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PloS One 2023This study carried out a systematic literature review of economic evaluations of varicella vaccination programmes from the earliest publication to the present day,...
OBJECTIVES
This study carried out a systematic literature review of economic evaluations of varicella vaccination programmes from the earliest publication to the present day, including programmes in the workplace and in special risk groups as well as universal childhood vaccination and catch up programmes.
METHODS
Articles published from 1985 until 2022 were sourced from PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, NHSEED and Econlit. Eligible economic evaluations, which included posters and conference abstracts, were identified by two reviewers who scrutinised each other's selections at both title and abstract and full report stages. The studies are described in terms of their methodological characteristics. Their results are aggregated by type of vaccination programme and the nature of the economic outcome.
RESULTS
A total of 2575 articles were identified of which 79 qualified as economic evaluations. A total of 55 studies focused on universal childhood vaccination, 10 on the workplace and 14 on high risk groups. Twenty-seven studies reported estimates of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained, 16 reported benefit-cost ratios, 20 reported cost-effectiveness outcomes in terms of incremental cost per event or life saved and 16 reported cost-cost offset results. Most studies of universal childhood vaccination reported an increase in overall costs to health services, but often a reduction in cost from a societal perspective.
CONCLUSIONS
The evidence surrounding the cost-effectiveness of varicella vaccination programmes remains sparse with contrasting conclusions in some areas. Future research should particularly aim to encompass the impact of universal childhood vaccination programmes on herpes zoster among adults.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Chickenpox; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Herpes Zoster; Vaccination; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Quality-Adjusted Life Years
PubMed: 36972249
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282327 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jan 2016The 1980's economic boom has been associated with a rapid expansion of China's sex industry over the past three decades. Consequently, the spread of sexually transmitted... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The 1980's economic boom has been associated with a rapid expansion of China's sex industry over the past three decades. Consequently, the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and hepatitis infections among female sex workers (FSW) has become an important public health issue in China. This study identifies prevalence and risks of hepatitis and STIs in Chinese FSWs.
METHOD
Four electronic databases were searched for Chinese and English language peer-reviewed studies conducted between 01/2000-12/2011 that reported prevalence of hepatitis and STIs (excluding HIV) among Chinese FSW. Following the PRISMA guidelines, meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals for each infection.
RESULT
Three hundred and thirty nine articles (34 in English and 305 in Chinese) investigating 603,647 FSWs in 29 Chinese provinces were included in this review. Over the period 2000-2011, the seroprevalence of active hepatitis B and hepatitis C among FSW were 10.7% (7.3-15.5%) and 1.0% (0.7-1.3%), respectively. The most prevalent STI was human papillomavirus (HPV, 27.0% [10.1-55.1%]), followed by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2, 15.8% [11.7-20.9%]), chlamydia (13.7% [12.1-15.4%]), gonorrhoea (6.1% [5.3-7.0%]), syphilis (5.2% [4.8-5.7%]), genital warts (3.3% [2.5-4.2%]) and Trichomonas vaginitis (2.1% [1.5-24.2%]). Disease burden of both hepatitis and STI among FSW were concentrated in South Central and Southwest China. In particular, chlamydia and syphilis demonstrated a significant declining trend during the studied period (P < 0.05). Compared with the general Chinese population, FSW had significantly higher prevalence of all STIs except Trichomonas vaginitis. Further, compared to the general FSW population, HIV-positive FSW had significantly higher prevalence of syphilis, chlamydia, HSV-2 and Trichomonas vaginitis.
CONCLUSION
Prevalence of hepatitis and STIs remained high and mostly stable among Chinese FSW over the period of 2000-2011. Targeted STI and hepatitis surveillance and interventions should be strengthened among Chinese FSWs, especially those who are HIV-positive.
Topics: Adult; China; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Gonorrhea; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Sex Workers; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Syphilis; Trichomonas Vaginitis
PubMed: 26732281
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1322-0 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023The objective of this study was to characterize herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) epidemiology in Canada. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The objective of this study was to characterize herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) epidemiology in Canada.
METHODS
HSV-1 publications as recent as December 6, 2021 were systematically reviewed, synthesized, and reported following PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were conducted.
RESULTS
HSV-1 measures were extracted from 22 studies and included 32 overall seroprevalence measures (79 stratified), 2 overall proportions of HSV-1 detection in clinically diagnosed genital ulcer disease (2 stratified), and 8 overall proportions of HSV-1 detection in laboratory-confirmed genital herpes (27 stratified). Pooled mean seroprevalence was 19.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.6-26.4%] among healthy children and 51.4% (95% CI: 47.3-55.5%) among healthy adults. Pooled mean seroprevalence among healthy general populations increased with age, with the lowest being 35.7% (95% CI: 29.1-42.6%) among individuals <20 years of age, and the highest being 70.0% (95% CI: 54.8-83.2) among individuals ≥40 years. Seroprevalence increased by 1.02-fold (95% CI: 1.01-1.04) per year. Pooled mean proportion of HSV-1 detection in genital ulcer disease was 30.8% (95% CI: 12.6-52.8%). Pooled mean proportion of HSV-1 detection in genital herpes was 37.4% (95% CI: 29.5-45.6%) and was highest in women and in young persons. Proportion of HSV-1 detection in genital herpes increased by 1.04-fold (95% CI: 1.00-1.08) per year.
CONCLUSIONS
HSV-1 epidemiology in Canada appears to be shifting toward less oral acquisition in childhood and more genital acquisition in adulthood, particularly among youth. Both HSV-1 seroprevalence and proportion of HSV-1 detection in genital herpes are increasing with time.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Humans; Young Adult; Canada; Herpes Genitalis; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Peptic Ulcer; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Ulcer
PubMed: 37521995
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1118249 -
Epidemiology and Infection Feb 2023Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is a lifelong infection that is acquired primarily orally and during childhood. We aimed to characterise HSV-1 epidemiology... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is a lifelong infection that is acquired primarily orally and during childhood. We aimed to characterise HSV-1 epidemiology in Australia and New Zealand. HSV-1-related data as recent as 6 December 2021 were systematically reviewed, synthesised and reported, following PRISMA guidelines. Pooled mean seroprevalence and proportions of HSV-1 detection in genital ulcer disease (GUD) and in genital herpes were calculated using random-effects meta-analyses. Meta-regressions were also conducted. HSV-1 measures were retrieved from 21 eligible publications. Extracted HSV-1 measures included 13 overall seroprevalence measures (27 stratified) in Australia, four overall proportions of HSV-1 detection in clinically diagnosed GUD (four stratified) in Australia, and ten overall proportions of HSV-1 detection in laboratory-confirmed genital herpes (26 stratified) in Australia and New Zealand. Pooled mean seroprevalence among healthy adults in Australia was 84.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 74.3-93.1%). Pooled mean seroprevalence was 70.2% (95% CI 47.4-88.7%) among individuals <35 years of age and 86.9% (95% CI 79.3-93.0%) among individuals ≥35 years. Seroprevalence increased by 1.05-fold (95% CI 1.01-1.10) per year. Pooled mean proportion of HSV-1 detection in GUD was 8.2% (95% CI 0.4-22.9%). Pooled mean proportion of HSV-1 detection in genital herpes was 30.5% (95% CI 23.3-38.3%), and was highest in young individuals. Proportion of HSV-1 detection in genital herpes increased by 1.04-fold (95% CI 1.00-1.08) per year. Included studies showed heterogeneity, but 30% of the heterogeneity in seroprevalence and 42% of the heterogeneity in proportion of HSV-1 detection in genital herpes were explained in terms of epidemiological factors. HSV-1 seroprevalence is higher in Australia than in other Western countries. HSV-1 epidemiology in Australia and New Zealand appears to be transitioning towards less oral acquisition in childhood, but more genital acquisition among youth.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Australia; Herpes Genitalis; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human; New Zealand; Seroepidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 36750224
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268823000183 -
Sexually Transmitted Infections Nov 2021To characterise epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in Latin America and the Caribbean. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To characterise epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in Latin America and the Caribbean.
METHODS
HSV-2 reports were systematically reviewed and synthesised, and findings were reported following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Meta-analyses and metaregressions were conducted.
FINDING
102 relevant reports were identified including 13 overall incidence measures, 163 overall (and 402 stratified) seroprevalence measures, and 7 and 10 proportions of virus detection in genital ulcer disease and in genital herpes, respectively. Pooled mean seroprevalence was 20.6% (95% CI 18.7% to 22.5%) in general populations, 33.3% (95% CI 26.0% to 41.0%) in intermediate-risk populations, 74.8% (95% CI 70.6% to 78.8%) in female sex workers, and 54.6% (95% CI 47.4% to 61.7%) in male sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender people. In general populations, seroprevalence increased from 9.6% (95% CI 7.1% to 12.4%) in those aged <20 years to 17.9% (95% CI 13.6% to 22.5%) in those aged 20-30, 27.6% (95% CI 21.4% to 34.2%) in those aged 30-40 and 38.4% (95% CI 32.8% to 44.2%) in those aged >40. Compared with women, men had lower seroprevalence with an adjusted risk ratio (ARR) of 0.68 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.76). Seroprevalence declined by 2% per year over the last three decades (ARR of 0.98, 95% CI 0.97 to 0.99). Pooled mean proportions of HSV-2 detection in GUD and genital herpes were 41.4% (95% CI 18.9% to 67.0%) and 91.1% (95% CI 82.7% to 97.2%), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
One in five adults is HSV-2 infected, a higher level than other world regions, but seroprevalence is declining. Despite this decline, HSV-2 persists as the aetiological cause of nearly half of GUD cases and almost all of genital herpes cases.
Topics: Caribbean Region; Female; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Latin America; Male; Odds Ratio; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Sex Workers; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 34088792
DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2021-054972 -
BMJ Open Jan 2022Little is known about the economic burden of herpes simplex virus (HSV) across countries. This article aims to summarise existing evidence on estimates of costs and...
OBJECTIVES
Little is known about the economic burden of herpes simplex virus (HSV) across countries. This article aims to summarise existing evidence on estimates of costs and healthcare resource utilisation associated with genital and neonatal HSV infection.
DESIGN
Systematic literature review.
DATA SOURCES
Seven databases were searched from inception to 31 August 2020. A focused search was performed to supplement the results.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Studies which reported either healthcare resource utilisation or costs associated with HSV-related healthcare, including screening, diagnosis and treatment of genital HSV infection and neonatal herpes prevention and treatment.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Larg and Moss's checklist. All data were summarised narratively.
RESULTS
Out of 11 443 articles, 38 were included. Most studies (35/38, 94.6%) were conducted in high-income countries, primarily the United States, and were more often related to the prevention or management of neonatal herpes (n=21) than HSV genital ulcer disease (n=17). Most analyses were conducted before 2010. There was substantial heterogeneity in the reporting of HSV-related healthcare resource utilisation, with 74%-93% individuals who sought care for HSV, 11.6%-68.4% individuals who received care, while neonates with herpes required a median of 6-34 hospitalisation days. The costs reported were similarly heterogeneous, with wide variation in methodology, assumptions and outcome measures between studies. Cost for screening ranged from US$7-100, treatment ranged from US$0.53-35 for an episodic therapy, US$240-2580 yearly for suppressive therapy, while hospitalisation for neonatal care ranged from US$5321-32 683.
CONCLUSIONS
A paucity of evidence exists on healthcare resource utilisation and costs associated with HSV infection, especially among low-income and middle-income countries. Future research is needed on costs and healthcare utilisation patterns to improve overall understanding of the global economic burden of HSV.
Topics: Female; Herpes Genitalis; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Simplexvirus
PubMed: 34983754
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049618 -
AIDS (London, England) Jun 2018Our objective was to assess the population-level association between herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and HIV prevalence. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Our objective was to assess the population-level association between herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and HIV prevalence.
METHODS
Reports of HSV-2 and HIV prevalence were systematically reviewed and synthesized following PRISMA guidelines. Spearman rank correlation ((Equation is included in full-text article.)) was used to assess correlations. Risk ratios (RRHSV-2/HIV) and odds ratios (ORHSV-2/HIV) were used to assess HSV-2/HIV epidemiologic overlap. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analyses were conducted.
RESULTS
In total, 939 matched HSV-2/HIV prevalence measures were identified from 77 countries. HSV-2 prevalence was consistently higher than HIV prevalence. Strong HSV-2/HIV prevalence association was found for all data ((Equation is included in full-text article.) = 0.6, P < 0.001), all data excluding people who inject drugs (PWID) and children ((Equation is included in full-text article.) = 0.7, P < 0.001), female sex workers ((Equation is included in full-text article.) = 0.5, P < 0.001), and MSM ((Equation is included in full-text article.) = 0.7, P < 0.001). No association was found for PWID ((Equation is included in full-text article.) = 0.2, P = 0.222) and children ((Equation is included in full-text article.) = 0.3, P = 0.082). A threshold effect was apparent where HIV prevalence was limited at HSV-2 prevalence less than 20%, but grew steadily with HSV-2 prevalence for HSV-2 prevalence greater than 20%. The overall pooled mean RRHSV-2/HIV was 5.0 (95% CI 4.7-5.3) and ORHSV-2/HIV was 9.0 (95% CI 8.4-9.7). The RRHSV-2/HIV and ORHSV-2/HIV showed similar patterns that conveyed inferences about HSV-2 and HIV epidemiology.
CONCLUSION
HSV-2 and HIV prevalence are strongly associated. HSV-2 prevalence can be used as a proxy 'biomarker' of HIV epidemic potential, acting as a 'temperature scale' of the intensity of sexual risk behavior that drive HIV transmission. HSV-2 prevalence can be used to identify populations and/or sexual networks at high-risk of future HIV expansion, and help prioritization, optimization, and resource allocation of cost-effective prevention interventions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Female; HIV; HIV Infections; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Young Adult
PubMed: 29794495
DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001828 -
Sexually Transmitted Infections Dec 2017Reducing HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is critical to ending the HIV pandemic. Reports suggest that herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), a common coinfection in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Reducing HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is critical to ending the HIV pandemic. Reports suggest that herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), a common coinfection in HIV-infected individuals, is associated with increased MTCT, but results have been conflicting. We conducted a systematic review of observational studies to quantify the magnitude of this relationship (PROSPERO no. CRD42016043315).
METHODS
We searched Medline (1981 to June week 3, 2016), EMBASE (1981 to week 26, 2016), relevant conferences (2013-2016) and bibliographies of identified studies for cohort and case-control studies enrolling HIV-positive women during pregnancy or peripartum that quantified the effect of HSV-2 infection on MTCT. The primary outcome was the risk of perinatal HIV transmission associated with maternal HSV-2 status. Risk of bias was evaluated using a standardised tool, and results were meta-analysed where appropriate using a random-effects model, with studies weighted using the inverse variance method.
RESULTS
From 2103 hits, 112 studies were considered for inclusion, and 10 were ultimately included. Of the included studies, three used a case-control design, three were retrospective cohorts and four were prospective cohorts. Risk of bias was low in three studies, moderate in six and high in one. The median sample size was 278.5 mother-infant pairs (range: 48-1513). The most common strategy for classifying maternal HSV-2 status was type-specific serology (n=6), followed by genital shedding (n=3) or genital culture (n=3), clinical diagnosis of herpes (n=2) or genital ulcer disease (n=1). Results from five studies that provided quantitative estimates of the association between HSV-2 seropositivity and MTCT were meta-analysed, yielding a pooled unadjusted OR=1.17 (95% CI=0.69 to 1.96, I=58%). Three of these studies further considered key confounding variables, specifically antiretroviral use and/or viral load (n=3), and mode of delivery (n=2), yielding a pooled adjusted OR=1.57 (95% CI=1.17 to 2.11, I=0).
CONCLUSIONS
Maternal HSV-2 coinfection appears to be associated with increased perinatal HIV transmission. Further study of the effect of HSV-2 treatment on MTCT is warranted.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Coinfection; Female; HIV Infections; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Observational Studies as Topic; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Viral Load
PubMed: 28600331
DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-052921 -
International Journal of Dermatology Sep 2022Although there is literature reporting correlations between varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections and COVID-19, insufficient evidence exists in this regard. This... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Although there is literature reporting correlations between varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections and COVID-19, insufficient evidence exists in this regard. This scoping review aims to identify the existing evidence regarding clinical characteristics of primary VZV infection or reactivation in COVID-19.
METHODS
Following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for all peer-reviewed articles with relevant keywords including "Zoster," "Herpes," and "COVID-19" from their inception to November 20, 2021.
RESULTS
A total of 19 articles with three observational studies and 16 case reports or series were included. Primary VZV infections or reactivation were observed in 25 patients. Forty-eight percent of the patients had disseminated VZV infection. The median time of VZV-related rash after the onset of respiratory symptoms was 7.0 days (interquartile range: 0-18.8). Those with COVID-19 and primary VZV infection or reactivation had low lymphocyte counts with a median of 0.67 × 10 /μl.
CONCLUSION
This scoping review identified uncertainty and a lack of strong evidence to see the association between primary VZV infection or reactivation and COVID-19. However, those with COVID-19 may be more likely to have disseminated VZV, which poses an additional challenge from an infection prevention standpoint. Future studies are warranted to determine the association between primary VZV infection or reactivation and long-term consequences related to COVID-19.
Topics: COVID-19; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans
PubMed: 35503921
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16221 -
Pathogens and Global Health Jul 2019A source of comprehensive information on the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) can help researchers and policymakers address HSV related... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
A source of comprehensive information on the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) can help researchers and policymakers address HSV related burden in the society. At the moment, this is not readily available. This study aims to fill this gap by attempting to estimate the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections in Nigeria on the basis of published data. A systematic review and meta-analysis including cross-sectional studies on HSV-1 and HSV-2 in Nigeria was conducted. Electronic databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, African Journals Online (AJOL), ScienceDirect, WHO-Afro Library, WHO-IRIS and African Index Medicus were searched for English Language publications on HSV-1 and HSV-2. Seven relevant publications were identified. Seroprevalence measures of 3 and 23 for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively, were extracted. The pooled mean seroprevalences for HSV-1 and HSV-2 were 74.0% (37.4-99.4%) and 63.4% (56.1-70.4%) respectively. The mean seroprevalence of HSV-1 was higher among females, 82.4% (n = 509, CI, 36.6-100.0%), than males, 54.5% (n = 198, CI, 47.6-61.4%). The mean seroprevalence of HSV-2 were 51.8% (n = 1414, CI: 39.4-64.0%) and 86.5% (n = 162, CI: 80.8-91.3%) among healthy and clinical populations, respectively. The study was limited by the paucity of quality studies, variations in diagnostic methods and high heterogeneity in seroprevalence estimates. In conclusion, the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 remain high in Nigeria. Large and representative national epidemiological surveys covering all regions and specific groups are recommended.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Female; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Sex Factors
PubMed: 31645218
DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1678938