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Biological Research For Nursing Jan 2020Eating disorders are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The etiology and maintenance of eating-disorder symptoms are not well understood. Evidence suggests...
BACKGROUND
Eating disorders are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The etiology and maintenance of eating-disorder symptoms are not well understood. Evidence suggests that there may be gustatory alterations in patients with eating disorders.
OBJECTIVE
This article systematically reviews research assessing gustatory differences in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED).
METHOD
A systematic review was performed, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, examining taste and eating disorders. We reviewed electronic databases and identified 1,490 peer-reviewed English-language studies. Of these, 49 met inclusion criteria.
RESULTS
Studies employed psychophysical measures ( = 27), self-reported questionnaires ( = 5), and neuroimaging techniques (i.e., electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging; = 17). Psychophysical studies showed that individuals with BN, in general, had greater preference for sweetness than healthy controls, and those with AN had a greater aversion for fat than controls. In neuroimaging studies, findings suggested that predictable administration of sweet-taste stimuli was associated with reduced activation in taste-reward regions of the brain among individuals with AN (e.g., insula, ventral, and dorsal striatum) but increased activation in BN and BED.
DISCUSSION
To our knowledge, this systematic review is the first to synthesize literature on taste differences in AN, BN, and BED. The inconsistency and variability in methods used across studies increased difficulties in comparing studies and disease processes. Further studies with well-defined population parameters are warranted to better understand how taste varies in patients with eating disorders.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anorexia Nervosa; Binge-Eating Disorder; Brain; Bulimia Nervosa; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Male; Surveys and Questionnaires; Taste; Young Adult
PubMed: 31833410
DOI: 10.1177/1099800419872824 -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Nov 2017To conduct a systematic review and evaluate the quality of evidence for interventions to prevent hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy (CP). (Review)
Review
AIM
To conduct a systematic review and evaluate the quality of evidence for interventions to prevent hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy (CP).
METHOD
A systematic review was performed using American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine (AACPDM) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Searches were completed in seven electronic databases. Studies were included if participants had CP and the effectiveness of the intervention was reported using a radiological measure. Results of orthopaedic surgical interventions were excluded.
RESULTS
Twenty-four studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria (4 botulinum neurotoxin A; 2 botulinum neurotoxin A and bracing; 1 complementary and alternative medicine; 1 intrathecal baclofen; 1 obturator nerve block; 8 positioning; 7 selective dorsal rhizotomy). There was significant variability in treatment dosages, participant characteristics, and duration of follow-up among the studies. Overall, the level of evidence was low. No intervention in this review demonstrated a large treatment effect on hip displacement.
INTERPRETATION
The level and quality of evidence for all interventions aimed at slowing or preventing hip displacement is low. There is currently insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of the identified interventions to prevent hip displacement or dislocation in children and young people with CP.
WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS
High-quality evidence on prevention of hip displacement is lacking. No recommendations can be made for preventing hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy because of poor-quality evidence. High-quality, prospective, longitudinal studies investigating the impact of interventions on hip displacement are required.
Topics: Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Braces; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Complementary Therapies; Databases, Factual; Hip Dislocation; Humans; Nerve Block; Neuromuscular Agents; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Rhizotomy
PubMed: 28574172
DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13480 -
World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2021Suspension trauma syndrome is a life-threatening event that occurs when a person is "trapped" in a prolonged passive suspension. It is most commonly seen in people who... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Suspension trauma syndrome is a life-threatening event that occurs when a person is "trapped" in a prolonged passive suspension. It is most commonly seen in people who engage in occupational or sport activities that require harness suspension. The aim of this study is to identify the predisposing factors, pathophysiology, and management of suspension trauma.
METHODS
A review and analysis of the literature published in English and Spanish from 1972 to 2020 on suspension trauma were performed. Search sources were PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, MeSH, UpToDate, and Google Scholar. Articles referring to suspension trauma associated with other injury mechanisms (traumatic impact injuries, drowning, asphyxiation, or bleeding), case reports, and pediatric population were excluded.
RESULTS
Forty-one articles were identified. Of these, 29 articles related to mechanism, pathophysiology, and management of individuals who suffered prolonged suspension trauma without associated traumatic injuries were included in the study. We encountered several controversies describing the putative pathophysiology, ranging from blood sequestration in the lower extremities versus accumulation of metabolic waste and hyperkalemia to dorsal hook-type harness as a trigger cause of positional asphyxia; to vascular compression of femoral vessels exerted by the harness causing decreased venous return. Pstients suspended in a full-body harness with dorsal hook showed more hemodynamic alterations in response to the compressive effect on the rib cage, causing a reduction in perfusion by presenting a decrease in pulse pressure. Management strategies varied across studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Progress has been made in individualizing the population at risk and in the management of suspension trauma. We recommend the formation of consensus definitions, larger cohort or registry studies to be conducted, and experimental animal models to better understand the mechanisms in order to develop management and life support guidelines from a trauma and emergency medicine perspective.
PubMed: 34512820
DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2021.04.001 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jun 2022Electromagnetic fields are emerging as a therapeutic option for patients with spasticity. They have been applied at brain or peripheral level. The effects of... (Review)
Review
Electromagnetic fields are emerging as a therapeutic option for patients with spasticity. They have been applied at brain or peripheral level. The effects of electromagnetic fields applied to the brain have been extensively studied for years in spasticity, but not so at the peripheral level. Therefore, the purpose of our work is to analyze the effects of electromagnetic fields, applied peripherally to spasticity. A systematic review was conducted resulting in 10 clinical trials. The frequency ranged from 1 Hz to 150 Hz, with 25 Hz being the most commonly used and the intensity it was gradually increased but there was low homogeneity in how it was increased. Positive results on spasticity were found in 80% of the studies: improvements in stretch reflex threshold, self questionnaire about difficulties related to spasticity, clinical spasticity score, performance scale, Ashworth scale, spastic tone, Hmax/Mmax Ratio and active and passive dorsal flexion. However, results must be taken with caution due to the large heterogeneity and the small number of articles. In future studies, it would be interesting to agree on the parameters to be used, as well as the way of assessing spasticity, to be more objective in the study of their effectiveness.
PubMed: 35807019
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133739 -
Neurology Mar 2015To quantitatively synthesize results from neuroimaging studies that evaluated patterns of resting functional activity in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To quantitatively synthesize results from neuroimaging studies that evaluated patterns of resting functional activity in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC).
METHODS
We performed a systematic review and coordinate-based meta-analysis of studies published up to May 2014. Studies were included if they compared resting-state functional neuroimaging data acquired in patients with DOC (coma, minimally conscious state, emergence from minimally conscious state, or vegetative state) with a group of healthy controls. Coordinate-based meta-analysis was performed in studies that included voxel-based comparisons at the whole-brain level and if analysis was accomplished with data-driven approaches.
RESULTS
A total of 36 studies (687 patients, 637 healthy controls) were included in the systematic review. Reported DOC were vegetative state (43.2%), coma (23.4%), minimally conscious state (22.8%), and emergence from minimally conscious state (1.6%); the most common etiologies of DOC were traumatic brain injury (37.7%) and anoxic brain injury (36.9%). Functional neuroimaging was accomplished using fMRI (16 studies), PET (15 studies), SPECT (4 studies), and both PET and SPECT in one study. Meta-analysis in 13 studies (272 patients, 259 healthy controls) revealed consistently reduced activity in patients with DOC in bilateral medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, left cingulate, posterior cingulate, precuneus, and middle frontal and medial temporal gyri.
CONCLUSIONS
In patients with DOC evaluated in the resting state, functional neuroimaging indicates markedly reduced activity within midline cortical and subcortical sites, anatomical structures that have been linked to the default-mode network. Studies are needed to determine the relation between activation (and coherence) within these structures and the emergence of conscious awareness.
Topics: Brain; Consciousness Disorders; Functional Neuroimaging; Humans
PubMed: 25713001
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001404 -
Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand... 2023Local anesthesia is an effective method to perform digital nerve blocks. In this study, we compare the effectiveness of single-volar subcutaneous and double-dorsal... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Comparison of the effectiveness of local anesthesia for the digital block between single-volar subcutaneous and double-dorsal finger injections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials.
Local anesthesia is an effective method to perform digital nerve blocks. In this study, we compare the effectiveness of single-volar subcutaneous and double-dorsal injection through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to 7 April 2021 was performed. RCTs with the effects of single-volar subcutaneous and double-dorsal injection were eligible. Meta-analysis was performed using random effect models with pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RoB 2.0 and GRADE of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria were applied for evaluating the bias. A total of 2484 studies were initially identified, with 11 eligible RCTs finally included in the meta-analysis (1363 patients). The pooled data of nine studies showed single-volar injection had a statistically significantly lower pain score (pooled SMD: 0.20, 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.39, = 0.041, I2 = 58%, = 1187) and higher patient preference but invalid anesthesia at the dorsal proximal digit. No significant differences were observed in the onset of anesthesia, adjacent digit invalid numbness, distal phalanx invalid anesthesia, additional injection rate, and adverse effects. In conclusion, this meta-analysis of RCTs showed that the single-volar injection was associated with a lower pain sensation during injection and higher patient satisfaction with a reduced anesthetic effect over the proximal dorsal phalanx. Further high-quality RCTs with a higher number of cases are needed to validate our results.
Topics: Humans; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Injections, Subcutaneous; Fingers; Pain
PubMed: 35522838
DOI: 10.1080/2000656X.2022.2070177 -
Plastic Surgery (Oakville, Ont.) Nov 2018The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value) of plain... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value) of plain film (PF), ultrasonography (USG), and computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing nasal bone fractures (NBFs).
METHODS
In a search of PubMed and Scopus, "nasal bone fracture" AND "X-ray OR CT OR USG OR MRI" were searched. Among the 369 titles from PubMed and 379 titles from Scopus, 257 duplicate titles were excluded and 491 titles were reviewed. Among them, 36 full articles were reviewed. From these, 21 were excluded and 1 mined article was added; thus, 16 articles were reviewed.
RESULTS
The accuracy of CT (94.4% ± 2.3%) was significantly higher ( < .001) than that of USG (85.0% ± 3.6%). The accuracy of USG was significantly higher ( < .001) than that of PF (67.7% ± 4.7%). Computed tomography (89.3% ± 3.1%) and USG (87.2% ± 3.3%) were significantly more sensitive than PF ( < .001 and < .001, respectively). The specificity of CT (94.2% ± 2.3%) was significantly higher ( = .001) than that of USG (87.4% ± 3.3%). The specificity of USG was significantly higher ( < .001) than that of PF (67.8% ± 4.7%). Among the PF techniques, combining a lateral view and the Water's view (71.8% ± 4.5%) had significantly higher accuracy than a lateral view alone (62.4% ± 4.8%) or the Water's view alone (61.0% ± 4.9%). In USG, there was no significant difference ( = .300) in accuracy among lateral and dorsal views (95.8% ± 2.0%), a lateral view alone (84.2% ± 3.7%), and a dorsal view alone (84.2% ± 3.6%).
CONCLUSION
The results of this review might be helpful in choosing the most appropriate diagnostic tool in patients suspected having NBF.
PubMed: 30450348
DOI: 10.1177/2292550317749535 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine May 2021Injury to the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) may cause chronic wrist pain and instability if left untreated. The current literature of adult cases suggests... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Injury to the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) may cause chronic wrist pain and instability if left untreated. The current literature of adult cases suggests that arthroscopic treatment offers favorable outcomes and is associated with a low complication rate. This systematic review evaluated the outcomes of arthroscopic TFCC surgery in adolescents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A PRISMA-guided literature search of PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Clinical Answers was conducted in May 2020. All studies reporting on (1) arthroscopic TFCC repair or debridement in (2) patients under the age of 19 years with (3) a minimum case number of four patients were extracted by two independent observers. The level of evidence of each study was assessed according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, and study quality was graded according to the Modified Coleman Methodology Score and the MINORS criteria. Clinical outcome scores, functional parameters, and any complications were reviewed.
RESULTS
The selected search terms initially resulted in a total of 986 possible articles. The authors eventually identified eight papers (all LoE IV) for inclusion in this systematic review. A total of 254 patients with verified TFCC tears and a mean age of 16 years (range, 7-19) received arthroscopic repair (162 patients, 67.1% of total) or debridement (77 patients, 29.7% of total). Arthroscopic treatment resulted in low pain levels, high patient satisfaction, and a fast return to sport. Complications overall were sparse and consisted mainly of persistent wrist pain ( = 31) and temporary paresthesia ( = 6) of the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve. Recurrent tears were sparse, with only four reported cases due to sports participation.
CONCLUSION
Wrist arthroscopy is a reliable surgical option for treating TFCC tears in adolescents. The results obtained are comparable to those published in the literature. However, the variety of repair techniques and the low level of evidence across all included articles demand further prospective studies.
PubMed: 34072171
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112363 -
Journal of Neuroinflammation May 2023Increasing pre-clinical evidence suggests that aerobic exercise positively modulates neuroimmune responses following traumatic nerve injury. However, meta-analyses on... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Increasing pre-clinical evidence suggests that aerobic exercise positively modulates neuroimmune responses following traumatic nerve injury. However, meta-analyses on neuroimmune outcomes are currently still lacking. This study aimed to synthesize the pre-clinical literature on the effects of aerobic exercise on neuroimmune responses following peripheral nerve injury.
METHODS
MEDLINE (via Pubmed), EMBASE and Web of Science were searched. Controlled experimental studies on the effect of aerobic exercise on neuroimmune responses in animals with a traumatically induced peripheral neuropathy were considered. Study selection, risk of bias assessment and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. Results were analyzed using random effects models and reported as standardized mean differences. Outcome measures were reported per anatomical location and per class of neuro-immune substance.
RESULTS
The literature search resulted in 14,590 records. Forty studies were included, reporting 139 comparisons of neuroimmune responses at various anatomical locations. All studies had an unclear risk of bias. Compared to non-exercised animals, meta-analyses showed the following main differences in exercised animals: (1) in the affected nerve, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were lower (p = 0.003), while insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (p < 0.001) and Growth Associated Protein 43 (GAP43) (p = 0.01) levels were higher; (2) At the dorsal root ganglia, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/BDNF mRNA levels (p = 0.004) and nerve growth factor (NGF)/NGF mRNA (p < 0.05) levels were lower; (3) in the spinal cord, BDNF levels (p = 0.006) were lower; at the dorsal horn, microglia (p < 0.001) and astrocyte (p = 0.005) marker levels were lower; at the ventral horn, astrocyte marker levels (p < 0.001) were higher, and several outcomes related to synaptic stripping were favorably altered; (4) brainstem 5-HT2A receptor levels were higher (p = 0.001); (5) in muscles, BDNF levels (p < 0.001) were higher and TNF-α levels lower (p < 0.05); (6) no significant differences were found for systemic neuroimmune responses in blood or serum.
CONCLUSION
This review revealed widespread positive modulatory effects of aerobic exercise on neuroimmune responses following traumatic peripheral nerve injury. These changes are in line with a beneficial influence on pro-inflammatory processes and increased anti-inflammatory responses. Given the small sample sizes and the unclear risk of bias of the studies, results should be interpreted with caution.
Topics: Animals; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Nerve Growth Factor; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn; Exercise; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 37138291
DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02777-y -
Folia Morphologica 2023The first dorsal compartment of the wrist includes tendons of abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB). However, many studies have showed... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The first dorsal compartment of the wrist includes tendons of abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB). However, many studies have showed multiple anatomical variations including anomalies in the number of both APL and EPB tendons and presence of intercompartmental fibro-osseous septum. Unfortunately, studies describing those variations are not consistent, hence, the aim of this study was to provide most accurate data about these anatomical variations in the population, using systematic review and meta-analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For this purpose, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and a number of minor online libraries were searched. Articles which included exact data about the number of APL or EPB tendons or a presence of intercompartmental septum were qualified for a more precise evaluation. Therefore, out of 1629 studies initially evaluated, 68 were finally included in this meta-analysis. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
RESULTS
A total of 5229 studied wrists have been included in this study. Double APL and single EPB are the most common variations of tendons in the first dorsal compartment, both in cadavers and patients with de Quervain's disease, with no statistically significant differences between those two groups. Presence of intercompartmental fibro-osseus septum is much more common in patients with de Quervain's disease than in cadavers.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results should improve the awareness of anatomical variations in the first dorsal compartment, which in turn should have impact on treatment of de Quervain's disease in clinical practice.
Topics: Humans; Wrist; De Quervain Disease; Wrist Joint; Tendons; Cadaver
PubMed: 36165900
DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2022.0081