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Comparative Biochemistry and... Dec 2020Lipids play an essential role in development, homeostatic functions, immune signaling, reproduction, and growth. Although it is evident that changes in lipid... (Review)
Review
Lipids play an essential role in development, homeostatic functions, immune signaling, reproduction, and growth. Although it is evident that changes in lipid biosynthesis and metabolism can affect organismal physiology, few studies have determined how environmental stressors affect lipid pathways, let alone alter global lipid profiles in fish. This is a significant research gap, as a number of environmental contaminants interact with lipid signaling and metabolic pathways. In this review, we highlight the utility of lipidomics as a tool in environmental toxicology, discussing the current state of knowledge regarding chemical-lipidomic perturbations. As with most oviparous animals, the processing and storage of lipids during oocyte development is also particularly important for embryogenesis in fish. Using largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) as an example, transcriptomics data suggest that various chemicals alter lipid metabolism and regulation, highlighting the need for more sophisticated investigations into how toxicants impact lipid responses. We also point out the challenges ahead; these include a lack of understanding about lipid processing and signaling in fish, tissue and species-specific lipid composition, and extraneous factors (e.g., nutrition, temperature) that confound interpretation. For example, toxicant exposure can lead to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, resulting in complex lipid byproducts that are challenging to measure. With the emergence of lipidomics in systems toxicology, multi-omics approaches are expected to more clearly define effects on physiology, creating stronger linkages between multiple molecular entities (gene-protein-lipid/metabolite). The development and implementation of novel technologies such as ion mobility-mass spectrometry and ozone-induced dissociation support the complete structural elucidation of lipid molecules. This has implications in the adverse outcome pathway framework, which will enhance the application of lipidomics in toxicology by linking these molecular changes to effects at higher levels of biological organization.
Topics: Animals; Environmental Pollutants; Fishes; Lipid Metabolism; Lipidomics; Lipids; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 32956922
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100742 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Feb 2015Although a great deal of information is available concerning the role of ecdysone in insect oogenesis, research has tended to focus on vitellogenesis and choriogenesis.... (Review)
Review
Although a great deal of information is available concerning the role of ecdysone in insect oogenesis, research has tended to focus on vitellogenesis and choriogenesis. As such, the study of oogenesis in a strict sense has received much less attention. This situation changed recently when a number of observations carried out in the meroistic polytrophic ovarioles of Drosophila melanogaster started to unravel the key roles played by ecdysone in different steps of oogenesis. Thus, in larval stages, a non-autonomous role of ecdysone, first in repression and later in activation, of stem cell niche and primordial germ cell differentiation has been reported. In the adult, ecdysone stimulates the proliferation of germline stem cells, plays a role in stem cell niche maintenance and is needed non-cell-autonomously for correct differentiation of germline stem cells. Moreover, in somatic cells ecdysone is required for 16-cell cyst formation and for ovarian follicle development. In the transition from stages 8 to 9 of oogenesis, ecdysone signalling is fundamental when deciding whether or not to go ahead with vitellogenesis depending on the nutritional status, as well as to start border cell migration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear receptors in animal development.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cockroaches; Drosophila melanogaster; Ecdysone; Female; Oogenesis; Ovarian Follicle; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells; Vitellogenesis
PubMed: 24939835
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.025 -
Current Biology : CB Nov 2022The emergence of systemic nutrient transport was a key challenge during animal evolution, yet it is poorly understood. Circulatory systems distribute nutrients in many...
The emergence of systemic nutrient transport was a key challenge during animal evolution, yet it is poorly understood. Circulatory systems distribute nutrients in many bilaterians (e.g., vertebrates and arthropods) but are absent in non-bilaterians (e.g., cnidarians and sponges), where nutrient absorption and transport remain little explored at molecular and cellular levels. Vitellogenesis, the accumulation of egg yolk, necessitates high nutrient influx into oocytes and is present throughout animal phyla and therefore represents a well-suited paradigm to study nutrient transport evolution. With that aim, we investigated dietary nutrient transport to the oocytes in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa). Using a combination of fluorescent bead labeling and marker gene expression, we found that phagocytosis, micropinocytosis, and intracellular digestion of food components occur within the gonad epithelium. Pulse-chase experiments further show that labelled fatty acids rapidly translocate from the gonad epithelium through the extracellular matrix (ECM) into oocytes. Expression of conserved lipid transport proteins vitellogenin (vtg) and apolipoprotein-B (apoB) and colocalization of labeled fatty acids with a fluorescently tagged ApoB protein further support the lipid-shuttling role of the gonad epithelium. Complementary oocyte expression of very low-density lipoprotein receptor (vldlr) orthologs, which mediate endocytosis of bilaterian ApoB- and Vtg-lipoproteins, supports that this evolutionarily conserved ligand/receptor pair underlies lipid transport during sea anemone vitellogenesis. In addition, we identified lipid- and ApoB-rich cells with potential lipid transport roles in the ECM. Altogether, our work supports a long-standing hypothesis that an ECM-based lipid transport system predated the cnidarian-bilaterian split and provided a basis for the evolution of bilaterian circulatory systems.
Topics: Animals; Vitellogenesis; Sea Anemones; Nutrients; Apolipoproteins B; Fatty Acids; Lipids
PubMed: 36084649
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.039 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2022The mud crab, , has abundant nutrients in its edible parts, ovary, hepatopancreas, and muscle during the ovarian maturation stage. The ovary of can re-mature after...
Insight of vitellogenesis patterns: A comparative analysis of the differences between the primary and secondary vitellogenesis period in the ovary, hepatopancreas, and muscle of mud crab, .
The mud crab, , has abundant nutrients in its edible parts, ovary, hepatopancreas, and muscle during the ovarian maturation stage. The ovary of can re-mature after spawning during the secondary ovarian maturation period. We aimed to analyze the characteristics of the first vitellogenesis period (FVP) and second vitellogenesis period (SVP) of during ovarian maturation to understand the differences in vitellogenesis patterns between the first and second ovarian maturation periods. Accordingly, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatopancreatic index (HSI), the external and histological characteristics of the ovary and hepatopancreas, the (vitellogenin, Vg) expression levels in the hepatopancreas and ovary, and the dynamics of the biochemical components in the ovary, hepatopancreas, and muscle were determined. Based on the results, the GSI was significantly positively correlated with HSI during the FVP and significantly negatively correlated with HSI from stage Ⅳ to stage Ⅴ of the SVP. A significant difference was found between the FVP and SVP in the hepatopancreas. Notably, the hepatopancreas displayed a gradual degeneration trend during the SVP. The expression level of was significantly higher in the hepatopancreas than that in the ovary during the FVP and SVP. Seventeen amino acids were detected in the hepatopancreas, ovary, and muscle during the FVP and SVP, with glutamate as the predominant amino acid. During the FVP and SVP, the C16:0 and C18:1n9c were the dominant fatty acids in the hepatopancreas and ovary, the MUFA gradually increased in the ovary and hepatopancreas, and a significant difference was found in the dynamic trend of the HUFA and SFA contents from stage Ⅳ to stage Ⅴ between the FVP and SVP. These findings indicate that the ovary can re-mature after spawning in and can maintain the status of the first ovarian maturation; however, the hepatopancreas gradually degenerate during the SVP.
PubMed: 36105103
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.965070 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Oct 2020Vitellogenesis, including vitellogenin (Vg) production in the fat body and Vg uptake by maturing oocytes, is of great importance for the successful reproduction of adult...
Vitellogenesis, including vitellogenin (Vg) production in the fat body and Vg uptake by maturing oocytes, is of great importance for the successful reproduction of adult females. The endocrinal and nutritional regulation of vitellogenesis differs distinctly in insects. Here, the complex crosstalk between juvenile hormone (JH) and the two nutrient sensors insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) and target of rapamycin complex1 (TORC1), was investigated to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of vitellogenesis regulation in the American cockroach, Our data showed that a block of JH biosynthesis or JH action arrested vitellogenesis, in part by inhibiting the expression of (), a key transcription factor gene involved in the sex determination cascade. Depletion of IIS or TORC1 blocked both JH biosynthesis and vitellogenesis. Importantly, the JH analog methoprene, but not bovine insulin (to restore IIS) and amino acids (to restore TORC1 activity), restored vitellogenesis in the neck-ligated (IIS-, TORC1- and JH-deficient) and rapamycin-treated (TORC1- and JH-deficient) cockroaches. Combining classic physiology with modern molecular techniques, we have demonstrated that IIS and TORC1 promote vitellogenesis, mainly via inducing JH biosynthesis in the American cockroach.
Topics: Animals; Female; Insect Proteins; Insulin; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Juvenile Hormones; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; Methoprene; Ovarian Follicle; Periplaneta; Signal Transduction; Sirolimus; Vitellogenesis; Vitellogenins
PubMed: 33097549
DOI: 10.1242/dev.188805 -
Biology May 2020Blue gourami belongs to the Labyrinithici fish and the Anabantiform order. It is characterized by a specific organ located above its gills for the respiration of... (Review)
Review
Blue gourami belongs to the Labyrinithici fish and the Anabantiform order. It is characterized by a specific organ located above its gills for the respiration of atmospheric oxygen. This specific adaptation to low oxygen levels affects reproduction that is controlled by the brain, which integrates different effects on reproduction mainly through two axes-the gonadotropic brain pituitary gonad axis (BPG) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic axis (HPS axis), including the interactions between them. This brain control reproduction of the Anabantoidei suborder summarizes information that has been published on the hormones involved in controlling the reproduction system of a model female blue gourami fish (Trichogaster trichopterus), including unpublished data. In the whole-brain transcriptome of blue gourami, 17 transcription genes change during vitellogenesis in the brain. The hormones involved in reproduction in blue gourami described in the present paper include: Kisspeptin 2 (Kiss 2) and its receptors 1 and 2 (KissR 1 and 2); gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1, 2 and 3 (GnRH1, 2 and 3); GnRH receptor; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its related peptide (PRP); somatolactin (SL); follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH); growth hormone (GH); prolactin (PRL), 17β-estradiol (E2); testosterone (T); vitellogenesis (VTL); and 17α,20β- dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20P). A proposed quality model is presented regarding the brain control oogenesis in blue gourami that has a Labyrinth organ about which relatively little information has been published. This paper summarizes the complex various factors involved in the interactions between external and internal elements affecting the brain of fish reproduction in the Anabantiform order. It is suggested to study in the future the involvement of receptors of hormones, pheromones, and genome changes in various organs belonging to the reproduction system during the reproduction cycles about which little is known.
PubMed: 32455783
DOI: 10.3390/biology9050109 -
General and Comparative Endocrinology Feb 2018Estrogens regulate various reproductive processes via estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling pathway in vertebrates. In this study, full-length sequences coding for...
Estrogens regulate various reproductive processes via estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling pathway in vertebrates. In this study, full-length sequences coding for ERα, ERβ1 and ERβ2 were isolated from female turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) by homology cloning and a strategy based on rapid amplification of cDNA end-polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of turbot ERs showed high homologies with the corresponding sequences of other fish species and significant homology with the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Turbot ERs contained six typical nuclear receptor-characteristic domains and exhibited high evolutionary conservation in the functional domains. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the erα and erβ (β1, β2) mRNAs were abundant in the liver and ovary, respectively. Furthermore, hepatic mRNA levels of erα and vitellogenin (vtg) were found increased gradually from pre-vitellogenesis to late-vitellogenesis stages, with the highest values observed at the late-vitellogenesis stage, and then decreased from migratory-nucleus to atresia stages. However, mRNA levels of erα in the ovary remained unchanged during ovarian development. Hepatosomatic index, gonadosomatic index, serum estradiol-17β and the mRNA levels of erβ1 and erβ2 in the ovary manifested results similar to the expression of erα mRNAs in the liver. These findings indicated that ERα is mainly involved in hepatic vitellogenesis, and ERβs may play crucial roles to regulate ovarian development in turbot. Overall, this study improves understanding of the physiological functions of turbot ERs, which will be valuable for fish reproduction and broodstock management.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Complementary; Estrogens; Female; Flatfishes; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Ovary; Phylogeny; RNA, Messenger; Receptors, Estrogen; Reproduction; Vitellogenins
PubMed: 28087301
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.003 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020Vitellogenesis in crustaceans is an energy-consuming process. Though the underlying mechanisms of ovarian maturation in decapod Crustacea are still unclear, evidence... (Review)
Review
Vitellogenesis in crustaceans is an energy-consuming process. Though the underlying mechanisms of ovarian maturation in decapod Crustacea are still unclear, evidence indicates the process to be regulated by antagonistically-acting inhibitory and stimulating factors specifically originating from X-organ/sinus gland (XO/SG) complex. Among the reported neuromediators, neuropeptides belonging to the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH)-family have been studied extensively. The structure and dynamics of inhibitory action of vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone (VIH) on vitellogenesis have been demonstrated in several species. Similarly, the stimulatory effects of other neuropeptides of the CHH-family on crustacean vitellogenesis have also been validated. Advancement in transcriptomic sequencing and comparative genome analysis has led to the discovery of a large number of neuromediators, peptides, and putative peptide receptors having pleiotropic and novel functions in decapod reproduction. Furthermore, differing research strategies have indicated that neurotransmitters and steroid hormones play an integrative role by stimulating neuropeptide secretion, thus demonstrating the complex intertwining of regulatory factors in reproduction. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the combinatorial effect of eyestalk hormones, neuromediators and other factors coordinate to regulate ovarian maturation remain elusive. These multifunctional substances are speculated to control ovarian maturation possibly via the autocrine/paracrine pathway by acting directly on the gonads or by indirectly exerting their stimulatory effects by triggering the release of a putative gonad stimulating factor from the thoracic ganglion. Acting through receptors, they possibly affect levels of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) and Ca in target tissues leading to the regulation of vitellogenesis. The "stimulatory paradox" effect of eyestalk ablation on ovarian maturation continues to be exploited in commercial aquaculture operations, and is outweighed by the detrimental physiological effects of this procedure. In this regard, the development of efficient alternatives to eyestalk ablation based on scientific knowledge is a necessity. In this article, we focus principally on the signaling pathways of positive neuromediators and other factors regulating crustacean reproduction, providing an overview of their proposed receptor-mediated stimulatory mechanisms, intracellular signaling, and probable interaction with other hormonal signals. Finally, we provide insight into future research directions on crustacean reproduction as well as potential applications of such research to aquaculture technology development.
Topics: Animals; Arthropod Proteins; Female; Invertebrate Hormones; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Oogenesis; Ovary; Penaeidae; Reproduction; Signal Transduction; Vitellogenesis
PubMed: 33123094
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.577925 -
Annual Review of Entomology Jan 2015Differential regulation at the level of transcription provides a means for controlling gene expression in eukaryotes, especially during development. Insect model systems... (Review)
Review
Differential regulation at the level of transcription provides a means for controlling gene expression in eukaryotes, especially during development. Insect model systems have been extensively used to decipher the molecular basis of such regulatory cascades, and one of the oldest such model systems is the regulation of chorion gene expression during ovarian follicle maturation. Recent experimental and technological advances have shed new light onto the system, allowing us to revisit it. Thus, in this review we try to summarize almost 40 years' worth of studies on chorion gene regulation while-by comparing Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster models-attempting to present a comprehensive, unified model of the various regulatory aspects of choriogenesis that takes into account the evolutionary conservation and divergence of the underlying mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Bombyx; Chorion; Drosophila melanogaster; Egg Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Insect Proteins; Pupa
PubMed: 25341099
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020810 -
Tissue & Cell Oct 2023Macrobrachium amazonicum is a species of economic interest with a wide distribution in the Americas and high morphological and reproductive variability. Three phenotypes...
Macrobrachium amazonicum is a species of economic interest with a wide distribution in the Americas and high morphological and reproductive variability. Three phenotypes can be observed in this species: i) large-size amphidromous, ii) large-size and iii) small-size hololimnetic prawns. In the present work, the morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural aspects of ovarian development in the three phenotypes were comparatively analyzed. In addition, the interaction between the ovary and the hepatopancreas was investigated in these phenotypes through the use of gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indices. Despite the morphological differences and different reproductive strategies adopted by the females, the macroscopic, histochemical and ultrastructural patterns of ovarian development showed no differences between the phenotypes. The ovaries were macroscopically classified into five stages of development (I to V). In early stages (I and II), the ovaries are full of oogonia, previtellogenic oocytes and oocytes in primary or endogenous vitellogenesis. At these stages, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) produces a granular electron-dense material and sends it to the Golgi apparatus, where it will be modified, compacted and transformed into immature yolk granules. From stage III, secondary or exogenous vitellogenesis begins (with no interruption of endogenous vitellogenesis), where follicular cells nourish the oocytes and extracellular material is absorbed by endocytic vesicles, which fuse with immature yolk granules (forming mature granules) or with existing mature yolk granules. In stages IV and V, secondary vitellogenesis continues and mature yolk granules progressively occupy the cytoplasm. In M. amazonicum, the patterns of increase in oocyte diameter are quite similar between phenotypes, being greater in the small-size phenotype. This is related to the formation of larger oocytes/eggs and the production of large lipid reserves for their larvae. Changes in GSI and HSI during ovarian development show strong similarity between phenotypes, supporting the results obtained by histology and ultrastructure. Females in stages III and IV mobilize hepatopancreas reserves for ovarian maturation, which justifies the higher HSI values recorded in these stages. On the other hand, females in stage V show higher GSI and lower HSI values, indicating a mobilization of resources for the end of ovarian development as the females are ready to spawn.
Topics: Animals; Female; Palaemonidae; Oocytes; Ovary; Oogonia; Phenotype
PubMed: 37499319
DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102166