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Current Opinion in Ophthalmology Jul 2020This review outlines ophthalmic diagnostic systems, which objectively evaluates the human visual system and its potential beyond that of Snellen acuity. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review outlines ophthalmic diagnostic systems, which objectively evaluates the human visual system and its potential beyond that of Snellen acuity.
RECENT FINDINGS
Advances in ophthalmic diagnostic systems have allowed for a deeper understanding of the optical principles of the human eye and have created the opportunity to evolve our current standards of vision assessment beyond Snellen acuity charts. Definitive comparative and validation trials will continue to be necessary in order for these advanced diagnostics to gain more widespread acceptance in the specialty, in addition to providing the guidance on the specific indications and utilities.
SUMMARY
Advancements in wavefront analysis, light scatter measurements, and adaptive optics technologies can provide greater insight into an individual optical system's potential and irregularities. Modalities that test for anterior corneal surface and whole eye aberrations, light scatter and contrast sensitivity can be an excellent educational tool for our patients to help them better understand their visual dysfunction and can prove useful for medical or surgical decision-making.
Topics: Contrast Sensitivity; Cornea; Corneal Wavefront Aberration; Humans; Light; Refraction, Ocular; Scattering, Radiation; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 32398417
DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000664 -
Contact Lens & Anterior Eye : the... Jun 2017
Topics: Education, Medical; Educational Measurement; Humans; Optometry; Refraction, Ocular; Refractive Errors; Students, Medical; Time Factors; Vision Tests
PubMed: 28622774
DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2017.04.005 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Sep 2021
Review
A novel excel sheet conversion tool from Snellen fraction to LogMAR including 'counting fingers', 'hand movement', 'light perception' and 'no light perception' and focused review of literature of low visual acuity reference values.
Topics: Humans; Reference Values; Statistics, Nonparametric; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 33326177
DOI: 10.1111/aos.14659 -
Current Opinion in Ophthalmology May 2022The evaluation of refractive error is probably the most important and common procedure in eye care. The gold standard method for evaluating refractive error is... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The evaluation of refractive error is probably the most important and common procedure in eye care. The gold standard method for evaluating refractive error is subjective refraction, a process that has not significantly changed in 200years. This article aims to review recent technologies and novel approaches attempting to improve this traditional procedure.
RECENT FINDINGS
From laboratory prototypes to commercial instruments, the proposed methods aim to perform reliable and fast subjective refractions, following different approaches: using motorized phoropters in combination with automatic algorithms or even self-refraction, hybridizing objective and subjective measurements within the same instruments, or using new visual tasks beyond letter identification of blur estimation to obtain the refractive error subjectively.
SUMMARY
The current trend in subjective refraction is to overcome the traditional manual blur reduction method, using automatic and self-refraction instruments, which can provide faster measurements with lower variability. Many of the technologies reported here are already in the market, and some have the potential of becoming the new standard in subjective refraction.
Topics: Algorithms; Humans; Refraction, Ocular; Refractive Errors; Vision Tests
PubMed: 35102097
DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000834 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Feb 2016Recent studies report a link between optometric results, learning disabilities, and problems in reading. This study examines the correlations between optometric tests of...
PURPOSE
Recent studies report a link between optometric results, learning disabilities, and problems in reading. This study examines the correlations between optometric tests of binocular vision, namely, of vergence and accommodation, reading speed, and cognitive executive functions as measured by the Stroop test.
METHODS
Fifty-one students (mean age, 20.43 ± 1.25 years) were given a complete eye examination. They then performed the reading test L'Alouette and the Stroop interference test at their usual reading distance. Criteria for selection were the absence of significant refractive uncorrected error, strabismus, amblyopia, color vision defects, and other neurologic findings.
RESULTS
The results show a correlation between positive fusional vergences (PFVs) at near distance and the interference effect (IE) in the Stroop test: the higher the PFV value is, the less the IE. Furthermore, the subgroup of 11 students presenting convergence insufficiency, according to Scheiman and Wick criteria (2002), showed a significantly higher IE during the Stroop test than the other students (N = 18) who had normal binocular vision without symptoms at near. Importantly, there is no correlation between reading speed and PFV either for the entire sample or for the subgroups.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest for the first time a link between convergence capacity and the interference score in the Stroop test. Such a link is attributable to the fact that vergence control and cognitive functions mobilize the same cortical areas, for example, parietofrontal areas. The results are in favor of our hypothesis that vergence is a vector of attentional and cognitive functions.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Adolescent; Convergence, Ocular; Female; Humans; Male; Reading; Stroop Test; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vision Tests; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity; Young Adult
PubMed: 26636401
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000774 -
Lancet (London, England) Oct 2021
Topics: Digital Technology; Humans; Vision Tests
PubMed: 34627485
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02149-8 -
Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift Der... Jun 2015Electrophysiology is an objective functional test of the visual pathway and allows the location of visual dysfunctions to be detected. The flash electroretinogram (ERG)... (Review)
Review
Electrophysiology is an objective functional test of the visual pathway and allows the location of visual dysfunctions to be detected. The flash electroretinogram (ERG) allows recognition of large area damage to the retina and can distinguish between rod and cone diseases by recording under both dark and light-adapted conditions. Specific stimulation techniques are used for the multifocal ERG (mfERG) which reveals localized retinal dysfunction, e. g. in maculopathies. The pattern ERG (PERG) is an indicator of ganglion cell function and can be used for early detection of glaucoma. The visual evoked potential (VEP) is a cortical response and serves as a functional test of the entire visual pathway from the eye to the visual system of the brain. After presenting each of these methods individually, the article gives assistance in situations where the appropriate electrophysiological method for a given clinical hypothesis is to be selected and explains how the methods can be combined in a reasonable way.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Electroencephalography; Electroretinography; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Humans; Retinal Diseases; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests
PubMed: 26040790
DOI: 10.1007/s00347-015-0055-1 -
Graefe's Archive For Clinical and... Aug 2017A new generation of logarithmic reading charts has sparked interest in standardized reading performance analyses. Such reading charts have been developed according to... (Review)
Review
A new generation of logarithmic reading charts has sparked interest in standardized reading performance analyses. Such reading charts have been developed according to the standards of the International Council of Ophthalmology. The print size progression in these calibrated charts is in accordance with the mathematical background of EN ISO 8596. These reading charts are: the Bailey-Lovie Word Reading Chart, the Colenbrander English Continuous Text Near Vision Cards, the Oculus Reading Probe II, the MNREAD Charts, the SKread Charts, and the RADNER Reading Charts. The test items used for these reading charts differ among the charts and are standardized to various extents. The Bailey-Lovie Charts, MNREAD Charts, SKread Charts, and RADNER Charts are also meant to measure reading speed and allow determination of further reading parameters such as reading acuity, reading speed based on reading acuity, critical print size, reading score, and logMAR/logRAD ratio. Such calibrated reading charts have already provided valuable insights into the reading performance of patients in many research studies. They are available in many languages and thus facilitate international communication about near visual performance. In the present review article, the backgrounds of these modern reading charts are presented, and their different levels of test-item standardization are discussed. Clinical research studies are mentioned, and a discussion about the immoderately high number of reading acuity notations is included. Using the logReading Acuity Determination ([logRAD] = reading acuity equivalent of logMAR) measure for research purposes would give reading acuity its own identity as a standardized reading parameter in ophthalmology.
Topics: Humans; Language; Ophthalmology; Reading; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 28411305
DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3659-0 -
Journal of AAPOS : the Official... Apr 2022To evaluate a newly developed, web-based system for at-home pediatric visual acuity testing and to compare results with standard in-office visual acuity test results.
PURPOSE
To evaluate a newly developed, web-based system for at-home pediatric visual acuity testing and to compare results with standard in-office visual acuity test results.
METHODS
Children aged 3-12 years with and without visual deficits were enrolled (N = 65; 130 eyes). Monocular visual acuity was tested in-office using the ATS-HOTV (ages 3-6) or E-ETDRS (ages 7-12) protocol. Each child's family was emailed a link to a web-based version of the same visual acuity test for at-home testing. Equivalence was evaluated by using a linear mixed model to estimate the mean difference between in-office and at-home visual acuity test results and the corresponding two-sided 95% confidence interval.
RESULTS
For children tested with the ATS-HOTV protocol, the mean difference between in-office and at-home visual acuity test results was 0.01 log MAR (95% CI, -0.06 to 0.09). For children tested with the E-ETDRS protocol, the mean difference was 0.04 log MAR (95% CI, -0.06 to 0.14).
CONCLUSIONS
At-home, web-based ATS-HOTV and E-ETDRS visual acuity test results had excellent concordance with in-office visual acuity testing. If the burden of travel is significant, at-home testing of children's visual acuity may provide the information needed to continue care when it might otherwise be discontinued or delayed.
Topics: Child; Humans; Internet; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 34920136
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.11.007 -
Seminars in Pediatric Neurology Oct 2019The complete assessment of vision-related abilities should consider visual function (the performance of components of the visual system) and functional vision (visual... (Review)
Review
The complete assessment of vision-related abilities should consider visual function (the performance of components of the visual system) and functional vision (visual task-related ability). Assessment methods are highly dependent upon individual characteristics (eg, the presence and type of visual impairment). Typical visual function tests assess factors such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color, depth, and motion perception. These properties each represent an aspect of visual function and may impact an individual's level of functional vision. The goal of any functional vision assessment should be to measure the visual task-related ability under real-world scenarios. Recent technological advancements such as virtual reality can provide new opportunities to improve traditional vision assessments by providing novel objective and ecologically valid measurements of performance, and allowing for the investigation of their neural basis. In this review, visual function and functional vision evaluation approaches are discussed in the context of traditional and novel acquisition methods.
Topics: Behavior; Brain Mapping; Contrast Sensitivity; Humans; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 31548022
DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2019.05.006