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Global prevalence of prediabetes in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of Diabetes Jul 2022Prediabetes is a pivotal risk factor for developing diabetes. This meta-analysis was performed to assess the global prevalence of childhood prediabetes. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Prediabetes is a pivotal risk factor for developing diabetes. This meta-analysis was performed to assess the global prevalence of childhood prediabetes.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted for studies of prediabetes prevalence in the general pediatric population from inception until December 2021. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to combine the data. Variations in the prevalence estimates in different subgroups (age group, sex, setting, investigation period, body mass index [BMI] group, family history of diabetes, diagnosis criteria, World Health Organization [WHO] and World Bank [WB] regions) were examined by subgroup meta-analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 48 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence was 8.84% (95% CI, 6.74%-10.95%) for prediabetes in childhood. Subgroup meta-analyses showed that the prevalence was higher in males than females (8.98% vs 8.74%, P < .01), in older compared to younger children (7.56% vs. 2.51%, p < 0.01), in urban compared to rural areas (6.78% vs. 2.47, p < 0.01), and higher in children with a family history of diabetes than in those without such a history (7.59% vs. 6.80%, p < 0.01). We observed an upward trend in prediabetes prevalence from 0.93% to 10.66% over past decades (p < 0.01). The pooled prevalence increased from 7.64% to 14.27% with increased BMI (p < 0.01). Pooled prevalence was the lowest for criterion A among different diagnosis criteria (p < 0.01). For WHO and WB regions, the European Region and high-income countries yielded the lowest pooled prevalence (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
Elevated prediabetes prevalence in childhood reaches an alarming level. Intensive lifestyle modification is needed to improve the prediabetes epidemic.
Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Body Mass Index; Child; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Male; Prediabetic State; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35790502
DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13291 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023The Internet of Things is perhaps a concept that the world cannot be imagined without today, having become intertwined in our everyday lives in the domestic, corporate... (Review)
Review
The Internet of Things is perhaps a concept that the world cannot be imagined without today, having become intertwined in our everyday lives in the domestic, corporate and industrial spheres. However, irrespective of the convenience, ease and connectivity provided by the Internet of Things, the security issues and attacks faced by this technological framework are equally alarming and undeniable. In order to address these various security issues, researchers race against evolving technology, trends and attacker expertise. Though much work has been carried out on network security to date, it is still seen to be lagging in the field of Internet of Things networks. This study surveys the latest trends used in security measures for threat detection, primarily focusing on the machine learning and deep learning techniques applied to Internet of Things datasets. It aims to provide an overview of the IoT datasets available today, trends in machine learning and deep learning usage, and the efficiencies of these algorithms on a variety of relevant datasets. The results of this comprehensive survey can serve as a guide and resource for identifying the various datasets, experiments carried out and future research directions in this field.
PubMed: 37631728
DOI: 10.3390/s23167191 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Sep 2023Patients with Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exposed to traumatic reminders show hyperreactivity in brain areas (e.g., amygdala) belonging or related to the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Patients with Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exposed to traumatic reminders show hyperreactivity in brain areas (e.g., amygdala) belonging or related to the Innate Alarm System (IAS), allowing the rapid processing of salient stimuli. Evidence that IAS is activated by subliminal trauma-reminders could shed a new light on the factors precipitating and perpetuating PTSD symptomatology. Thus, we systematically reviewed studies investigating neuroimaging correlates of subliminal stimulation in PTSD. Twenty-three studies were selected from the MEDLINE and Scopus® databases for a qualitative synthesis, 5 of which allowed a further meta-analysis of fMRI data. The intensity of IAS responses to subliminal trauma-related reminders ranged from a minimum in healthy controls to a maximum in the PTSD patients with the most severe (e.g., dissociative) symptoms or the least responsiveness to treatment. Comparisons with other disorders (e.g., phobias) revealed contrasting results. Our findings demonstrate the hyperactivation of areas belonging or related to IAS in response to unconscious threats that should be integrated in diagnostic as well as in therapeutic protocols.
Topics: Humans; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Subliminal Stimulation; Brain; Amygdala; Brain Mapping; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37236272
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.047 -
Journal of Infection and Public Health Nov 2023Dengue fever is a zoonotic viral infection that raises a global alarm in the tropics and subtropics, with the potentially escalating into newer geographical regions....
BACKGROUND
Dengue fever is a zoonotic viral infection that raises a global alarm in the tropics and subtropics, with the potentially escalating into newer geographical regions. Severe dengue may be associated with fatal complications such as myocarditis. There is a paucity of available data on the prevalence of dengue-associated myocarditis. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the global prevalence of dengue-associated myocarditis.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted utilizing the Cochrane library, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Preprint servers such as arXiv, medRxiv, bioRxiv, BioRN, ChiRN, ChiRxiv, and SSRN as of November 25, 2022. All primary studies (case series, cross-sectional, retrospective, and prospective) that reported confirmed cases of dengue myocarditis were included. The I statistic test assessed the heterogenic characteristics and publication bias was evaluated using Doi plot and Egger regression tests.
RESULTS
A total of 12 studies conducted between 2007 and 2022 with 2795 laboratory-confirmed dengue patients were included. Of the included cases, 502 were positive for myocarditis, with a prevalence of 2.4-78%. The pooled prevalence of dengue-induced myocarditis in the studied population was 21.0% (95% CI, 9 - 38%). The prediction interval was estimated to be 0.00 - 0.81.
CONCLUSION
Myocarditis in dengue patients is a significant and understudied complication in many aspects. To prevent dengue-associated myocarditis, appropriate measures such as early detection of cases and signs, symptoms-based diagnosis via electrocardiography and echocardiography, as well as relevant vector control policies must be implemented.
PubMed: 37738692
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.08.005 -
Health Science Reports Jun 2023The annual incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is increasing at an alarming rate. The prognosis of EOCRC remains controversial, and whether the early...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The annual incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is increasing at an alarming rate. The prognosis of EOCRC remains controversial, and whether the early onset is a risk factor for colorectal cancer remains unclear.
METHODS
We searched four electronic bibliographic databases from database inception to April 25, 2022 for studies that included both early- and later-onset patients and performed a prognostic analysis. Random-effects models were used to summarize the prognostic information extracted by the investigators, including overall survival (OS), cancer-special survival (CSS), and disease-free survival (DFS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was used to compare patients' long-term prognoses in different age subgroups.
RESULTS
After 694 reports were screened, 13 studies were included in the final analysis, with a total of 448,781 CRC cases. In the meta-analysis of the 5-year OS, EOCRC had a better prognosis compared to LOCRC (hazard ratio [HR] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-0.99; relative risk [RR] 0.83, 95% CI, 0.78-0.89). No difference in prognosis was found between the two groups in terms of 5-year CSS (RR 0.99, 95% CI, 0.93-1.05), 5-year DFS (RR 0.90, 95% CI, 0.74-1.09), and short-term OS. In the NMA, patients aged <30 years had the worst outcome (surface under the cumulative ranking curve [SUCRA], 15.8%) in 5-year OS; consistent results were observed in the analysis of 5-year CSS (<30 years, SUCRA 4.5%), but the difference was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSION
Although patients with early-onset CRC had better OS than those with later-onset CRC, there was no difference in the CSS. Meanwhile, the trend for survival was worse in younger patients, especially in those ages 18-29 years. Thus, more attention should be paid to early diagnosis and treatment of EOCRC.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META‐ANALYSIS REGISTRATION
The systematic review and Meta-analysis protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022334697).
PubMed: 37313533
DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1307 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2023In light of the alarming results emerging from some studies and reports on the significant increase in aggressive online behaviors among children and adolescents during... (Review)
Review
In light of the alarming results emerging from some studies and reports on the significant increase in aggressive online behaviors among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, the current research aimed at providing a more detailed evaluation of the investigations focusing on the cyberbullying prevalence rates published between 2020 and 2023. To this purpose, systematic searches were conducted on four databases (Web of Science, APA PsycInfo, Scopus and Google Scholar), and following PRISMA guidelines, 16 studies were included and qualitatively reviewed. Although studies were characterized by a large variety in cyberbullying operationalization and measurement, and by different methodologies used for data collection, the prevalence rates of the involvement in cyberbullying and/or cybervictimization generally revealed opposite trends: an increase in many Asian countries and Australia and a decrease in Western countries. The findings were also discussed by considering the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, some suggestions were provided to policy makers for promoting prevention and intervention anti-cyberbullying programs in school contexts.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Child; Prevalence; Pandemics; Crime Victims; COVID-19; Cyberbullying; Bullying
PubMed: 37239552
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105825 -
Journal of International Society of... 2023This study aimed to assess the nature and prevalence of misconduct in self and nonself-reported biomedical research. (Review)
Review
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to assess the nature and prevalence of misconduct in self and nonself-reported biomedical research.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A detailed review of previously conducted studies was conducted through PubMed Central, PubMed, and Google Scholar using MeSH terms: "scientific misconduct," "Publications," "plagiarism," and "authorship," and keywords: scientific misconduct, gift authorship, ghost authorship, and duplicate publication. MeSH terms and keywords were searched in combinations using Boolean operators "AND" and "OR." Of 7771 articles that appeared in the search, 107 were selected for inspection. The articles were screened for their quality and inclusion criteria. Finally, 16 articles were selected for meta-analysis. Data analysis was conducted using an Open-Source, Open Meta Analyst, statistical software using the package "metaphor."
RESULTS
Plagiarism, data fabrication, and falsification were prevalent in most articles reviewed. The prevalence of research misconduct for plagiarism was 4.2% for self-reported and 27.9% for nonself-reported studies. Data fabrication was 4.5% in self-reported and 21.7% in nonself-reported studies. Data falsification was 9.7% in self-reported and 33.4% in nonself-reported studies, with significant heterogeneity.
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis gives a pooled estimate of the misconduct in research done in biomedical fields such as medicine, dental, pharmacy, and others across the world. We found that there is an alarming rate of misconduct in recent nonself-reported studies, and they were higher than that in the self-reported studies.
PubMed: 37566729
DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_220_22 -
Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 2022Dengue virus (DENV) is an RNA virus that infects approximately 2.5 billion people around the world. The incidence of dengue fever has rapidly increased at an alarming... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES
Dengue virus (DENV) is an RNA virus that infects approximately 2.5 billion people around the world. The incidence of dengue fever has rapidly increased at an alarming rate in the last few years and has affected thousands of people in Pakistan. This review explores the prevalence, serotypes and pathogenesis of dengue virus circulating in Pakistan.
METHODS
A systematic review of observational studies published between 1994 and December 2019 was performed. All records of the confirmed outbreak of dengue fever in Pakistan were reviewed and articles containing no primary data were excluded.
RESULTS
Four identified serotypes of dengue virus (DENV 1-4) circulate in different regions of the world causing epidemics. The most prevalent serotype, which is still epidemic and dominant in Pakistan, is DENV-2. Many factors like over-population, rapid urbanization, travelling, lack of vector control in dengue endemic areas and inadequate health-care are responsible of dynamic and huge raise of dengue in Pakistan.
INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION
Currently there is no specific treatment for prevention of dengue virus. Recently some antiviral compounds were being tested to eradicate this disease. There is a need to develop an efficient and safe vaccine for all four serotypes to combat dengue viral infection globally and particularly in Pakistan.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Dengue; Dengue Virus; Humans; Pakistan; Serogroup
PubMed: 36124476
DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.331412 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Dec 2023The rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta lactamase-resistant (ESBL) Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an important global... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta lactamase-resistant (ESBL) Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an important global public health challenge. This threat is even more pertinent in clinical settings. Morbidity and mortality associated with this condition are alarming particularly in the developing regions of the world. A comprehensive evaluation of the epidemiology of this phenomenon will assist towards the global effort of reducing its burden. So, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the epidemiology of MDR K. pneumoniae in South-Eastern Asia (SEA). The study was done under the PRISMA guidelines and was preceded by the development of a priori protocol. The protocol was then registered in PROSPERO-the public registry for systematic reviews. Seven important outcomes which include the assessment of the overall MDR K. pneumoniae prevalence were designed to be evaluated. A literature search was carried out in five selected electronic databases and 4389 were screened. Of these articles, 21 studies that met the eligibility criteria were included in the review. Relevant data were extracted from the included studies. By conducting a quality effect meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence for MDR and ESBL K. pneumoniae in SEA was estimated at 55% (CI 9-96) and 27% (CI 32-100) respectively. The review also identified ESBL genes types of allodemic situations occurring mostly in respiratory tract infections. The high prevalence of MDR and ESBL K. pneumoniae in this subregion is highly significant and of both public health and clinical relevance. Overall, the findings of this review will assist in the effective prevention and control of this threat in SEA.
Topics: Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Klebsiella Infections; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Asia, Eastern
PubMed: 38062531
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01346-5 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2023The rate of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections globally is alarming. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the quality of life among this group... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The rate of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections globally is alarming. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the quality of life among this group of patients, ARTs are associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Moreover, virally suppressed patients still experience immune activation associated with HIV migration from reservoir sites. Statins are widely recommended as therapeutic agents to control ART-related CVD; however, their impacts on the cluster of differentiation (CD)4 count and viral load are inconsistent. To assess the effect of statins on markers of HIV infections, immune activation and cholesterol, we thoroughly reviewed evidence from randomised controlled trials. We found 20 relevant trials from three databases with 1802 people living with HIV (PLHIV) on statin-placebo treatment. Our evidence showed no significant effect on CD4 T-cell count standardised mean difference (SMD): (-0.59, 95% confidence intervals (CI): (-1.38, 0.19), = 0.14) following statin intervention in PLHIV on ART. We also found no significant difference in baseline CD4 T-cell count (SD: (-0.01, 95%CI: (-0.25, 0.23), = 0.95). Our findings revealed no significant association between statins and risk of viral rebound in PLHIV with undetectable viral load risk ratio (RR): (1.01, 95% CI: (0.98, 1.04), = 0.65). Additionally, we found a significant increase in CD8CD38HLA-DR T-cells (SMD (1.10, 95% CI: (0.93, 1.28), < 0.00001) and CD4CD38HLA-DR T-cells (SMD (0.92, 95% CI: (0.32, 1.52), = 0.003). Finally, compared to placebo, statins significantly reduced total cholesterol (SMD: (-2.87, 95% CI: (-4.08, -1.65), < 0.0001)). Our results suggest that the statin lipid-lowering effect in PLHIV on ART may elevate immune activation without influencing the viral load and CD4 count. However, due to the limited evidence synthesised in this meta-analysis, we recommend that future powered trials with sufficient sample sizes evaluate statins' effect on CD4 count and viral load, especially in virally suppressed patients.
Topics: Humans; HIV Infections; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Quality of Life; HIV-1; HLA-DR Antigens; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Viral Load
PubMed: 37174188
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095668