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The Journal of Comparative Neurology Feb 2019In 1994 Vivien Casagrande published a review paper in which she summarized evidence for a koniocellular pathway to visual cortex. Here we try to explain how that review... (Review)
Review
In 1994 Vivien Casagrande published a review paper in which she summarized evidence for a koniocellular pathway to visual cortex. Here we try to explain how that review moved the field forward, and summarize some key unanswered questions about koniocellular pathways.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Teaching Materials; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 29520775
DOI: 10.1002/cne.24426 -
Annual Review of Vision Science Sep 2020Area V4-the focus of this review-is a mid-level processing stage along the ventral visual pathway of the macaque monkey. V4 is extensively interconnected with other... (Review)
Review
Area V4-the focus of this review-is a mid-level processing stage along the ventral visual pathway of the macaque monkey. V4 is extensively interconnected with other visual cortical areas along the ventral and dorsal visual streams, with frontal cortical areas, and with several subcortical structures. Thus, it is well poised to play a broad and integrative role in visual perception and recognition-the functional domain of the ventral pathway. Neurophysiological studies in monkeys engaged in passive fixation and behavioral tasks suggest that V4 responses are dictated by tuning in a high-dimensional stimulus space defined by form, texture, color, depth, and other attributes of visual stimuli. This high-dimensional tuning may underlie the development of object-based representations in the visual cortex that are critical for tracking, recognizing, and interacting with objects. Neurophysiological and lesion studies also suggest that V4 responses are important for guiding perceptual decisions and higher-order behavior.
Topics: Animals; Form Perception; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception
PubMed: 32580663
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-030320-041306 -
Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR Oct 2014Visual failure of any kind is a common clinical presentation and indication for neuroimaging. Monocular deficits should concentrate the search to the anterior... (Review)
Review
Visual failure of any kind is a common clinical presentation and indication for neuroimaging. Monocular deficits should concentrate the search to the anterior (prechiasmatic) visual pathway. Bitemporal hemianopia suggests a chiasmatic cause, whereas retrochiasmatic lesions characteristically cause homonymous hemianopic defects. Quadrantanopias usually arise from lesions in the optic radiations. Disorders of visual perception can be broadly divided into "where" and "what" problems caused by lesions in the parietal and temporal lobes, respectively, and their associated white matter tracts. Visualization of the retrochiasmatic visual and visual association pathways is aided by diffusion tensor imaging.
Topics: Humans; Models, Anatomic; Models, Neurological; Vision Disorders; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception; White Matter
PubMed: 25217301
DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2014.06.007 -
Journal of Neurotrauma Oct 2021Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes structural and functional damage to the central nervous system including the visual pathway. Defects in the afferent visual pathways... (Review)
Review
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes structural and functional damage to the central nervous system including the visual pathway. Defects in the afferent visual pathways affect visual function and in severe cases cause complete visual loss. Visual dysfunction is detectable by structural and functional ophthalmic examinations that are routine in the eye clinic, including examination of the pupillary light reflex and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Assessment of pupillary light reflex is a non-invasive assessment combining afferent and efferent visual function. While a assessment using a flashlight is relatively insensitive, automated pupillometry has 95% specificity and 78.1% sensitivity in detecting TBI-related visual and cerebral dysfunction with an area under the curve of 0.69-0.78. OCT may also serve as a noninvasive biomarker of TBI severity, demonstrating changes in the retinal ganglion cell layer and nerve fiber layer throughout the range of TBI severity even in the absence of visual symptoms. This review discusses the impact of TBI on visual structure and function.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Humans; Optic Nerve Injuries; Reflex, Pupillary; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Vision Disorders; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 34269619
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0182 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2018In 1992, Goodale and Milner proposed a division of labor in the visual pathways of the primate cerebral cortex. According to their account, the ventral pathway, which... (Review)
Review
In 1992, Goodale and Milner proposed a division of labor in the visual pathways of the primate cerebral cortex. According to their account, the ventral pathway, which projects to occipitotemporal cortex, constructs our visual percepts, while the dorsal pathway, which projects to posterior parietal cortex, mediates the visual control of action. Although the framing of the two-visual-system hypothesis has not been without controversy, it is clear that vision for action and vision for perception have distinct computational requirements, and significant support for the proposed neuroanatomic division has continued to emerge over the last two decades from human neuropsychology, neuroimaging, behavioral psychophysics, and monkey neurophysiology. In this chapter, we review much of this evidence, with a particular focus on recent findings from human neuroimaging and monkey neurophysiology, demonstrating a specialized role for parietal cortex in visually guided behavior. But even though the available evidence suggests that dedicated circuits mediate action and perception, in order to produce adaptive goal-directed behavior there must be a close coupling and seamless integration of information processing across these two systems. We discuss such ventral-dorsal-stream interactions and argue that the two pathways play different, yet complementary, roles in the production of skilled behavior.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Parietal Lobe; Psychomotor Performance; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception
PubMed: 29519474
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63622-5.00023-1 -
Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) Oct 2019This article reviews the anatomy, symptoms, examination findings, and causes of diseases affecting the optic chiasm, optic tracts, optic radiations, and occipital lobes. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article reviews the anatomy, symptoms, examination findings, and causes of diseases affecting the optic chiasm, optic tracts, optic radiations, and occipital lobes.
RECENT FINDINGS
Modern ophthalmic imaging can be used to monitor the effects of diseases of the optic chiasm and tract on the retinal ganglion cells. It can also be used to visualize transsynaptic degeneration of the anterior visual pathway in the setting of acquired retrogeniculate lesions. Visual prostheses that directly stimulate the occipital lobe are a potential strategy for rehabilitation that is in active clinical trials.
SUMMARY
Detecting and characterizing visual deficits due to optic chiasm and retrochiasmal disease are important for the diagnosis, localization, and monitoring of neurologic disease; identifying patient disability; and guiding rehabilitation.
Topics: Adult; Brain Diseases; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Occipital Lobe; Optic Chiasm; Optic Nerve Diseases; Vision Disorders; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 31584539
DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000785 -
Annual Review of Vision Science Sep 2021Coordination between different sensory systems is a necessary element of sensory processing. Where and how signals from different sense organs converge onto common... (Review)
Review
Coordination between different sensory systems is a necessary element of sensory processing. Where and how signals from different sense organs converge onto common neural circuitry have become topics of increasing interest in recent years. In this article, we focus specifically on visual-auditory interactions in areas of the mammalian brain that are commonly considered to be auditory in function. The auditory cortex and inferior colliculus are two key points of entry where visual signals reach the auditory pathway, and both contain visual- and/or eye movement-related signals in humans and other animals. The visual signals observed in these auditory structures reflect a mixture of visual modulation of auditory-evoked activity and visually driven responses that are selective for stimulus location or features. These key response attributes also appear in the classic visual pathway but may play a different role in the auditory pathway: to modify auditory rather than visual perception. Finally, while this review focuses on two particular areas of the auditory pathway where this question has been studied, robust descending as well as ascending connections within this pathway suggest that undiscovered visual signals may be present at other stages as well.
Topics: Animals; Auditory Cortex; Mammals; Sensation; Sense Organs; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception
PubMed: 34242053
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034003 -
Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift Der... Nov 2020Humans receive information from their environment mainly via the visual system. Signals from the photoreceptors of the retina via bipolar and ganglion cells are... (Review)
Review
Humans receive information from their environment mainly via the visual system. Signals from the photoreceptors of the retina via bipolar and ganglion cells are projected onto specific neuronal subpopulations in the lateral geniculate body and from there are forwarded to appropriate layers of the primary visual cortex. The most important anatomical and functional features of the visual system are explained. For this purpose, a selective literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed (also in Europe PubMed Central), Psychline, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Web of Science as well as additional information in relevant books or websites in the fields of (neuro)anatomy, (neuro)physiology, (neuro)ophthalmology and (neuro)otology, among others with the search terms Sehbahn, visual system, visual pathway, receptors, spatial cognition and visual cognition.
Topics: Geniculate Bodies; Humans; Photoreceptor Cells; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 32152751
DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01069-7 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Apr 2016The nature of domain-specific organization in higher-order visual cortex (ventral occipital temporal cortex, VOTC) has been investigated both in the case of visual... (Review)
Review
The nature of domain-specific organization in higher-order visual cortex (ventral occipital temporal cortex, VOTC) has been investigated both in the case of visual experience deprivation and of modality of stimulation in sighted individuals. Object domain interacts in an intriguing and revelatory way with visual experience and modality of stimulation: selectivity for artifacts and scene domains is largely immune to visual deprivation and is multi-modal, whereas selectivity for animate items in lateral posterior fusiform gyrus is present only with visual stimulation. This domain-by-modality interaction is not readily accommodated by existing theories of VOTC representation. We conjecture that these effects reflect a distinction between the visual features that characterize different object domains and their interaction with different types of downstream computational systems.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Humans; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Sensory Deprivation; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 26944219
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.02.002 -
Klinische Monatsblatter Fur... Nov 2017Precise knowledge of the neuroanatomy of the visual system including the perception of visual stimuli in the retina, the transmission of visual information to other... (Review)
Review
Precise knowledge of the neuroanatomy of the visual system including the perception of visual stimuli in the retina, the transmission of visual information to other areas of the central nervous system and the processing of visual information, are most important for diagnostics of diseases, which are affecting this system. Such knowledge allows, even after just a clinical examination, already a quite precise localisation of potential lesions. The aim of this article is to illustrate the neuroanatomy of the visual system with the focus on the visual pathway and the processing of visual information. Next to the main visual pathway, also other retinofugal projections are discussed. Domains, which are important for the oculomotor system, are discussed in another article in this edition of the journal.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Dominance, Cerebral; Geniculate Bodies; Humans; Interneurons; Nerve Fibers; Neurons; Optic Nerve; Optic Tract; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception
PubMed: 29155433
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-118101