining the structure of the major coat protein at various stages of the process. The minor coat proteins will also be briefly reviewed. Structural information provides key snapshots into the dynamic process of assembly.
Topics: Capsid Proteins; Inovirus; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 29900501
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8456-0_12 -
ELife Dec 2023Nucleotide and force-dependent mechanisms control how the viral genome of lambda bacteriophage is inserted into capsids.
Nucleotide and force-dependent mechanisms control how the viral genome of lambda bacteriophage is inserted into capsids.
Topics: DNA, Viral; Bacteriophage lambda; Capsid; Genome, Viral; Nucleotides; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 38095555
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.94128