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Medicine Aug 2018The contemporary demographics and prevalence of Meckel's diverticulum, clinical presentation and management is not well described. Thus, this article aims to review the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The contemporary demographics and prevalence of Meckel's diverticulum, clinical presentation and management is not well described. Thus, this article aims to review the recent literature concerning Meckel's diverticulum.
METHODS
A systematic PubMed/Medline database search using the terms "Meckel" and "Meckel's" combined with "diverticulum." English language articles published from January 1, 2000 to July 31, 2017 were considered. Studies reporting on the epidemiology of Meckel's diverticulum were included.
RESULTS
Of 857 articles meeting the initial search criteria, 92 articles were selected. Only 4 studies were prospective. The prevalence is reported between 0.3% and 2.9% in the general population. Meckels' diverticulum is located 7 to 200 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve (mean 52.4 cm), it is 0.4 to 11.0 cm long (mean 3.05 cm), 0.3 to 7.0 cm in diameter (mean 1.58 cm), and presents with symptoms in 4% to 9% of patients. The male-to-female (M:F 1.5-4:1) gender distribution is reported up to 4 times more frequent in men. Symptomatic patients are usually young. Of the pediatric symptomatic patients, 46.7% have obstruction, 25.3% have hemorrhage, and 19.5% have inflammation as presenting symptom. Corresponding values for adults are 35.6%, 27.3%, and 29.4%. Ectopic gastric tissue is present in 24.2% to 71.0% of symptomatic Meckel's diverticulum, is associated with hemorrhage and is the most common form of ectopic tissue, followed by ectopic pancreatic tissue present in 0% to 12.0%.
CONCLUSION
The epidemiological patterns and clinical presentation appears stable in the 21st century. A symptomatic Meckel's diverticulum is managed by resection. The issue of prophylactic in incidental Meckel's diverticulum resection remains controversial.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Choristoma; Disease Management; Female; Humans; Ileocecal Valve; Male; Meckel Diverticulum; Middle Aged; Pancreas; Prevalence; Sex Distribution; Stomach; Young Adult
PubMed: 30170459
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012154 -
Minerva Urology and Nephrology Aug 2022Colovesical fistulas (CVFs) account for approximately 95% enterovesical fistulas (EVFs). About 2/3 CVF cases are diverticular in origin. It mainly presents with...
INTRODUCTION
Colovesical fistulas (CVFs) account for approximately 95% enterovesical fistulas (EVFs). About 2/3 CVF cases are diverticular in origin. It mainly presents with urological signs such as pneumaturia and fecaluria. Diagnostic investigations aim at confirming the presence of a fistula. Although conservative management can be chosen for selected individuals, most patients are mainly treated through surgical interventions. CVF represents a challenging condition, which records high rates of morbidity and mortality. Our systematic review aimed at achieving deeper knowledge of both indications, in addition to short- and long-term outcomes related to CVF management.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
We performed a systematic literature review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) guidelines. Pubmed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases were used to search all related literature.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
The 22 included articles covered an approximately 37 years-study period (1982-2019), with a total 1365 patient population. CVF etiology was colonic diverticulitis in most cases (87.9%). Pneumaturia (50.1%), fecaluria (40.9%) and urinary tract infections (46.6%) were the most common symptoms. Abdomen computed tomography (CT) scan (80.5%), colonoscopy (74.5%) and cystoscopy (55.9%) were the most frequently performed diagnostic methods. Most CVF patients underwent surgery (97.1%) with open approach (63.3%). Almost all patients had colorectal resection with primary anastomosis with or without ostomy and 53.2% patients underwent primary repair or partial/total cystectomy. Four percent anastomotic leak, 1.8% bladder leak and 3.1% reoperations rates were identified. In an average 5-68-month follow-up, overall morbidity, overall mortality and recurrences rates recorded were 8-49%, 0-63% and 1.2%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
CVF mainly affects males and has diverticular origin in almost all cases. Pneumaturia, fecaluria and urinary tract infections are the most characteristic symptoms. Endoscopic tests and imaging are critical tools for diagnostic completion. Management of CVFs depends on the underlying disease. Surgical treatment represents the final approach and consists of resection and reanastomosis of offending intestinal segment, with or without bladder closure. In many cases, a single-stage surgical strategy is selected. Perioperative and long-term outcomes prove good.
Topics: Colon, Sigmoid; Colonoscopy; Diverticulitis, Colonic; Diverticulum; Humans; Intestinal Fistula; Male; Urinary Bladder Fistula
PubMed: 34791866
DOI: 10.23736/S2724-6051.21.04750-9 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Mar 2020Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the colon, with an annual incidence of approximately 10 to 20 per 100,000 people. The majority of people with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the colon, with an annual incidence of approximately 10 to 20 per 100,000 people. The majority of people with ulcerative colitis can be put into remission, leaving a group who do not respond to first- or second-line therapies. There is a significant proportion of people who experience adverse effects with current therapies. Consequently, new alternatives for the treatment of ulcerative colitis are constantly being sought. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements that may beneficially affect the host by improving intestinal microbial balance, enhancing gut barrier function and improving local immune response.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the efficacy of probiotics compared with placebo or standard medical treatment (5-aminosalicylates, sulphasalazine or corticosteroids) for the induction of remission in people with active ulcerative colitis.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two other databases on 31 October 2019. We contacted authors of relevant studies and manufacturers of probiotics regarding ongoing or unpublished trials that may be relevant to the review, and we searched ClinicalTrials.gov. We also searched references of trials for any additional trials.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effectiveness of probiotics compared to standard treatments or placebo in the induction of remission of active ulcerative colitis. We considered both adults and children, with studies reporting outcomes of clinical, endoscopic, histologic or surgical remission as defined by study authors DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently conducted data extraction and 'Risk of bias' assessment of included studies. We analysed data using Review Manager 5. We expressed dichotomous and continuous outcomes as risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE methodology.
MAIN RESULTS
In this review, we included 14 studies (865 randomised participants) that met the inclusion criteria. Twelve of the studies looked at adult participants and two studies looked at paediatric participants with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, the average age was between 12.5 and 47.7 years. The studies compared probiotics to placebo, probiotics to 5-ASA and a combination of probiotics plus 5-ASA compared to 5-ASA alone. Seven studies used a single probiotic strain and seven used a mixture of strains. The studies ranged from two weeks to 52 weeks. The risk of bias was high for all except two studies due to allocation concealment, blinding of participants, incomplete reports of outcome data and selective reporting. This led to GRADE ratings of the evidence ranging from moderate to very low. Probiotics versus placebo Probiotics may induce clinical remission when compared to placebo (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.54; 9 studies, 594 participants; low-certainty evidence; downgraded due to imprecision and risk of bias, number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 5). Probiotics may lead to an improvement in clinical disease scores (RR 2.29, 95% CI 1.13 to 4.63; 2 studies, 54 participants; downgraded due to risk of bias and imprecision). There may be little or no difference in minor adverse events, but the evidence is of very low certainty (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.42 to 2.59; 7 studies, 520 participants). Reported adverse events included abdominal bloating and discomfort. Probiotics did not lead to any serious adverse events in any of the seven studies that reported on it, however five adverse events were reported in the placebo arm of one study (RR 0.09, CI 0.01 to 1.66; 1 study, 526 participants; very low-certainty evidence; downgraded due to high risk of bias and imprecision). Probiotics may make little or no difference to withdrawals due to adverse events (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.72; 4 studies, 401 participants; low-certainty evidence). Probiotics versus 5-ASA There may be little or no difference in the induction of remission with probiotics when compared to 5-ASA (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.16; 1 study, 116 participants; low-certainty evidence; downgraded due to risk of bias and imprecision). There may be little or no difference in minor adverse events, but the evidence is of very low certainty (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.53 to 3.33; 1 study, 116 participants). Reported adverse events included abdominal pain, nausea, headache and mouth ulcers. There were no serious adverse events with probiotics, however perforated sigmoid diverticulum and respiratory failure in a patient with severe emphysema were reported in the 5-ASA arm (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.01 to 4.22; 1 study, 116 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Probiotics combined with 5-ASA versus 5-ASA alone Low-certainty evidence from a single study shows that when combined with 5-ASA, probiotics may slightly improve the induction of remission (based on the Sunderland disease activity index) compared to 5-ASA alone (RR 1.22 CI 1.01 to 1.47; 1 study, 84 participants; low-certainty evidence; downgraded due to unclear risk of bias and imprecision). No information about adverse events was reported. Time to remission, histological and biochemical outcomes were sparsely reported in the studies. None of the other secondary outcomes (progression to surgery, need for additional therapy, quality of life scores, or steroid withdrawal) were reported in any of the studies.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Low-certainty evidence suggests that probiotics may induce clinical remission in active ulcerative colitis when compared to placebo. There may be little or no difference in clinical remission with probiotics alone compared to 5-ASA. There is limited evidence from a single study which failed to provide a definition of remission, that probiotics may slightly improve the induction of remission when used in combination with 5-ASA. There was no evidence to assess whether probiotics are effective in people with severe and more extensive disease, or if specific preparations are superior to others. Further targeted and appropriately designed RCTs are needed to address the gaps in the evidence base. In particular, appropriate powering of studies and the use of standardised participant groups and outcome measures in line with the wider field are needed, as well as reporting to minimise risk of bias.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bias; Child; Colitis, Ulcerative; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Mesalamine; Middle Aged; Numbers Needed To Treat; Probiotics; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Remission Induction; Sample Size; Sulfasalazine
PubMed: 32128795
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005573.pub3 -
Arab Journal of Urology Mar 2019: To present a review of the current literature regarding the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of female urethral diverticula (UD). : A systematic search of the... (Review)
Review
: To present a review of the current literature regarding the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of female urethral diverticula (UD). : A systematic search of the PubMed database was performed to identify studies evaluating female UD. Article titles, abstracts and full-text manuscripts were screened to identify relevant studies, which then underwent data extraction and analysis. : In all, 50 studies evaluating the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of female UD were deemed relevant for inclusion. Almost all studies were retrospective single-arm case series. Female UD are outpouchings of the urethral lumen into the surrounding connective tissue. The presentation of female UD is diverse and can range from incidental findings to lower urinary tract symptoms, frequent urinary tract infections, dyspareunia, urinary incontinence (UI), or malignancy. Repair of UD begins with an accurate assessment and diagnosis, which should include adequate radiographic imaging, usually including magnetic resonance imaging. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the usual treatment is surgical excision and reconstruction, most often through a transvaginal approach. The principles of transvaginal urethral diverticulectomy include: removal of the entire urethral diverticulum wall, watertight closure of the urethra, multi-layered and non-overlapping closure of surrounding tissue with absorbable suture, and preservation or creation of continence. Results of surgical repair are usually excellent, although long-term recurrence of these lesions may occur. Complications of urethral diverticulectomy include urethrovaginal fistula, UI, and rarely urethral stricture. : Whilst urethral diverticulectomy excision and reconstruction is a challenging procedure, it is ultimately satisfying for the patient and the surgeon when relief of bothersome symptoms is achieved. Adherence to principles of reconstructive surgery is important to ensure a satisfactory result. PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; UD: urethral diverticulum/diverticula; UI: urinary incontinence; US: ultrasonography; VCUG: voiding cystourethrogram.
PubMed: 31258943
DOI: 10.1080/2090598X.2019.1589748 -
Jornal de Pediatria 2023Meckel diverticulum (MD) is a common malformation of the digestive tract, often accompanied by serious complications. It is important to find safe and effective... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Meckel diverticulum (MD) is a common malformation of the digestive tract, often accompanied by serious complications. It is important to find safe and effective diagnostic methods for screening MD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a technetium-99m (Tc-99m) scan for pediatric bleeding MD.
METHODS
The authors conducted a systematic review of studies published in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science before 1 January 2023. Studies based on PICOS were included in this systematic review. The flow chart was made by PRISMA software. The quality of included studies was assessed by RevMan5 software (QUADAS-2: Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2). The sensitivity, specificity, and other measurements of accuracy were pooled using Stata/SE 12.0 software.
RESULTS
Sixteen studies with 1115 children were included in this systematic review. A randomized-effects model was used for the meta-analysis because of significant heterogeneity. The combined sensitivity and specificity were 0.80 [Confidence Interval (95% CI, 0.73-0.86) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.86-0.98)], respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.85-0.90). Publication bias (Begg's test p = 0.053) was observed.
CONCLUSION
Tc-99m scan has high specificity, but moderate sensitivity, which is always influenced by some factors. Hence, the Tc-99m scan has some limitations in the diagnosis of pediatric bleeding MD.
Topics: Child; Humans; Technetium; Meckel Diverticulum; Radionuclide Imaging; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 37277097
DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2023.03.009 -
International Journal of Colorectal... Sep 2023There is a hypothesis of an association between diverticulosis and metabolic syndrome (MS) or its components, but data on this topic are inconsistent, and a systematic... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
There is a hypothesis of an association between diverticulosis and metabolic syndrome (MS) or its components, but data on this topic are inconsistent, and a systematic review has not been performed. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the possible association between cardiometabolic risk factors and diverticulosis.
METHODS
A systematic literature search was conducted via PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science in December 2022 to collect the necessary data. Studies that examined the association between MS or individual metabolic factors and asymptomatic diverticulosis were included in the review.
RESULTS
Of the potentially relevant articles identified via PubMed (477), Cochrane Library (224), and Web of Science (296), 29 articles met the inclusion criteria and were used for this work. These studies were assessed for study quality using GRADE. Overall, 6 studies were rated as "very low," 19 studies as "low," and 4 studies as "moderate." The data suggest an association between arterial hypertension, obesity, and fatty liver disease in younger patients and diverticulosis. Patient age appears to play an important role in diverticular formation. Data on diabetes mellitus is inconclusive and may require further investigation depending on the location of the diverticula.
CONCLUSION
Based on the synthesized data, there is an association between arterial hypertension, obesity, and fatty liver disease in younger patients. The formation of diverticula seems to be influenced by age and genetic factors. The study suggests a connection with cardiometabolic risk factors. To gain a better understanding of the role of metabolic risk factors in asymptomatic diverticulosis, targeted studies are necessary based on these findings.
Topics: Humans; Diverticulum; Hypertension; Obesity; Risk Factors; Liver Diseases
PubMed: 37725283
DOI: 10.1007/s00384-023-04532-4 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine May 2023Littre hernia is a rare type of hernia in which a Meckel diverticulum is found in the hernia sac. Given the rare nature of this disease, little data on demographics and... (Review)
Review
Littre hernia is a rare type of hernia in which a Meckel diverticulum is found in the hernia sac. Given the rare nature of this disease, little data on demographics and surgical management exists. In this article, we provide a case report of a strangulated inguinal Littre hernia and perform a systematic review of the literature. The PubMed database was searched on 5 March 2022, and all cases of Littre hernia in adults that had English abstracts or full-text were analyzed. Our primary objective was to evaluate the surgical management and outcomes of this particular type of hernia, and our secondary objectives were to assess demographic characteristics, presentation particularities, and recurrence rates. We identified 89 articles with 98 cases, including our own. Results show a high prevalence of complications described intraoperatively, with strangulation being present in up to 38.46% of patients. The laparoscopic approach was utilized in patients with femoral, inguinal, and umbilical hernias. The most commonly performed type of resection was MD resection, followed by bowel resection, while a minority of cases (5.48%) remained unresected. Mesh repair was more frequently performed in patients with MD resection. A mortality rate of 8.7% in patients who underwent bowel resection was found. A relatively high number of reports of ectopic tissue (21.21%), ulceration (12.12%), and tumors (9.09%) were found. The average follow-up was 19.5 ± 10.29 months, with no hernia recurrence. In conclusion, most cases are admitted in an emergency setting, and intestinal obstruction is frequently associated. A minimally invasive approach can be an option even for complicated hernias. MD resection or bowel resection is usually employed, depending on the extent of ischemic lesions. Patients undergoing bowel resection may be prone to worse outcomes.
PubMed: 37297940
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12113743 -
Endoscopy International Open Jun 2016Zenker's diverticulum is a rare disease in the general population. Its treatment can be carried out by either an endoscopic or surgical approach. The objective of this... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Zenker's diverticulum is a rare disease in the general population. Its treatment can be carried out by either an endoscopic or surgical approach. The objective of this study was to systematically identify all reports that compare both treatment modalities and to assess the outcomes in terms of length of procedure, length of hospitalization, time until diet introduction, complication rates, and recurrence rates.
METHODS
A search of Medline and Embase selected all studies that compared different methods of surgical and endoscopic treatment for Zenker's diverticulum published in the English, Portuguese, and Spanish languages between 1975 and 2014. The meta-analysis was developed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Data were extracted and analyzed for five different outcomes.
RESULTS
Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria, describing outcomes of endoscopic versus surgical treatment for 596 patients with Zenker's diverticulum. A meta-analysis of the studies suggested a statistically significant reduction in operating time and length of hospitalization, favoring endoscopic treatment (standardized mean difference (SMD) - 78.06, 95 %CI - 90.63, - 65.48 and SMD - 3.72, 95 %CI - 4.49, - 2.95, respectively), just as with the reduction in the fasting period (SMD - 4.30, 95 %CI - 5.18, - 3.42) and risk of complications (SMD - 0.09, 95 %CI 0.03, 0.43) for patients who had undergone the endoscopic approach in comparison with the surgical group. Also, a statistically significant reduction in the risk of symptom recurrence was seen when the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum was carried out by a surgical approach compared with endoscopic treatment (SMD 0.08, 95 %CI 0.03, 0.13).
CONCLUSION
Compared with a surgical approach, endoscopic treatment appeared to result in a shorter length of procedure and hospitalization, earlier diet introduction, and lower rates of complications, but in higher rates of symptom recurrence.
PubMed: 27556078
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-106203 -
Annals of Translational Medicine Jul 2022Cesarean sections are increasingly likely to be applied; however, uterine scar defects (USD) often remain after delivery. The two existing treatment methods,...
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of hysteroscopic electric resection versus vaginal surgery in the treatment of uterine scar defects after cesarean section.
BACKGROUND
Cesarean sections are increasingly likely to be applied; however, uterine scar defects (USD) often remain after delivery. The two existing treatment methods, hysteroscopic electric resection and vaginal surgery, are still controversial in terms of efficacy and safety. So, this paper to compares the effectiveness and safety of hysteroscopic electric resection and vaginal surgery in the treatment of USD after cesarean section.
METHODS
We performed a related literature search from main databases. According to the PICOS principles inclusion criteria were adult female USD patients to evaluate the efficacy of hysteroscopic resection and vaginal surgery for the treatment of USD, outcome data could be extracted to compare the efficacy and safety of the two procedures. Subsequently, according to the titles, abstracts, and full texts of the retrieved articles, studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria were eliminated. The RevMan 5.20 software was used for meta-analysis and Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2.0) was used to assess the risk of bias. The effectiveness and safety of hysteroscopic resection and vaginal surgery in the treatment of USD patients after cesarean section were compared.
RESULTS
Eight articles were finally included, with a total of 191 patients in the hysteroscopic electric resection group and 212 patients in the vaginal surgery group. Compared with hysteroscopic resection and vaginal surgery, there is less intraoperative blood loss [mean difference (MD) is -25.23, P<0.00001], shorter operation time (MD is -29.45, P<0.00001), and shorter hospital stay (MD is -1.87, P<0.00001), but menstrual improvement risk ratio (RR) is 0.71 (P=0.51) and diverticulum recovery RR is 0.60 (P=0.43) there were no significant differences.
DISCUSSION
Hysteroscopic electric resection provides a more satisfactory outcome than vaginal surgery in terms of intraoperative blood loss, operation time, and hospital stay. However, the sample size of the study was not large enough and some studies had high risk of bias, more large-sample multi-center high quality studies are needed for further comprehensive comparative analysis.
PubMed: 35965788
DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-2916 -
Clinical and Experimental... 2024Meckel Diverticulum [MD), a common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract, poses a dilemma when incidentally encountered during surgery. Despite historical... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Meckel Diverticulum [MD), a common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract, poses a dilemma when incidentally encountered during surgery. Despite historical descriptions and known complications of symptomatic MD, the decision to resect an incidental MD (IMD) lacks clear guidelines. This study aims to assess whether resecting IMDs is justified by synthesizing evidence from studies published between 2000 and 2023. Factors influencing this decision, such as demographic risks, surgical advancements and complications, are systematically examined.
METHODS AND MATERIAL
Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this review incorporates 42 eligible studies with data on outcomes of asymptomatic MD management. Studies, both favoring and opposing resection, were analyzed.
RESULTS
Considering complications, malignancy potential, and operative safety, the risk-benefit analysis presents a nuanced picture. Some authors propose conditional resection based on specific criteria, emphasizing patient-specific factors. Of 2934 cases analyzed for short- and long-term complications, the morbidity rate was 5.69%. Of 571 cases where mortality data were available, all 5 fatalities were attributed to the primary disease rather than IMD resection.
CONCLUSION
The sporadic, unpredictable presentation of IMD and the variability of both the primary disease and the patient make formulation of definitive guidelines challenging. The non-uniformity of complications reporting underscores the need for standardized categorization. While the balance of evidence leans towards resection of IMDs, this study acknowledges the individualized nature of this decision. Increased safety in surgery and anesthesia, along with better understanding and management of complications favor a judicious preference for resection, while taking into account patient characteristics and the primary disease.
PubMed: 38736719
DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S460053