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Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach,... Feb 2024The development of artificial intelligence has posed a challenge to machine vision based on conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits owing to... (Review)
Review
The development of artificial intelligence has posed a challenge to machine vision based on conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits owing to its high latency and inefficient power consumption originating from the data shuffling between memory and computation units. Gaining more insights into the function of every part of the visual pathway for visual perception can bring the capabilities of machine vision in terms of robustness and generality. Hardware acceleration of more energy-efficient and biorealistic artificial vision highly necessitates neuromorphic devices and circuits that are able to mimic the function of each part of the visual pathway. In this paper, we review the structure and function of the entire class of visual neurons from the retina to the primate visual cortex within reach (Chapter 2) are reviewed. Based on the extraction of biological principles, the recent hardware-implemented visual neurons located in different parts of the visual pathway are discussed in detail in Chapters 3 and 4. Furthermore, valuable applications of inspired artificial vision in different scenarios (Chapter 5) are provided. The functional description of the visual pathway and its inspired neuromorphic devices/circuits are expected to provide valuable insights for the design of next-generation artificial visual perception systems.
Topics: Animals; Artificial Intelligence; Visual Pathways; Vision, Ocular; Computers; Visual Perception; Primates
PubMed: 37435995
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301986 -
Klinische Monatsblatter Fur... Nov 2017Precise knowledge of the neuroanatomy of the visual system including the perception of visual stimuli in the retina, the transmission of visual information to other... (Review)
Review
Precise knowledge of the neuroanatomy of the visual system including the perception of visual stimuli in the retina, the transmission of visual information to other areas of the central nervous system and the processing of visual information, are most important for diagnostics of diseases, which are affecting this system. Such knowledge allows, even after just a clinical examination, already a quite precise localisation of potential lesions. The aim of this article is to illustrate the neuroanatomy of the visual system with the focus on the visual pathway and the processing of visual information. Next to the main visual pathway, also other retinofugal projections are discussed. Domains, which are important for the oculomotor system, are discussed in another article in this edition of the journal.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Dominance, Cerebral; Geniculate Bodies; Humans; Interneurons; Nerve Fibers; Neurons; Optic Nerve; Optic Tract; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception
PubMed: 29155433
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-118101 -
Annual Review of Vision Science Sep 2019With modern neurophysiological methods able to record neural activity throughout the visual pathway in the context of arbitrarily complex visual stimulation, our... (Review)
Review
With modern neurophysiological methods able to record neural activity throughout the visual pathway in the context of arbitrarily complex visual stimulation, our understanding of visual system function is becoming limited by the available models of visual neurons that can be directly related to such data. Different forms of statistical models are now being used to probe the cellular and circuit mechanisms shaping neural activity, understand how neural selectivity to complex visual features is computed, and derive the ways in which neurons contribute to systems-level visual processing. However, models that are able to more accurately reproduce observed neural activity often defy simple interpretations. As a result, rather than being used solely to connect with existing theories of visual processing, statistical modeling will increasingly drive the evolution of more sophisticated theories.
Topics: Humans; Machine Learning; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Neurons; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 31386605
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-091718-014731 -
Trends in Neurosciences Jan 2015Sensory systems project information in a highly organized manner to the brain, where it is preserved in maps of the sensory structures. These sensory projections are... (Review)
Review
Sensory systems project information in a highly organized manner to the brain, where it is preserved in maps of the sensory structures. These sensory projections are altered in congenital abnormalities, such as anophthalmia, albinism, achiasma, and hemihydranencephaly. Consequently, these abnormalities, profoundly affect the organization of the visual system. Surprisingly, visual perception remains largely intact, except for anophthalmia. Recent brain imaging advances shed light on the mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon. In contrast to animal models, in humans the plasticity of thalamocortical connections appears limited, thus demonstrating the importance of cortical adaptations. We suggest that congenital visual pathway abnormalities provide a valuable model to investigate the principles of plasticity that make visual representations available for perception and behavior in humans.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception
PubMed: 25448619
DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.09.005 -
Survey of Ophthalmology 2022There is a strong interrelationship between eye and brain diseases. It has been shown that neurodegenerative changes can spread bidirectionally in the visual pathway... (Review)
Review
There is a strong interrelationship between eye and brain diseases. It has been shown that neurodegenerative changes can spread bidirectionally in the visual pathway along neuronal projections. For example, damage to retinal ganglion cells in the retina leads to degeneration of the visual cortex (anterograde degeneration) and vice versa (retrograde degeneration). The underlying mechanisms of this process, known as trans-synaptic degeneration (TSD), are unknown, but TSD contributes to the progression of numerous neurodegenerative disorders, leading to clinical and functional deterioration. The hierarchical structure of the visual system comprises of a strong topographic connectivity between the retina and the visual cortex and therefore serves as an ideal model to study the cellular effect, clinical manifestations, and deterioration extent of TSD. With this review we provide comprehensive information about the neural connectivity, synapse function, molecular changes, and pathophysiology of TSD in visual pathways. We then discuss its bidirectional nature and clinical implications in neurodegenerative diseases. A thorough understanding of TSD in the visual pathway can provide insights into progression of neurodegenerative disorders and its potential as a therapeutic target.
Topics: Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Retrograde Degeneration; Synapses; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 34146577
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.06.001 -
Nature Reviews. Neuroscience Aug 2023Many behaviours that are critical for animals to survive and thrive rely on spatial navigation. Spatial navigation, in turn, relies on internal representations about... (Review)
Review
Many behaviours that are critical for animals to survive and thrive rely on spatial navigation. Spatial navigation, in turn, relies on internal representations about one's spatial location, one's orientation or heading direction and the distance to objects in the environment. Although the importance of vision in guiding such internal representations has long been recognized, emerging evidence suggests that spatial signals can also modulate neural responses in the central visual pathway. Here, we review the bidirectional influences between visual and navigational signals in the rodent brain. Specifically, we discuss reciprocal interactions between vision and the internal representations of spatial position, explore the effects of vision on representations of an animal's heading direction and vice versa, and examine how the visual and navigational systems work together to assess the relative distances of objects and other features. Throughout, we consider how technological advances and novel ethological paradigms that probe rodent visuo-spatial behaviours allow us to advance our understanding of how brain areas of the central visual pathway and the spatial systems interact and enable complex behaviours.
Topics: Animals; Rodentia; Brain; Vision, Ocular; Spatial Navigation; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 37380885
DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00716-7 -
Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift Der... Nov 2020
Topics: Auditory Pathways; Humans; Photic Stimulation; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception
PubMed: 33151435
DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01082-w -
Identification of posterior visual pathway lesions and MRI burden in people with Multiple Sclerosis.Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) Apr 2021This review systematically identifies posterior visual pathway lesions and MRI burden in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
This review systematically identifies posterior visual pathway lesions and MRI burden in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).
METHODS
The articles were searched through Web of Science, Medline, and Embase databases on January 2020, for English language articles from 2000 to 2019.
RESULTS
This review presents summary measures if related to MRI assessment to an overall measure of MS and visual pathway lesions. A total of 44 articles fulfilled all inclusion criteria, covering the period 2000-2019. Different atypical outcomes reveal a low risk for subsequent clinically predefined MS development, specifically in the presence of normal brain MRI. Several impairments related to quality of life have been identified as a result of the effect of retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer.
CONCLUSION
The afferent visual system in MS offers unique accessibility and structure-related functions with further understanding offered by electrophysiology, considering vision as a useful framework for examining new multiple sclerosis therapies.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multiple Sclerosis; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 33814364
DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2021.2.20200048 -
Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology Jan 2017Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system that involves inflammation and demyelination at multiple sites and causes a wide variety of clinical... (Review)
Review
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system that involves inflammation and demyelination at multiple sites and causes a wide variety of clinical presentations with variable neurological deficits. The visual pathways are frequently involved with either visual or motor dysfunction. Optic neuritis (ON) is one the most common and best characterized presentations of the disease, but there are many other manifestations depending on the site of the lesion. Eyes that have never had ON show slow progressive loss of axons and retinal ganglion cells. Previously unrecognized optic radiation lesions may be associated with residual latency delays on visual evoked potentials. Both anterograde and retrograde degeneration may occur along the visual pathway. This review covers the features of MS in the anterior and posterior visual system and describes advances that have been made with newer techniques such as retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion tensor imaging and probabilistic tractography (DTI) and multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEPs). We report on the inter-relationship between these measures of structure and function, and how they may be used as biomarkers for the disease.
Topics: Afferent Pathways; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multiple Sclerosis; Nerve Fibers; Optic Neuritis; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 27011293
DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12751 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Feb 2021Existing models propose that primate visual cortex is divided into two functionally distinct pathways. The ventral pathway computes the identity of an object; the dorsal... (Review)
Review
Existing models propose that primate visual cortex is divided into two functionally distinct pathways. The ventral pathway computes the identity of an object; the dorsal pathway computes the location of an object, and the actions related to that object. Despite remaining influential, the two visual pathways model requires revision. Both human and non-human primate studies reveal the existence of a third visual pathway on the lateral brain surface. This third pathway projects from early visual cortex, via motion-selective areas, into the superior temporal sulcus (STS). Studies demonstrating that the STS computes the actions of moving faces and bodies (e.g., expressions, eye-gaze, audio-visual integration, intention, and mood) show that the third visual pathway is specialized for the dynamic aspects of social perception.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Face; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Photic Stimulation; Social Perception; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception
PubMed: 33334693
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.11.006