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The British Journal of Developmental... Mar 2022Evidence suggests that cognitive and literacy difficulties are common for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The current systematic review... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Evidence suggests that cognitive and literacy difficulties are common for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The current systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the relationship between cognition and literacy in children with ADHD. Ten thousand and thirty-eight articles were screened against the inclusion criteria and six eligible studies were retained for final review. Where two or more studies used comparable measures of cognition and literacy, a meta-analysis of the relationship between these measures was undertaken. A narrative synthesis of all included studies was also completed. There were medium effect sizes between working memory and aspects of reading, and small effect sizes between processing speed and reading. Inhibition and attention had differential relationships with aspects of literacy with varying effect sizes. This systematic review demonstrates differential relationships between aspects of literacy and cognition in children with ADHD. Further examination of these relationships is warranted to support intervention development.
Topics: Attention; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Cognition; Humans; Literacy; Memory, Short-Term
PubMed: 34605577
DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12395 -
International Journal of... May 2024According to the arousal-mood hypothesis, changes in arousal and mood when exposed to auditory stimulation underlie the detrimental effects or improvements in cognitive... (Review)
Review
According to the arousal-mood hypothesis, changes in arousal and mood when exposed to auditory stimulation underlie the detrimental effects or improvements in cognitive performance. Findings supporting or against this hypothesis are, however, often based on subjective ratings of arousal rather than autonomic/physiological indices of arousal. To assess the arousal-mood hypothesis, we carried out a systematic review of the literature on 31 studies investigating cardiac, electrodermal, and pupillometry measures when exposed to different types of auditory stimulation (music, ambient noise, white noise, and binaural beats) in relation to cognitive performance. Our review suggests that the effects of music, noise, or binaural beats on cardiac, electrodermal, and pupillometry measures in relation to cognitive performance are either mixed or insufficient to draw conclusions. Importantly, the evidence for or against the arousal-mood hypothesis is at best indirect because autonomic arousal and cognitive performance are often considered separately. Future research is needed to directly evaluate the effects of auditory stimulation on autonomic arousal and cognitive performance holistically.
Topics: Humans; Acoustic Stimulation; Music; Arousal; Attention; Cognition; Auditory Perception
PubMed: 38458383
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112328 -
The Journal of Obstetrics and... Sep 2022To systematically review and summarize the available literature regarding the women's sexual function during COVID-19 pandemic and compare it to pre-pandemic period. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
To systematically review and summarize the available literature regarding the women's sexual function during COVID-19 pandemic and compare it to pre-pandemic period.
METHODS
We searched PubMed and Embase from the inception of the databases until 15th April 2021. Data regarding the sexual function, measured by female sexual function index (FSFI), of adult sexually active women were extracted from the eligible studies and compared between the before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The secondary outcome was the frequency of intercourse during pandemic time. The random-effect model was used to pool the mean differences and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I value.
RESULTS
Our search resulted in a sample of six eligible studies, which involved 1114 female participants. The total FSFI score among study participants during pandemic was 22.93 (95% CI: 19.26-26.59), which indicated a significant decrease in sexual function of women during pandemic as compared to pre-pandemic time (mean difference = -3.80, 95% CI: -6.48 to -1.12, p = 0.005, I = 96%). We also conducted a meta-analysis of individual FSFI domains. During pandemic, women had problems with arousal (p < 0.0001), orgasm (p = 0.0008), satisfaction (p = 0.0009), and pain (p = 0.009). No significant difference in frequency of intercourse was observed between pre- and during pandemic (p = 0.80). Furthermore, no significant publication bias was present among included studies.
CONCLUSION
Overall, there was a significant decrease in sexual function of sexually active adult women during COVID-19 pandemic. The most affected areas of sexual function were arousal, orgasm, pain, and satisfaction. Physicians must be aware of COVID-19 impact on sexual life of women and provide proper counseling.
Topics: Adult; COVID-19; Coitus; Female; Humans; Orgasm; Pain; Pandemics; Sexual Behavior; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35844087
DOI: 10.1111/jog.15337 -
Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Feb 2023Mindfulness has generated considerable interest in the last two decades in clinical and research settings. The efficacy of mindfulness has been evaluated for the sexual...
INTRODUCTION
Mindfulness has generated considerable interest in the last two decades in clinical and research settings. The efficacy of mindfulness has been evaluated for the sexual dysfunctions recognized by the DSM-5 and other sexual problems, such as compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), also known as sex addiction or hypersexuality. Here, we review the evidence for various mindfulness-based treatments as mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral treatment or mindfulness-based relapse prevention for different problems related to sexuality to respond our question: "Are Mindfulness-Based Treatments (MBT) effective in reducing the symptomatology of sexuality-related disorders?".
METHODS
Through a systematic search conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, we found 11 studies that met the inclusion criteria: (I) articles using MBT for sexuality-related problems, (II) clinical population, (III) no date range limits were applied, (IV) only empirical studies were included, (V) language and (VI) quality of studies.
RESULTS
Evidence shows that mindfulness practice could be effective for some sexual disorders, such as female sexual arousal/desire disorder. However, due to scarcity of studies on other sexual problems such as situational erectile dysfunction, genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder, childhood sexual abuse or compulsive sexual behavior disorder, the findings cannot be generalized.
CONCLUSIONS
Mindfulness-based therapies provides evidence to reduce the symptomatology associated with various sexual problems. However more studies are needed for these sexual problems. By last, future directions and implications are discussed.
PubMed: 36803998
DOI: 10.47626/2237-6089-2021-0459 -
Journal of Eating Disorders Nov 2022Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder/Genito-Pelvic Dysesthesia (PGAD/GPD) characterized by recurrent physiological genital without corresponding psychological arousal is... (Review)
Review
Exploring the link between eating disorders and persistent genital arousal disorder/genito-pelvic dysesthesia: first description and a systematic review of the literature.
BACKGROUND
Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder/Genito-Pelvic Dysesthesia (PGAD/GPD) characterized by recurrent physiological genital without corresponding psychological arousal is a poorly understood and researched condition. Based on the first two case descriptions of eating disorders directly linked to PGAD/GPD the aim of this paper was to systematically review the literature on possible associations between eating disorders and PGAD/GPD.
METHOD
A systematic literature search on eating disorders and PGAD/GPD was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus, complemented by Google Scholar. We included case reports, case series, cross-sectional studies and review articles published in peer-reviewed journals written in English or German-language.
RESULTS
The included original papers described a total of 2078 cases with PGAD/GPD symptomatology. Of these, 892 participants fulfilled all five PGAD/GPD core criteria. The aetiology of PGAD/GPD is unknown. Multifactorial genesis of PGAD/GPD is presumed including neurological, pharmacological, hormonal, vascular and psychological causes. A high degree of psychological comorbidity is reported. No study was found that drew a direct link between eating disorders and PGAD/GPD. Although PGAD/GPD symptoms also occur in adolescents, there are no findings in this regard. However, we found a gap in data collection: eating disorders as potential psychiatric comorbidities were systematically recorded in only a few studies.
CONCLUSION
The existing literature have not yet considered a possible link between eating disorders and PGAD/GPD so far. According to the authors' knowledge, this work is the first review to systematically explore the associations. We suspect underreporting of PGAD/GPD cases in eating disorders and particularly during adolescence. We argue that there are several common factors that appear to be important in the etiology, course, and treatment of both disorders (e.g. hormonal dysregulation or sensory sensitivity and avoidance), warranting future research on the possible comorbidity of these disorders.
PubMed: 36357896
DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00687-7 -
Clinical Psychology Review Apr 2016Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are common in neurological settings and often associated with considerable distress and disability. The psychological... (Review)
Review
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are common in neurological settings and often associated with considerable distress and disability. The psychological mechanisms underlying PNES are poorly understood and there is a lack of well-established, evidence-based treatments. This paper advances our understanding of PNES by providing a comprehensive systematic review of the evidence pertaining to the main theoretical models of this phenomenon. Methodological quality appraisal and effect size calculation were conducted on one hundred forty empirical studies on the following aspects of PNES: life adversity, dissociation, anxiety, suggestibility, attentional dysfunction, family/relationship problems, insecure attachment, defence mechanisms, somatization/conversion, coping, emotion regulation, alexithymia, emotional processing, symptom modelling, learning and expectancy. Although most of the studies were only of low to moderate quality, some findings are sufficiently consistent to warrant tentative conclusions: (i) physical symptom reporting is elevated in patients with PNES; (ii) trait dissociation and exposure to traumatic events are common but not inevitable correlates of PNES; (iii) there is a mismatch between subjective reports of anxiety and physical arousal during PNES; and (iv) inconsistent findings in this area are likely to be attributable to the heterogeneity of patients with PNES. Empirical, theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Seizures
PubMed: 27084446
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.01.003 -
Sexual Medicine Apr 2023Little is known about the impact of the coronavirus on sexual behavior, function, and satisfaction. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Little is known about the impact of the coronavirus on sexual behavior, function, and satisfaction.
AIM
The aim of the present study was to systematically review people's sexual function and behaviors and their changes in sexual activities during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS
Comprehensive searches in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were conducted with keywords in accordance with MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, sexual health, sexual function, sexual dysfunctions, sexuality, sexual orientation, sexual activities, and premarital sex. Two reviewers independently assessed full-text articles according to predefined criteria: original design, English studies, and investigating either the general population or sexual minorities.
RESULTS
Risk of bias in the studies was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and data were pooled via random effects meta-analyses. We utilized the standardized mean difference to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexual activity, functioning, and satisfaction. We included 19 studies in the analysis and 11 studies in the meta-analysis, with a sample size of 12 350. To investigate sexual activity changes, a sample size of 8838 was entered into the subgroup analysis, which showed a significant decrease in both genders (5821 women, < .033; 3017 men, < .008). A subgroup meta-analysis showed that the sexual function of men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly declined (3974 women, < .001; 1427 men, < .001). Sexual desire and arousal decreased in both genders, though mainly in women. In investigating sexual satisfaction changes during the COVID-19 pandemic, a meta-analysis with a sample size of 2711 showed a significant decrease ( < .001). The most indicative changes in sexual behaviors during the pandemic were the increase in masturbating and usage of sex toys. Greater COVID-19 knowledge was associated with lower masturbation, oral sex, and vaginal sex. The more protective behaviors were associated with less hugging, kissing, cuddling, genital touching, watching porn with a partner, and vaginal sex.
CONCLUSION
The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased challenges and changes for individuals' sexual behaviors. Efforts for preventive strategies should therefore be concentrated between pandemics, while ensuring that there is information available to the population during a pandemic for help in times of psychological distress or crisis.
PubMed: 36970584
DOI: 10.1093/sexmed/qfad005 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Dec 2022To determine the efficacy and safety of awake prone positioning versus usual care in non-intubated adults with hypoxemic respiratory failure due to covid-19. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To determine the efficacy and safety of awake prone positioning versus usual care in non-intubated adults with hypoxemic respiratory failure due to covid-19.
DESIGN
Systematic review with frequentist and bayesian meta-analyses.
STUDY ELIGIBILITY
Randomized trials comparing awake prone positioning versus usual care in adults with covid-19 related hypoxemic respiratory failure. Information sources were Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to 4 March 2022.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Random effects meta-analyses were performed for the primary and secondary outcomes. Bayesian meta-analyses were performed for endotracheal intubation and mortality outcomes. GRADE certainty of evidence was assessed for outcomes.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was endotracheal intubation. Secondary outcomes were mortality, ventilator-free days, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay, escalation of oxygen modality, change in oxygenation and respiratory rate, and adverse events.
RESULTS
17 trials (2931 patients) met the eligibility criteria. 12 trials were at low risk of bias, three had some concerns, and two were at high risk. Awake prone positioning reduced the risk of endotracheal intubation compared with usual care (crude average 24.2% 29.8%, relative risk 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.73 to 0.94; high certainty). This translates to 55 fewer intubations per 1000 patients (95% confidence interval 87 to 19 fewer intubations). Awake prone positioning did not significantly affect secondary outcomes, including mortality (15.6% 17.2%, relative risk 0.90, 0.76 to 1.07; high certainty), ventilator-free days (mean difference 0.97 days, 95% confidence interval -0.5 to 3.4; low certainty), ICU length of stay (-2.1 days, -4.5 to 0.4; low certainty), hospital length of stay (-0.09 days, -0.69 to 0.51; moderate certainty), and escalation of oxygen modality (21.4% 23.0%, relative risk 1.04, 0.74 to 1.44; low certainty). Adverse events related to awake prone positioning were uncommon. Bayesian meta-analysis showed a high probability of benefit with awake prone positioning for endotracheal intubation (non-informative prior, mean relative risk 0.83, 95% credible interval 0.70 to 0.97; posterior probability for relative risk <0.95=96%) but lower probability for mortality (0.90, 0.73 to 1.13; <0.95=68%).
CONCLUSIONS
Awake prone positioning compared with usual care reduces the risk of endotracheal intubation in adults with hypoxemic respiratory failure due to covid-19 but probably has little to no effect on mortality or other outcomes.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO CRD42022314856.
Topics: Adult; Humans; COVID-19; Bayes Theorem; Wakefulness; Prone Position; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Respiratory Insufficiency; Oxygen
PubMed: 36740866
DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071966 -
Heliyon Nov 2022Sleep is critical to human beings in a surprisingly diverse set of ways, and there is, thus, continual investigation into the mechanisms of sleep. Although current... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Sleep is critical to human beings in a surprisingly diverse set of ways, and there is, thus, continual investigation into the mechanisms of sleep. Although current studies have confirmed that multiple brain regions are involved in the regulation of both sleep and wakefulness, the association between certain important brain regions such as the insula and sleep is still unclear.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to systematically review studies on the insula and sleep and to discuss the relationship between the insula and sleep.
METHODS
We searched the PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) for articles on sleep and the insula. The time span was from inception to June 30, 2022. The search results were then narratively summarized.
RESULTS
A total of 939 studies were identified in the PubMed and WoSCC of which 115 studies were finally included in the narrative synthesis. These 115 studies can be roughly divided into 41 studies on insomnia, 39 on sleep deprivation, 33 on sleep-related experiments examining the insula, and 2 studies using basic experiments.
CONCLUSION
The combined findings of many sleep-related studies have confirmed a close link between the insula and sleep loss, including insomnia, sleep deprivation, sleep-related disorders, and more. Although these results do not directly confirm that the insula is involved in sleep, a overall analysis of the results indicates that the insula may be a potential key brain region involved in sleep.
PubMed: 36387567
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11406 -
Croatian Medical Journal Dec 2022To establish patterns or themes of dreams and dreamlike mentation content reported in all forms of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias and to identify gaps in the... (Review)
Review
AIM
To establish patterns or themes of dreams and dreamlike mentation content reported in all forms of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias and to identify gaps in the current understanding of this topic.
METHODS
A scoping review of available evidence on dreams and dreamlike mentation in NREM parasomnias was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We searched peer-reviewed literature using Google Scholar, PubMed, Ovid (Embase), Ovid Medline®, Global Health, and APA Psych Info. The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to appraise the quality of selected articles.
RESULTS
The final analysis included 16 studies. All of the studies were from high-income countries. The studies reported on dreams and dreamlike mentation in NREM parasomnias, but there was scarcity of literature for sexsomnia, sleep-related eating disorder, and confusional arousal. All of the studies had the highest quality as shown by the MMAT (76%-100%). Emotions such as apprehension and misfortune were associated with sleepwalking and sleep terrors.
CONCLUSION
Sleep studies involving collection of dream content immediately following NREM parasomnia could significantly minimize reporting bias and improve dream data quality.
Topics: Humans; Parasomnias; Polysomnography; Emotions
PubMed: 36597564
DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2022.63.525