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Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... Apr 2021The prevalence of myopia has markedly increased in East and Southeast Asia, and pathologic consequences of myopia, including myopic maculopathy and high... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of myopia has markedly increased in East and Southeast Asia, and pathologic consequences of myopia, including myopic maculopathy and high myopia-associated optic neuropathy, are now some of the most common causes of irreversible blindness. Hence, strategies are warranted to reduce the prevalence of myopia and the progression to high myopia because this is the main modifiable risk factor for pathologic myopia. On the basis of published population-based and interventional studies, an important strategy to reduce the development of myopia is encouraging schoolchildren to spend more time outdoors. As compared with other measures, spending more time outdoors is the safest strategy and aligns with other existing health initiatives, such as obesity prevention, by promoting a healthier lifestyle for children and adolescents. Useful clinical measures to reduce or slow the progression of myopia include the daily application of low-dose atropine eye drops, in concentrations ranging between 0.01% and 0.05%, despite the side effects of a slightly reduced amplitude of accommodation, slight mydriasis, and risk of an allergic reaction; multifocal spectacle design; contact lenses that have power profiles that produce peripheral myopic defocus; and orthokeratology using corneal gas-permeable contact lenses that are designed to flatten the central cornea, leading to midperipheral steeping and peripheral myopic defocus, during overnight wear to eliminate daytime myopia. The risk-to-benefit ratio needs to be weighed up for the individual on the basis of their age, health, and lifestyle. The measures listed above are not mutually exclusive and are beginning to be examined in combination.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Contact Lenses; Disease Progression; Eyeglasses; Global Health; Humans; Myopia; Prevalence; Refraction, Ocular
PubMed: 33909032
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.6 -
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Jan 2019Presbyopia is a global problem affecting over a billion people worldwide. The prevalence of unmanaged presbyopia is as high as 50% of those over 50 years of age in... (Review)
Review
Presbyopia is a global problem affecting over a billion people worldwide. The prevalence of unmanaged presbyopia is as high as 50% of those over 50 years of age in developing world populations, due to a lack of awareness and accessibility to affordable treatment, and is even as high as 34% in developed countries. Definitions of presbyopia are inconsistent and varied, so we propose a redefinition that states "presbyopia occurs when the physiologically normal age-related reduction in the eye's focusing range reaches a point, when optimally corrected for distance vision, that the clarity of vision at near is insufficient to satisfy an individual's requirements". Strategies for correcting presbyopia include separate optical devices located in front of the visual system (reading glasses) or a change in the direction of gaze to view through optical zones of different optical powers (bifocal, trifocal or progressive addition spectacle lenses), monovision (with contact lenses, intraocular lenses, laser refractive surgery and corneal collagen shrinkage), simultaneous images (with contact lenses, intraocular lenses and corneal inlays), pinhole depth of focus expansion (with intraocular lenses, corneal inlays and pharmaceuticals), crystalline lens softening (with lasers or pharmaceuticals) or restored dynamics (with 'accommodating' intraocular lenses, scleral expansion techniques and ciliary muscle electrostimulation); these strategies may be applied differently to the two eyes to optimise the range of clear focus for an individual's task requirements and minimise adverse visual effects. However, none fully overcome presbyopia in all patients. While the restoration of natural accommodation or an equivalent remains elusive, guidance is given on presbyopic correction evaluation techniques.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Aging; Ciliary Body; Contact Lenses; Eyeglasses; Humans; Laser Therapy; Lens, Crystalline; Lenses, Intraocular; Presbyopia; Refractive Surgical Procedures; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 30244049
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.09.004 -
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology... 2020Presbyopia reduces an individual's ability to perform visual tasks at near distances. It is a global problem, affecting over a billion people worldwide. Contact lenses,... (Review)
Review
Presbyopia reduces an individual's ability to perform visual tasks at near distances. It is a global problem, affecting over a billion people worldwide. Contact lenses, glasses, refractive surgery, and intraocular lens surgery are the main modalities in presbyopia treatment, although they all have some disadvantages. Thus, there is an increasing need for effective, easy-to-use, and noninvasive approaches for treating presbyopia while not limiting patients' daily activities. Pharmacological presbyopia treatment as an alternative method has been under investigation in recent years. We reviewed all relevant articles using the keywords "presbyopia," "presbyopia treatment," "pharmacological presbyopia treatment," and "presbyopic corrections" from 2010 to February 9, 2020, and summarized the main results of clinical trials, investigating the drops used for presbyopia treatment.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Muscarinic Agonists; Ophthalmic Solutions; Presbyopia; Refraction, Ocular; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32511122
DOI: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000297 -
Clinical & Experimental Optometry Jan 2020Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that ocular growth is influenced by visual experience. Reduced retinal image quality and imposed optical defocus result... (Review)
Review
Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that ocular growth is influenced by visual experience. Reduced retinal image quality and imposed optical defocus result in predictable changes in axial eye growth. Higher order aberrations are optical imperfections of the eye that alter retinal image quality despite optimal correction of spherical defocus and astigmatism. Since higher order aberrations reduce retinal image quality and produce variations in optical vergence across the entrance pupil of the eye, they may provide optical signals that contribute to the regulation and modulation of eye growth and refractive error development. The magnitude and type of higher order aberrations vary with age, refractive error, and during near work and accommodation. Furthermore, distinctive changes in higher order aberrations occur with various myopia control treatments, including atropine, near addition spectacle lenses, orthokeratology and soft multifocal and dual-focus contact lenses. Several plausible mechanisms have been proposed by which higher order aberrations may influence axial eye growth, the development of refractive error, and the treatment effect of myopia control interventions. Future studies of higher order aberrations, particularly during childhood, accommodation, and treatment with myopia control interventions are required to further our understanding of their potential role in refractive error development and eye growth.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Astigmatism; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; Corneal Wavefront Aberration; Eye; Eyeglasses; Humans; Myopia; Orthokeratologic Procedures; Refractive Errors
PubMed: 31489693
DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12960 -
Clinical & Experimental Optometry Jan 2020Modern methods of measuring the refractive state of the eye include wavefront sensors which make it possible to monitor both static and dynamic changes of the ocular... (Review)
Review
Modern methods of measuring the refractive state of the eye include wavefront sensors which make it possible to monitor both static and dynamic changes of the ocular wavefront while the eye observes a target positioned at different distances away from the eye. In addition to monitoring the ocular aberrations, wavefront refraction methods allow measurement of the accommodative response while viewing with the eye's habitual chromatic and monochromatic aberrations present, with these aberrations removed, and with specific aberrations added or removed. A large number of experiments describing the effects of accommodation on aberrations and vice versa are reviewed, pointing out the implications for fundamental questions related to the mechanism of accommodation.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Corneal Wavefront Aberration; Humans; Refraction, Ocular; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 31284325
DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12938 -
Journal of Robotic Surgery Oct 2023Stereopsis may be an advantage of robotic surgery. Perceived robotic ergonomic advantages in visualisation include better exposure, three-dimensional vision, surgeon... (Review)
Review
Stereopsis may be an advantage of robotic surgery. Perceived robotic ergonomic advantages in visualisation include better exposure, three-dimensional vision, surgeon camera control, and line of sight screen location. Other ergonomic factors relating to visualisation include stereo-acuity, vergence-accommodation mismatch, visual-perception mismatch, visual-vestibular mismatch, visuospatial ability, visual fatigue, and visual feedback to compensate for lack of haptic feedback. Visual fatigue symptoms may be related to dry eye or accommodative/binocular vision stress. Digital eye strain can be measured by questionnaires and objective tests. Management options include treatment of dry eye, correction of refractive error, and management of accommodation and vergence anomalies. Experienced robotic surgeons can use visual cues like tissue deformation and surgical tool information as surrogates for haptic feedback.
Topics: Humans; Robotic Surgical Procedures; Asthenopia; Depth Perception; Accommodation, Ocular; Ergonomics
PubMed: 37204648
DOI: 10.1007/s11701-023-01618-7 -
Annual Review of Vision Science Oct 2016Creating realistic three-dimensional (3D) experiences has been a very active area of research and development, and this article describes progress and what remains to be... (Review)
Review
Creating realistic three-dimensional (3D) experiences has been a very active area of research and development, and this article describes progress and what remains to be solved. A very active area of technical development has been to build displays that create the correct relationship between viewing parameters and triangulation depth cues: stereo, motion, and focus. Several disciplines are involved in the design, construction, evaluation, and use of 3D displays, but an understanding of human vision is crucial to this enterprise because in the end, the goal is to provide the desired perceptual experience for the viewer. In this article, we review research and development concerning displays that create 3D experiences. And we highlight areas in which further research and development is needed.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Cues; Depth Perception; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 28532351
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-082114-035800 -
Vestnik Oftalmologii 2022This article reviews pseudo-accommodative intraocular lenses (IOLs), providing an analysis of the terminology used in this field of ophthalmology and describing the... (Review)
Review
This article reviews pseudo-accommodative intraocular lenses (IOLs), providing an analysis of the terminology used in this field of ophthalmology and describing the design of modern IOLs, the technological features used to achieve pseudo-accommodation that meets the needs of patients, particularly the new extended depth of focus (EDOF) IOL technology. The article presents the main types of extended depth of focus IOLs, their description, advantages and disadvantages, as well as comparison with multifocal and monofocal IOLs based on clinical studies conducted in different countries.
Topics: Humans; Visual Acuity; Prosthesis Design; Lenses, Intraocular; Accommodation, Ocular; Phacoemulsification; Pseudophakia
PubMed: 36288425
DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2022138051111 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Jul 2022
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Humans; Presbyopia; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 35499127
DOI: 10.1111/opo.12995 -
International Ophthalmology Feb 2019To review the state of the art of Accommodative Esotropia (AE) through careful study of what has been reported up to the point in literature. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To review the state of the art of Accommodative Esotropia (AE) through careful study of what has been reported up to the point in literature.
METHODS
A literature search was done on PubMed using key words including "Accommodative esotropia", "Infantile esotropia", "Strabismus" and "Accommodation". We systematically reviewed and critically appraised what has been written about AE and we tried to analyze that according to the current management of AE.
RESULTS
Accommodative Esotropia (AE) is a form of strabismus characterized by convergent misalignment of the visual axes that can be associated with hyperopia and abnormal fusional divergence. Also abnormal accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio could be found. In lots of cases, AE initially presents as an intermittent esodeviation at age 1.5 to 4 years. The prevalence of AE has been estimated near 1-2% in the United States. The only treatment with an optical correction usually is successful in re-establishing alignment, but surgical correction is necessary in approximately 30% of cases.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Disease Management; Esotropia; Eye Movements; Global Health; Humans; Oculomotor Muscles; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; Prevalence; Refraction, Ocular; Sensory Deprivation; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 29332227
DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-0821-6