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The Journal of Forensic... Dec 2017In human identification sex estimation plays an important role in the search for ante-mortem data. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In human identification sex estimation plays an important role in the search for ante-mortem data.
AIM
To systematically review studies describing and testing/validating methods of odontological sex estimation. The set research question was: What odontological sex estimation method is the most accurate?
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An electronic search until November 29th 2016 was performed in 5 databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, SciELO, LILACS and Grey literature. The PRISMA guidelines were used. Studies were assessed and included based on the reported data. In particular data criteria were set regarding the considered population, sample size, age range, sex estimation method, type of statistical analysis and study outcome. The extracted data enabled to classify the included studies. Meta-analysis was used to compare the study outcomes per obtained study group.
RESULTS
The established search string detected 4720 studies. 103 were considered eligible after review of title, abstract and full-text. The odontological sex estimation methods were classified based on dental metric and non-metric measurements (n=65), cephalometric analysis (n=13), frontal and maxillary sinuses (n=5), cheiloscopy (n=4), palatal features (n=3) and biochemical analysis of teeth (n=13). Teeth measurements for sex estimation were mainly performed on casts (n=34), followed by skeletal remains (n=13), medical imaging (n=5), intraoral measurements/ photography (n=4), and cascades of the above (n=4).
CONCLUSION
The variety of published odontological sex estimation methods highlights the importance of sex estimation in human identification. Biochemical analysis of teeth proved to be the most accurate method, but in forensic practice, a need to select the most appropriate evidence based odontological sex estimation method exists.
Topics: Cephalometry; Forensic Dentistry; Humans; Radiography, Dental; Sex Characteristics; Tooth
PubMed: 29384732
DOI: No ID Found -
Systematic Reviews Jul 2023A limited number of studies have directly examined the effect of whole eggs on body weight and composition in adults, and they have led to inconsistent results. This... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
A limited number of studies have directly examined the effect of whole eggs on body weight and composition in adults, and they have led to inconsistent results. This study aimed to summarize the evidence on the effect of whole egg consumption on body weight and body composition in adults from clinical trials.
METHODS
Online databases were searched from inception to April 2023 for clinical trials that directly or indirectly assessed the effect of whole eggs consumption on anthropometric measures including body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fat-free mass (FFM) in adults. A random effects model was used for meta-analysis.
RESULTS
In total, 32 controlled clinical trials were included in the systematic review. The analyses revealed that whole egg consumption has no significant effect on body weight (n = 22), BMI (n = 13), WC (n = 10), and FFM (n = 4, P > 0.05). The subgroup analyses showed that whole egg consumption has an increasing effect on body weight and BMI in studies that lasted more than 12 weeks and in unhealthy participants (P < 0.05). A significant increasing effect on BMI was found in studies that the control group did not receive any egg (P < 0.05). Moreover, in studies that there was no significant difference in energy intake between the intervention and control groups, weight, and WC were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Additionally, in studies that participants in the control group received another food or supplement, studies with calorie restriction, and studies on healthy subjects, whole egg intake significantly decreased BMI (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Although whole egg consumption had no adverse effect on body composition and body weight, in overall, it might increase body weight in long term. Egg consumption beneficially affects BMI in healthy people and during weight loss diet.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
This systematic review and meta-analysis is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, Registration number: CRD42022308045).
Topics: Humans; Adult; Body Weight; Body Mass Index; Body Composition; Energy Intake; Dietary Supplements; Waist Circumference
PubMed: 37461099
DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02277-3 -
Bioscience Reports Jun 2017To systematically and quantitatively review the relation of abdominal obesity, as measured by waist circumference (WC) and waist to hip ratio (WHR), to total... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
To systematically and quantitatively review the relation of abdominal obesity, as measured by waist circumference (WC) and waist to hip ratio (WHR), to total gastroesophageal cancer, gastric cancer (GC), and esophageal cancer. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for studies assessing the association between abdominal obesity and gastroesophageal cancer (GC and/or esophageal cancer) up to August 2016. A random-effect model was used to calculate the summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Seven prospective cohort studies - one publication included two separate cohorts - from six publications were included in the final analysis. A total of 2130 gastroesophageal cancer cases diagnosed amongst 913182 participants. Higher WC and WHR were significantly associated with increased risk of total gastroesophageal cancer (WC: RR 1.68, 95% CI: 1.38, 2.04; WHR: RR 1.49, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.88), GC (WC: RR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.78; WHR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.70), and esophageal cancer (WC: RR 2.06, 95% CI: 1.30, 3.24; WHR: RR 1.99, 95% CI: 1.05, 3.75).Findings from our subgroup analyses showed non-significant positive associations between gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma (GNCA) and both measures of abdominal adiposity, while gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) was positively associated with WC but not with WHR. On analysis restricted to studies that adjusted for body mass index (BMI), WC was positively associated with GC and esophageal cancer, whereas WHR was positively associated with risk of GC only. Although limited, the findings from our meta-analysis suggest the potential role of abdominal obesity in the etiology of gastric and esophageal cancers.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagogastric Junction; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity, Abdominal; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Stomach Neoplasms; Waist Circumference; Waist-Hip Ratio
PubMed: 28336766
DOI: 10.1042/BSR20160474 -
The Journal of International Medical... Jan 2022This meta-analysis evaluated the association between the mean platelet volume (MPV) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
This meta-analysis evaluated the association between the mean platelet volume (MPV) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
METHODS
A systematic literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases until June 2021 was conducted. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined using a random effects model.
RESULTS
Ten studies involving 866 women with PCOS and 548 age- and body mass index-matched women without PCOS were included. The MPV was significantly increased in women with PCOS compared with non-PCOS women (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.13-0.72). Subgroup analyses showed that this trend was consistent in cross-sectional studies (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.03-0.86) and in Turkish women (SMD = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.13-0.79). Meta-regression analysis revealed a marginally positive correlation between the MPV and the homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in women with PCOS. The sensitivity analysis showed that the effect estimate was robust and stable, and publication bias was not evidenced in the pooled analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis revealed that women with PCOS have a significantly increased MPV than women without PCOS, which is probably associated with insulin resistance.INPLASY registration number: INPLASY2021100021.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Mean Platelet Volume; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
PubMed: 34986678
DOI: 10.1177/03000605211067316 -
The Lancet. Global Health Mar 2023Considering the biological variation across subgroups during periods of growth, the role of non-nutritive sweeteners in weight-related outcomes among children and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on the BMI of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies.
BACKGROUND
Considering the biological variation across subgroups during periods of growth, the role of non-nutritive sweeteners in weight-related outcomes among children and adolescents is unclear. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarise the evidence on experimental and habitual consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners and prospective changes in BMI in paediatric populations.
METHODS
We searched eligible (ie, lasting a minimum of 4 weeks) randomised controlled trials of the effect of non-nutritive sweeteners versus non-caloric or caloric comparators on BMI change and prospective cohort studies reporting multivariable-adjusted coefficients for non-nutritive sweetener intake and BMI in children (aged 2-9 years) and adolescents (aged 10-24 years). We generated pooled estimates using random effects meta-analysis and did secondary stratified analyses to explore heterogeneity by study-level and subgroup characteristics. We further evaluated the quality of the included evidence and classified industry-funded studies, or those whose authors were related to the food industry, as having potential conflicts of interest.
FINDINGS
From 2789 results, we included five randomised controlled trials (n=1498 participants; median follow-up 19·0 weeks [IQR 13·0-37·5]); three [60%] with potential conflicts of interest), and eight prospective cohort studies (n=35 340 participants; median follow-up 2·5 years [IQR 1·7-6·3]; two [25%] with potential conflicts of interest). Random allocation to intake of non-nutritive sweeteners (25-2400 mg/day, from food and beverages) suggested less BMI gain (standardised mean difference -0·42 kg/m [95% CI -0·79 to -0·06]; I=89%) compared with intake of sugar from food and beverages. Stratified estimates were significant only in adolescents, participants with obesity at baseline, consumers of a mixture of non-nutritive sweeteners, longer trials, and trials not found to have potential conflicts of interest. No randomised controlled trials tested beverages containing non-nutritive sweeteners versus water. Prospective cohorts reported a non-significant association between consumption of beverages containing non-nutritive sweeteners and BMI gain (0·05 kg/m [95% CI -0·02 to 0·12]; I=67%; per daily serving of 355 mL), which was accentuated for adolescents, boys, and cohorts with longer follow-ups. Removing studies with potential conflicts of interest attenuated the estimates. Evidence was predominantly classified as of low to moderate quality.
INTERPRETATION
Intake of non-nutritive sweeteners versus sugar in randomised controlled trials resulted in less BMI gain in adolescents and participants with obesity. Better designed studies should contrast beverages containing non-nutritive sweeteners with water. Long-term prospective analyses with changes in repeated measures might clarify the effect of intake of non-nutritive sweeteners on BMI changes in childhood and adolescence.
FUNDING
None.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adolescent; Child; Non-Nutritive Sweeteners; Prospective Studies; Body Mass Index; Obesity; Sugars
PubMed: 36866485
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00093-1 -
BMJ Open Dec 2023The relevance of measures of general and central adiposity for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks in populations of European descent is well established. However, it is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The relevance of measures of general and central adiposity for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks in populations of European descent is well established. However, it is less well characterised in South Asian populations, who characteristically manifest larger waist circumferences (WC) for equivalent body mass index (BMI). This systematic review and meta-analysis provide an overview of the literature on the association of different anthropometric measures with CVD risk among South Asians.
METHODOLOGY
MEDLINE and Embase were searched from 1990 to the present for studies in South Asian populations investigating associations of two or more adiposity measures with CVD. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted on the associations of BMI, WC and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with blood pressure, hypertension and CVD. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
RESULTS
Titles and abstracts were screened for 7327 studies, yielding 147 full-text reviews. The final sample (n=30) included 2 prospective, 5 case-control and 23 cross-sectional studies. Studies reported generally higher risks of hypertension and CVD at higher adiposity levels. The pooled mean difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP) per 5 kg/m higher BMI was 3 mmHg (2.90 (95% CI 1.30 to 4.50)) and 6 mmHg (6.31 (95% CI 4.81 to 7.81) per 13 cm larger WC. The odds ratio (OR) of hypertension per 5 kg/m higher BMI was 1.33 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.51), 1.45 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.98) per 13 cm larger WC and 1.22 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.41) per 0.1-unit larger WHR. Pooled risk of CVD for BMI-defined overweight versus healthy-weight was 1.65 (95% CI 1.55 to 1.75) and 1.48 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.80) and 2.51 (95% CI 0.94 to 6.69) for normal versus large WC and WHR, respectively. Study quality was average with significant heterogeneity.
CONCLUSIONS
Measures of both general and central adiposity had similar, strong positive associations with the risk of CVD in South Asians. Larger prospective studies are required to clarify which measures of body composition are more informative for targeted CVD primary prevention in this population.
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Adiposity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Hypertension; Obesity; Obesity, Abdominal; Waist-Hip Ratio; Waist Circumference; Body Mass Index
PubMed: 38110373
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074050 -
Complementary Therapies in Medicine Sep 2023This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of yoga on anthropometry, quality of life, and lipid profiles in patients with obesity and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of yoga on anthropometry, quality of life, and lipid profiles in patients with obesity and central obesity.
METHODOLOGY
The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and PubMed (1985-January 2022) and trial registries for relevant randomised clinical trials were used. Relevant and published randomised clinical trials were reviewed and evaluated. The primary outcomes were anthropometry measurements, which were weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentages. The secondary outcomes were changes in quality of life, psychological impact, lipid profile measurement, presence of adverse events, and changes in blood pressure and blood glucose. We assessed the data for risk of bias, heterogeneity, sensitivity, reporting bias, and quality of evidence.
RESULTS
15 studies are included, involving 1161 participants. The analysis performed is based on three comparisons. For the first comparison between yoga and control, yoga reduces the waist circumference (MD -0.84, 95% CI [-5.12 to 3.44]), while there is no difference in body weight, BMI, or body fat percentages. In the second comparison between yoga and calorie restriction, yoga reduces body weight (MD -3.47, 95% CI [-6.20 to -0.74]), while there is no difference in waist circumference, BMI, or body fat percentage. In the third comparison between yoga and exercise, yoga reduces the body weight (MD -7.58, 95% CI [-11.51 to -3.65]), while there is no difference in waist circumference or BMI. For the secondary outcomes, yoga intervention reduces total cholesterol (MD -17.12, 95% CI [-32.24 to -2.00]) and triglycerides (MD -21.75, 95% CI [-38.77 to -4.73]) compared to the control group, but there is no difference compared to the calorie restriction and exercise group. There is no difference in the rest of the outcomes, which are LDL, HDL, quality of life, psychological impact, adverse events, blood pressure, and blood glucose. However, findings are not robust due to a high risk of bias and low-quality evidence.
CONCLUSION
From our review, there were methodological drawbacks and very low to moderate quality of evidence across all comparisons, and hence, it is inconclusive to say that yoga can significantly improve anthropometric parameters. More well-designed trials are needed to confirm and support the beneficial effects of yoga.
Topics: Humans; Yoga; Quality of Life; Obesity, Abdominal; Blood Glucose; Obesity; Body Mass Index; Triglycerides
PubMed: 37356673
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2023.102959 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Sep 2021Coffee is rich in phenolic acids, such as caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid (CGA). Polyphenol-rich diets were shown to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome (MeTS). :... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Effects of Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption on Metabolic Syndrome Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data from Randomised Controlled Trials.
Coffee is rich in phenolic acids, such as caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid (CGA). Polyphenol-rich diets were shown to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome (MeTS). : This systematic review and meta-analysis discusses the effects of coffee consumption and its dose-response on MeTS parameters. : PubMed and Scopus were searched for relevant articles published between 2015 and 2020. This review focused on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of coffee consumption on anthropometric measurements, glycaemic indices, lipid profiles, and blood pressure. Data from relevant studies were extracted and analysed using random, fixed, or pooled effects models with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). : Green coffee extract (GCE) supplementation (180 to 376 mg) was found to reduce waist circumference (weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.39; 95% CI: -0.68, -0.10), triglyceride levels (WMD = -0.27; 95% CI: -0.43, -0.10), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (WMD = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.90), systolic blood pressure (WMD = -0.44; 95% CI: -0.57, -0.32), and diastolic blood pressure (WMD = -0.83; 95% CI: -1.40, -0.26). Decaffeinated coffee (510.6 mg) reduced fasting blood glucose levels (WMD = -0.81; 95% CI: -1.65, 0.03). The meta-analysis showed that the intake of GCE containing 180 to 376 mg of CGA (administered in a capsule) and liquid decaffeinated coffee containing 510.6 mg of CGA improved the MeTS outcomes in study participants. : The findings of the review suggested that the effect of coffee on MeTS parameters varies depending on the types and doses of coffee administered. A more detailed RCT on specific coffee doses (with adjustment for energy and polyphenol intake) and physical activity is needed to further confirm the observed outcomes.
Topics: Coffee; Humans; Lipids; Metabolic Syndrome; Plant Extracts; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Waist Circumference
PubMed: 34577880
DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090957 -
Surgical Endoscopy Sep 2023Hand size, strength, and stature all impact a surgeon's ability to perform Traditional Laparoscopic Surgery (TLS) comfortably and effectively. This is due to limitations... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Hand size, strength, and stature all impact a surgeon's ability to perform Traditional Laparoscopic Surgery (TLS) comfortably and effectively. This is due to limitations in instrument and operating room design. This article aims to review performance, pain, and tool usability data based on biological sex and anthropometry.
METHODS
PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched in May 2023. Retrieved articles were screened based on whether a full-text, English article was available in which original results were stratified by biological sex or physical proportions. Article quality was discussed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Data were summarized in three main themes: task performance, physical discomfort, and tool usability and fit. Task completion times, pain prevalence, and grip style results between male and female surgeons formed three meta-analyses.
RESULTS
A total of 1354 articles were sourced, and 54 were deemed suitable for inclusion. The collated results showed that female participants, predominantly novices, took 2.6-30.1 s longer to perform standardized laparoscopic tasks. Female surgeons reported pain at double the frequency of their male colleagues. Female surgeons and those with a smaller glove size were consistently more likely to report difficulty and require modified (potentially suboptimal) grip techniques with standard laparoscopic tools.
CONCLUSIONS
The pain and stress reported by female or small-handed surgeons when using laparoscopic tools demonstrates the need for currently available instrument handles, including robotic hand controls, to become more size-inclusive. However, this study is limited by reporting bias and inconsistencies; furthermore, most data was collected in a simulated environment. Additional research into how anthropometric tool design impacts the live operating performance of experienced female surgeons would further inform this area of investigation.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Ergonomics; Laparoscopy; Surgeons; Anthropometry; Pain
PubMed: 37433911
DOI: 10.1007/s00464-023-10228-1 -
International Journal of Obesity (2005) Dec 2021Interoception refers to the processes by which we sense, interpret and integrate signals originating from within the body. Deficits in interoception have been linked to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Interoception refers to the processes by which we sense, interpret and integrate signals originating from within the body. Deficits in interoception have been linked to higher BMI and may contribute to weight gain. However, there have been conflicting findings and it is not clear how higher BMI is associated with different facets of interoception, such as interoceptive accuracy (the ability to detect internal signals) and sensibility (the tendency to attend to internal signals).
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that measured interoception and BMI. We examined relationships between interoception and BMI in children and adults separately and as a function of interoceptive facet and measure. In sensitivity analyses, we tested for evidence of publication bias and whether the results were consistent when studies with a high risk of bias were excluded.
RESULTS
A total of 87 articles were eligible for inclusion. In adults (121 effects, 10,425 participants), there was cross-sectional evidence of higher BMI being associated with overall deficits in interoception (r = -0.054, 95% CI: -0.084 to -0.025) and this was consistent across sensitivity analyses. There was no statistically significant evidence of moderation by interoceptive facet or measure, although there was some variability in effect size estimates based on interoceptive facet and measures. A smaller meta-analysis limited to studies that compared participants with normal weight vs. overweight/obesity indicated poorer interoception in participants with overweight/obesity (SMD = -0.39, 95% CI -0.60 to -0.18).
CONCLUSIONS
In cross-sectional studies, deficits in interoception are associated with higher BMI. However, it remains unclear whether deficits in interoception contribute to or are a consequence of weight gain and obesity.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Humans; Interoception; Obesity
PubMed: 34480102
DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00950-y