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Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Jan 2019
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Adult; Contact Lenses; Equipment Design; Eyeglasses; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Presbyopia; Refraction, Ocular
PubMed: 30628739
DOI: 10.1111/opo.12594 -
Journal of AAPOS : the Official... Dec 2017Reading is a major life activity, as recognized by the US Congress in the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008, and the education code of most US...
Reading is a major life activity, as recognized by the US Congress in the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008, and the education code of most US states requires schools to evaluate reading and implement reading programs to addresses students' reading difficulties. Currently, such legislation is employed to identify accommodations needed for children with bilateral visual impairment and for children with dyslexia and/or related learning disabilities. Yet recent research has shown that children with the most common form of monocular visual impairment-amblyopia-read slowly. Slow reading can be detrimental to academic performance and learning, which in turn may affect self-esteem. Parents and educators can work together to implement accommodations (eg, extra time) to help amblyopic students succeed in their daily school tasks, and improve their performance on the timed, standardized tests that are critical for promotion and admission to magnet schools, TAG programs, high schools, and colleges. Children with other visual disorders that cause visual impairment in one eye (eg, glaucoma, cataract, trauma, etc) should also be considered for academic accommodations.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Amblyopia; Child; Child, Preschool; Dyslexia; Educational Status; Humans; Infant; Ophthalmology; Pediatrics; Psychology, Child; Reading
PubMed: 28870794
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.06.013 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Nov 2016Myopia is a condition of enormous public health concern, affecting up to 2.5 billion people worldwide. The most effective treatment to prevent myopia progression is...
BACKGROUND
Myopia is a condition of enormous public health concern, affecting up to 2.5 billion people worldwide. The most effective treatment to prevent myopia progression is atropine but at the cost of accommodative paresis and mydriasis, necessitating the use of bifocal glasses. Low-dose atropine (0.01%) has been found to be almost as effective with significantly reduced side effects. Since there are well-recognised differences in the effect of atropine between heavily pigmented Asian eyes and Caucasian eyes, this study aimed to determine the acceptability and tolerability of 0.01% atropine (by measuring visual performance and quality of life) as a treatment for myopia control in a Caucasian population exhibiting light irides.
METHODS
14 university students aged 18-27 were recruited to the study. Participants received one drop of 0.01% atropine daily into each eye over 5 days. A range of physiological, functional and quality of life measures were assessed at baseline, day 3 and day 5.
RESULTS
The effect of atropine was statistically significant for pupil size (p=0.04) and responsiveness (p<0.01). While amplitude of accommodation reduced, the change was not statistically significant. Visual acuity (distance and near) and reading speed were not adversely affected. While there was a slight increase in symptoms such as glare, overall there was no quality of life impact associated with the use of low-dose atropine.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, 0.01% of atropine was generally well tolerated bilaterally and no serious adverse effects were observed. Therefore this dose appears to provide a viable therapeutic option for myopia control among Caucasian eyes.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Adolescent; Adult; Atropine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Mydriatics; Myopia; Ophthalmic Solutions; Prognosis; Quality of Life; Visual Acuity; Young Adult
PubMed: 26903521
DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307861 -
Graefe's Archive For Clinical and... Jan 2020To evaluate the changes in the accommodative response and in the corneal and internal spherical aberration during 3 months of wear of orthokeratology lenses from the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To evaluate the changes in the accommodative response and in the corneal and internal spherical aberration during 3 months of wear of orthokeratology lenses from the baseline.
METHODS
Fifty children aged 8 to 17 were recruited for a prospective study and were fitted with orthokeratology lenses. Refraction without cycloplegia, high and low uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), accommodation lag, horizontal near phoria without correction, corneal topography, corneal, and total wavefront aberration were performed at baseline, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Data were analyzed by Student's t test for related samples, repeated measures ANOVA test, and Pearson correlation test.
RESULTS
The spherical equivalent (SE) before and after 3 months was - 3.33 ± 1.60 D and - 0.30 ± 0.46 D, respectively. Accommodation lag was 0.53 ± 0.38 D and 0.20 ± 0.33 D at baseline and at 3 months, respectively. A moderate correlation between lag at the baseline and its change between baseline and the 3-month visit was found (P < 0.05; R = 0.748). The spherical aberration (SA) increased for anterior corneal and total measurement, being statistically significant for all visits (P < 0.05). The internal SA decreased: - 0.105 ± 0.006 at baseline and - 0.196 ± 0.203 at 1 week (P < 0.05). No difference between baseline and the follow-up visits in posterior corneal SA was found (P > 0.05) CONCLUSION: The negative SA of the lens increases during OK treatment compensated for the increase of the anterior corneal surface positive SA, in addition to increasing the accommodative response.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Adolescent; Child; Cornea; Corneal Topography; Corneal Wavefront Aberration; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Myopia; Orthokeratologic Procedures; Prospective Studies; Refraction, Ocular; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 31720836
DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04504-x -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Mar 2022Current clinical visual assessment mainly focuses on static vision. However, static vision may not sufficiently reflect real-life visual function as moving optotypes are...
Current clinical visual assessment mainly focuses on static vision. However, static vision may not sufficiently reflect real-life visual function as moving optotypes are frequently observed daily. Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) might reflect real-life situations better, especially when objects are moving at high speeds. Myopia impacts static uncorrected distance visual acuity, conveniently corrected with eyeglasses. However, due to peripheral defocus and prism effects, eyeglass correction might affect DVA. The present research demonstrates a standard method to examine eyeglass-corrected DVA in myopia patients, and aimed to explore the influence of eyeglass correction on DVA. Initially, standard subjective refraction was performed to provide the eyeglass prescription to correct the refractive error. Then, binocular distance vision-corrected DVA was examined using the object-moving DVA protocol. Software was designed to display the moving optotypes according to the preset velocity and size on a screen. The optotype was the standard logarithmic visual chart letter E and moves from the middle of the left to the right side horizontally during the test. Moving optotypes with randomized opening direction for each size are displayed. The subjects were required to identify the opening direction of the optotype, and the DVA is defined as the minimum optotype that subjects could recognize, calculated according to the algorithm of logarithmic visual acuity. Then, the method was applied in 181 young myopic subjects with eyeglass-corrected-to-normal static visual acuity. Dominant eye, cycloplegic subjective refraction (sphere and cylinder), accommodation function (negative and positive relative accommodation, binocular cross-cylinder), and binocular DVA at 40 and 80 degrees per second (dps) were examined. The results showed that with increasing age, DVA first increased and then decreased. When myopia was fully corrected with eyeglasses, a worse binocular DVA was associated with more significant myopic refractive error. There was no correlation between the dominant eye, accommodation function, and binocular DVA.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Eyeglasses; Humans; Myopia; Refractive Errors; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 35435897
DOI: 10.3791/63864 -
Seminars in Ophthalmology Feb 2020Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating and inflammatory neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical and subclinical... (Review)
Review
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating and inflammatory neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical and subclinical ocular disturbances occur in almost all patients with MS. The objective of this narrative review was to collect and summarize the available scientific information on oculomotor, accommodative and binocular alterations that have been reported in MS. A systematic search strategy with the following descriptors was carried out: multiple sclerosis, ocular motility disorders, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, vergences, fixation, pupil reflex, accommodation and stereopsis. According to the search, some oculomotor alterations were found to be commonly reported in MS, such as alterations in saccades and nystagmus. In contrast, accommodative, vergence and stereopsis alterations have not been comprehensively studied despite their relevance, with only minimal evidence showing a potential negative impact of the disease on these aspects. In conclusion, oculomotor impairment is a common component of disability in MS patients and should be considered when managing this type of patients. More research is still needed to know the real impact of this disease on binocular vision and accommodation.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Depth Perception; Humans; Multiple Sclerosis; Ocular Motility Disorders; Saccades; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 32228341
DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2020.1744671 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2022We investigated ocular accommodative responses and pupil diameters under different light intensities in order to explore whether changes in light intensity aid effective...
PURPOSE
We investigated ocular accommodative responses and pupil diameters under different light intensities in order to explore whether changes in light intensity aid effective accommodation function training.
METHODS
A total of 29 emmetropic and myopic subjects (age range: 12-18 years) viewed a target in dynamic ambient light (luminance: 5, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 lux) and static ambient light (luminance: 1000 lux) at a 40 cm distance with refractive correction. Accommodation and pupil diameter were recorded using an open-field infrared autorefractor and an ultrasound biological microscope, respectively.
RESULTS
The changes in the amplitude of accommodative response and pupil diameter under dynamic lighting were 1.01 ± 0.53 D and 2.80 ± 0.75 mm, respectively, whereas in static lighting, those values were 0.43 ± 0.24 D and 0.77 ± 0.27 mm, respectively. The amplitude of accommodation and pupil diameter change in dynamic lighting (t = 6.097, < 0.001) was significantly larger than that under static lighting (t = 16.115, < 0.001).The effects of light level on both accommodation and pupil diameter were significant ( < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Accommodation was positively correlated with light intensity. The difference was about 1.0 D in the range of 0-3000 lux, which may lay the foundation for accommodative training through light intervention.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Adolescent; Child; Humans; Lighting; Pupil; Refraction, Ocular; Vision Tests
PubMed: 36078207
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710490 -
Clinical & Experimental Optometry Jan 2015In this review of the visual development of children with Down syndrome we were specifically interested in how refractive error, binocular alignment and accommodation... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In this review of the visual development of children with Down syndrome we were specifically interested in how refractive error, binocular alignment and accommodation are different in Down syndrome from the general population. The differences and their aetiology will help practitioners make informed decisions about the visual assessment and management of these children.
METHODS
Articles found using searches through Scopus, Medline and Google Scholar were evaluated by examining sample sizes, appropriate use of controls, methods of measurement and statistical significance of findings. Where the strength of evidence in an article might be weak, this is reported in the review.
CONCLUSION
The development of the visual and oculomotor systems is substantially different in Down syndrome compared with the general population. Assessment and optometric management of this special population need to be directed accordingly.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Child; Down Syndrome; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Refractive Errors; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 25395109
DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12232 -
Journal of Vision Feb 2023We describe a system-the Binocular Varichrome and Accommodation Measurement System-that can be used to measure and correct the eye's longitudinal and transverse...
We describe a system-the Binocular Varichrome and Accommodation Measurement System-that can be used to measure and correct the eye's longitudinal and transverse chromatic aberration (LCA and TCA) and to perform vision tests with custom corrections. We used the system to investigate how LCA and TCA affect visual performance. Specifically, we studied the effects of LCA and TCA on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and chromostereopsis. LCA exhibited inter subject variability but followed expected trends compared with previous reports. TCA at the fovea was variable between individuals but with a tendency for the shift at shorter wavelengths to be more temporalward in the visual field in each eye. We found that TCA was generally greater when LCA was corrected. For visual acuity, we found that a measurable benefit was realized only with both LCA and TCA correction unless the TCA was low. For contrast sensitivity, we found that the best sensitivity to a 10-cycle/degree polychromatic grating was attained when LCA and TCA were corrected. Finally, we found that the primary cause of chromostereopsis is the TCA of the eyes.
Topics: Humans; Visual Fields; Visual Acuity; Accommodation, Ocular; Fovea Centralis; Contrast Sensitivity
PubMed: 36729421
DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.2.3 -
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences May 2023Accommodation and Vergence disorder are diverse visual anomalies which can interfere with a child's school performance and impair one's ability to function efficiently....
BACKGROUND
Accommodation and Vergence disorder are diverse visual anomalies which can interfere with a child's school performance and impair one's ability to function efficiently. Its association with refractive error and its intervention were studied less in Indian myopia children; hence, there is a need for research in such setting.
METHOD
One hundred and fifty Indian adolescents aged 10 to 17 years were divided into three refractive error groups (high, moderate, and low myopia). Baseline vision examination and a comprehensive binocular vision assessment were performed on all eligible adolescents. Vision therapy was provided to participants whose parents gave consent on behalf of the children. Chi-square analysis was utilized to look at the association between the groups of refractive errors. To compare the mean constants of the experimental and control groups, a two-way RM ANOVA was performed.
RESULTS
The most common dysfunction found in low myopia (75.3%), and moderate myopia (54%) was convergence insufficiency. High myopes (62.8%) were found to have combined convergence and accommodative insufficiency followed by accommodative dysfunction (14%) and basic exophoria (6%). In moderate myopia, a significant relationship was found between this dysfunction and refractive error. The experimental group in the overall sample showed statistically significant improvement after vision therapy (P<0.001), in comparison to the control group.
CONCLUSION
Refractive error is linked to accommodative and convergence insufficiency. Thus, vergence and accommodative impairment must be tested for all myopic children, and vision therapy should be advised along with spectacle prescription for efficient binocular vision.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adolescent; Convergence, Ocular; Myopia; Accommodation, Ocular; Refractive Errors; Ocular Motility Disorders
PubMed: 37576169
DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v33i3.16