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JAMA Network Open Jan 2023The associations of B vitamin status with metabolic syndrome (MetS) incidence among the US population remain unclear.
IMPORTANCE
The associations of B vitamin status with metabolic syndrome (MetS) incidence among the US population remain unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate intakes and serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in association with MetS risk in a large US cohort.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This prospective study included Black and White young adults in the US who were enrolled from 1985 to 1986 and studied until 2015 to 2016. Diet was assessed using a validated diet history at examination years 0, 7, and 20. Serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were assayed at examination years 0, 7, and 15 in a subset of 1430 participants. MetS was ascertained by clinic and laboratory measurements and self-reported medication use. Data were analyzed between January and July 2021.
EXPOSURES
Intakes and serum levels of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the associations of energy-adjusted B vitamin intakes or serum B vitamin levels with incident MetS.
RESULTS
The study included 4414 participants, with 2225 Black individuals (50.4%) and 2331 women (52.8%). The mean (SD) age at baseline was 24.9 (3.6) years. A total of 1240 incident MetS cases occurred during the 30 years (mean [SD], 22.1 [9.5] years) of follow-up. Compared with the lowest quintile of each energy-adjusted B vitamin intake, the HRs for incident MetS in the highest quintile were 0.39 (95% CI, 0.31-0.49) for folate (P for trend < .001), 0.61 (95% CI, 0.46-0.81) for vitamin B6 (P for trend = .002), and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.58-0.95) for vitamin B12 (P for trend = .008) after adjustment for potential confounders. Similarly, significant inverse associations were observed in the subset with serum data on these B vitamins (folate: HR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.17-0.33; P for trend < .001; vitamin B6: HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.34-0.67; P for trend < .001; and vitamin B12: HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51-0.96; P for trend = .01).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
This prospective cohort study found that intakes and serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were inversely associated with incident MetS among Black and White young adults in the US.
Topics: Young Adult; Female; Humans; Adult; Folic Acid; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B Complex; Prospective Studies; Incidence; Metabolic Syndrome
PubMed: 36630134
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50621 -
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County,... Oct 2022Due to the increased prevalence of obesity in the world, bariatric surgeries are on the rise and necessitate life-long surveillance for deficiencies; hence the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Due to the increased prevalence of obesity in the world, bariatric surgeries are on the rise and necessitate life-long surveillance for deficiencies; hence the recommended vitamin supplementation in these patients. However, inadequate multivitamin supplementation may induce vitamin B6 overload.
METHODS
We reviewed all vitamin B6 dosages at the university hospitals of Poitiers, Tours, Bordeaux, and Limoges for the past 5 to 8 years. Analyses were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with a fluorescence detector on whole blood samples.
RESULTS
During the study period, there was an increase in the number of vitamin B6 dosages. Deficiencies were detected early in Poitiers and Limoges, but were negligible by 2020. However, during the same time period, the number of overdoses increased, reaching close to 40% of dosages at all centers.
CONCLUSIONS
Pyridoxin overload is not possible through food-derived pyridoxin; hence, combined with the fact that most vitamin supplements contain vitamin B6, inadequate vitamin supplementation is likely the cause of the observed increase in overdoses. High doses of vitamin B6 can induce polyneuropathy, particularly targeting motor neurons; thus, the increase of overdoses is worrying. In light of the possible risks and the ease with which these could be averted (better formulation of supplements), the precaution principle requires a definition of clear guidelines for vitamin supplementation, especially in patients undergoing bariatric surgery.
Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Pyridoxine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6; Vitamins
PubMed: 35810581
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111738 -
The Nursing Clinics of North America Mar 2021Vitamin B6, a cofactor in many biochemical reactions in the cells of living organisms, is an essential coenzyme for various catabolic and anabolic processes. Although... (Review)
Review
Vitamin B6, a cofactor in many biochemical reactions in the cells of living organisms, is an essential coenzyme for various catabolic and anabolic processes. Although vitamin B6 deficiency in young healthy women with a balanced diet is thought to be unusual, it can be seen with certain medications, health conditions, and dietary deficits, as well as aging. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with a variety of ill health effects, and correction of deficiency is considered beneficial. Women particularly are affected by unique health issues that are part of the array of disorders potentially alleviated through vitamin B6 supplementation.
Topics: Aging; Female; Humans; Nutritional Requirements; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; Women's Health
PubMed: 33549283
DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2020.10.002 -
Journal of Alternative and... May 2021The term "Mauve factor" (pyrroluria) dates back to 1958 when Dr. Abram Hoffer defined the condition as elevated levels of pyrroles in the urine, currently called...
The term "Mauve factor" (pyrroluria) dates back to 1958 when Dr. Abram Hoffer defined the condition as elevated levels of pyrroles in the urine, currently called hydroxyhemepyrrolin-2-one (HPL). It was suggested that the raised pyrrole levels lead to depletions in zinc and vitamin B, which, in turn, were hypothesized to result in a range of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. Treatment implications are supplementation with zinc and B. This article aimed to review the scientific literature associating pyrroluria with psychiatric symptoms, explore the validity of HPL testing, explore the role of nutrients as treatment options for pyrroluria, and discuss future research directions. A PRISMA review was conducted using search results from electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE from inception to February 2020 using the following keywords: hydroxyhemepyryrrolin (HPL), kryptopyrrole (KP), mauve factor, pyroluria, pyrroluria, monopyrroles. Article reference lists were also scanned and included where relevant. Seventy-three articles were identified of which only three studies identified significantly higher HPL levels in a psychiatric population compared with controls, and there were no placebo-controlled treatment trials directed at pyrroluria. The other 13 clinical studies either showed no association or did not provide adequate data to show group differences in HPL levels. Despite an extensive history of practitioners diagnosing and treating a wide variety of mental health conditions associated with pyrroluria as well as observations of elevated HPL being associated with psychiatric disorders, there was no clear research that showed the following: (1) elevated HPL is robustly associated with increased mental health symptoms, (2) elevated HPL in urine is associated with increased urine excretion of zinc and B, and (3) high-dose zinc and B are an efficacious treatment for mental health problems associated with elevated HPL. Elevated HPL is a clinically observed, but poorly researched biomarker with unclear associations with mental disorders. Based on current evidence, HPL testing is not recommended as a screening or treatment tool. Further research is required in the following areas: establishment of which specific clinical populations exhibit elevated HPL, validation of the chemistry and validity of testing, and controlled trials to establish efficacy of high-dose zinc and B as treatment of elevated pyrroles.
Topics: Adult; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Porphyrias; Pyrroles; Schizophrenia; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; Zinc
PubMed: 33902305
DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0151 -
Nutrients Mar 2015Nutrition is one of the most important modifiable factors involved in the development and maintenance of good bone health. Calcium and Vitamin D have confirmed and... (Review)
Review
Nutrition is one of the most important modifiable factors involved in the development and maintenance of good bone health. Calcium and Vitamin D have confirmed and established roles in the maintenance of proper bone health. However, other nutritional factors could also be implicated. This review will explore the emerging evidence of the supporting role of certain B Vitamins as modifiable factors associated with bone health. Individuals with high levels of homocysteine (hcy) exhibit reduced bone mineral density (BMD), alteration in microarchitecture and increased bone fragility. The pathophysiology caused by high serum homocysteine is not completely clear regarding fractures, but it may involve factors, such as bone mineral density, bone turnover, bone blood flow and collagen cross-linking. It is uncertain whether supplementation with B Vitamins, such as folate, Vitamin B1, and Vitamin B6, could decrease hip fracture incidence, but the results of further clinical trials should be awaited before a conclusion is drawn.
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Bone and Bones; Calcium, Dietary; Folic Acid; Hip Fractures; Homocysteine; Humans; Incidence; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Thiamine; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin D
PubMed: 25830943
DOI: 10.3390/nu7042176 -
Nutrients Feb 2017Vitamin B₆ (B₆) has a central role in the metabolism of amino acids, which includes important interactions with endogenous redox reactions through its effects on the... (Review)
Review
Vitamin B₆ (B₆) has a central role in the metabolism of amino acids, which includes important interactions with endogenous redox reactions through its effects on the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) system. In fact, B₆-dependent enzymes catalyse most reactions of the transsulfuration pathway, driving homocysteine to cysteine and further into GPX proteins. Considering that mammals metabolize sulfur- and seleno-amino acids similarly, B₆ plays an important role in the fate of sulfur-homocysteine and its seleno counterpart between transsulfuration and one-carbon metabolism, especially under oxidative stress conditions. This is particularly important in reproduction because ovarian metabolism may generate an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the peri-estrus period, which may impair ovulatory functions and early embryo development. Later in gestation, placentation raises embryo oxygen tension and may induce a higher expression of ROS markers and eventually embryo losses. Interestingly, the metabolic accumulation of ROS up-regulates the flow of one-carbon units to transsulfuration and down-regulates remethylation. However, in embryos, the transsulfuration pathway is not functional, making the understanding of the interplay between these two pathways particularly crucial. In this review, the importance of the maternal metabolic status of B₆ for the flow of one-carbon units towards both maternal and embryonic GPX systems is discussed. Additionally, B₆ effects on GPX activity and gene expression in dams, as well as embryo development, are presented in a pig model under different oxidative stress conditions.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Antioxidants; Carbon; Disease Models, Animal; Embryonic Development; Glutathione Peroxidase; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Selenium; Swine; Vitamin B 6
PubMed: 28245568
DOI: 10.3390/nu9030189 -
Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) Apr 2023We hypothesized that the prevalence of hypertension is related to B-vitamin intake in the general population, but it has not been sufficiently studied. This study aimed...
We hypothesized that the prevalence of hypertension is related to B-vitamin intake in the general population, but it has not been sufficiently studied. This study aimed to investigate the intakes of dietary folate, vitamin B, and vitamin B concerning hypertension in US adults. A total of 55 569 adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III and 1999-2014 were included in this study. Nutrient intake was collected from subjects through one or two 24-hour dietary reviews. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between these nutrient intakes and hypertension. Among male participants, dietary folate, vitamin B, and vitamin B intakes were significantly and negatively associated with the prevalence of hypertension, with multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 0.61 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.68), 0.65 (95% CI, 0.59-0.72), and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.75-0.95) for the highest quartile group compared with the lowest group. Results were similar for female participants, with multivariate-adjusted ORs of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.57-0.71), 0.60 (95% CI, 0.53-0.66), and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.77-0.98) for the highest quartile group. Moreover, there was a linear trend (P < .001) in both men and women that the prevalence of hypertension tended to decrease with increased intake of folate, vitamin B, and vitamin B; however, the decreases above the third quartile were negligible. Dietary folate, vitamin B, and vitamin B were significantly associated negatively with hypertension, indicating that these nutrients might have a protective effect against hypertension in United States adults.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Folic Acid; Nutrition Surveys; Prevalence; Pyridoxine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B Complex; Hypertension; Adolescent; Middle Aged
PubMed: 36965328
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.02.006 -
Food Chemistry Nov 2023Vitamins are a vast group of fundamental organic compounds, which are not produced by the human body but are essential for the living organisms' good health. Vitamins B6... (Review)
Review
Vitamins are a vast group of fundamental organic compounds, which are not produced by the human body but are essential for the living organisms' good health. Vitamins B6 and B12 belong to the same group of hydrophilic vitamins. Structurally unrelated, they share the same purpose as essential components for normal cellular operation, growth and development. Vitamin B6 is an enzymatic co-factor that is vital for countless biochemical reactions, and is also important in sugar and fatty acid metabolization. It encompasses three natural and inter-convertible pyridine-derivatives: pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B12 is a cobalt organometallic complex also indispensable in numerous human physiological functions. It has four bioactive forms: cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin and 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, and only a few prokaryotes have the ability to biosynthesize cobalamin. This work reviews the significant aspects of vitamins B6 and B12: their vital roles, consequences of deficit; food sources; and methods of determination and respective matrices, with heavy emphasis on chromatographic techniques developed within the last two decades.
Topics: Humans; Pyridoxine; Vitamin B 6; Prevalence; Pyridoxal; Vitamins; Vitamin B 12
PubMed: 37356238
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136606 -
Nutrients Jan 2024Marginal vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency is a widespread global concern. Inadequate B6 levels have been linked to an increased risk of age-related chronic diseases such as... (Review)
Review
Marginal vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency is a widespread global concern. Inadequate B6 levels have been linked to an increased risk of age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In recent years, the growing concern over sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength) and frailty (a decline in physiological resilience and increased vulnerability associated with aging) is particularly relevant due to the emergence of super-aged societies in developed countries. Notably, among the thirty-one studies included in this review, twenty-five showed a significant association of B6 status with sarcopenia, frailty, and all-cause mortality in adults ( < 0.05), while six showed no association. Emerging studies have suggested novel mechanisms underlying this association. These mechanisms involve P2X7 receptor-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, AMPK signaling, PD-L1 signaling, and satellite cell-mediated myogenesis. Furthermore, the modulation of PLP-dependent enzymes due to B6 deficiency is associated with impaired metabolic processes, affecting energy utilization, imidazole peptide production, and hydrogen sulfide production, as well as the kynurenine pathway, all of which play vital roles in skeletal muscle health and pathophysiology. This narrative review provides an up-to-date assessment of our current understanding of the potential role of nutritional B6 status in combating sarcopenia, frailty, and mortality.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Aged; Vitamin B 6; Sarcopenia; Frailty; Pyridoxine; Aging
PubMed: 38202006
DOI: 10.3390/nu16010177 -
Nutrients Aug 2015B vitamins may correlate with Parkinson's disease (PD) through regulating homocysteine level. However, there is no comprehensive assessment on the associations between... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
B vitamins may correlate with Parkinson's disease (PD) through regulating homocysteine level. However, there is no comprehensive assessment on the associations between PD and B vitamins. The present study was designed to perform a meta-analytic assessment of the associations between folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 and PD, including the status of B vitamins in PD patients compared with controls, and associations of dietary intakes of B vitamins and risk of PD. A literature search using Medline database obtained 10 eligible studies included in the meta-analyses. Stata 12.0 statistical software was used to perform the meta-analysis. Pooled data revealed that there was no obvious difference in folate level between PD patients and healthy controls, and PD patients had lower level of vitamin B12 than controls. Available data suggested that higher dietary intake of vitamin B6 was associated with a decreased risk of PD (odds ratio (OR) = 0.65, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = (0.30, 1.01)), while no significant association was observed for dietary intake of folate and vitamin B12 and risk of PD. PD patients had lower level of vitamin B12 and similar level of folate compared with controls. Dietary intake of vitamin B6 exhibited preventive effect of developing PD based on the available data. As the number of included studies is limited, more studies are needed to confirm the findings and elucidate the underpinning underlying these associations.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Diet; Folic Acid; Humans; Odds Ratio; Parkinson Disease; Protective Factors; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 26343714
DOI: 10.3390/nu7095333