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BJS Open May 2024Breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy and mastectomy are currently offered as equivalent surgical options for early-stage breast cancer based on RCTs from... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy and mastectomy are currently offered as equivalent surgical options for early-stage breast cancer based on RCTs from the 1970s and 1980s. However, the treatment of breast cancer has evolved and recent observational studies suggest a survival advantage for breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to summarize the contemporary evidence regarding survival after breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy versus mastectomy for women with early-stage breast cancer.
METHODS
A systematic search of MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Embase that identified studies published between 1 January 2000 and 18 December 2023 comparing overall survival after breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy versus mastectomy for patients with unilateral stage 1-3 breast cancer was undertaken. The main exclusion criteria were studies evaluating neoadjuvant chemotherapy, rare breast cancer subtypes, and specific breast cancer populations. The ROBINS-I tool was used to assess risk of bias, with the overall certainty of evidence assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. Studies without critical risk of bias were included in a quantitative meta-analysis.
RESULTS
From 11 750 abstracts, 108 eligible articles were identified, with one article including two studies; 29 studies were excluded from the meta-analysis due to an overall critical risk of bias, 42 studies were excluded due to overlapping study populations, and three studies were excluded due to reporting incompatible results. A total of 35 observational studies reported survival outcomes for 909 077 patients (362 390 patients undergoing mastectomy and 546 687 patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy). The pooled HR was 0.72 (95% c.i. 0.68 to 0.75, P < 0.001), demonstrating improved overall survival for patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy. The overall certainty of the evidence was very low.
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis provides evidence suggesting a survival advantage for women undergoing breast-conserving surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy for early-stage breast cancer compared with mastectomy. Although these results should be interpreted with caution, they should be shared with patients to support informed surgical decision-making.
Topics: Humans; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Female; Mastectomy, Segmental; Breast Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Mastectomy
PubMed: 38758563
DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zrae040 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2023Breast surgery has evolved from mastectomy to breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Breast oncoplastic surgery later emerged with the inclusion and development of techniques...
Breast surgery has evolved from mastectomy to breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Breast oncoplastic surgery later emerged with the inclusion and development of techniques used in plastic surgery for breast neoplasms. Recently, a new paradigm has been considered for mastectomy candidates with large multifocal and multicentric tumours, designated extreme oncoplasty (EO), which has allowed new techniques to be applied to tumours that would have been ineligible for BCS before. There are few publications and no uniform descriptions grouping all the technical possibilities and new indications together. We performed this a review with the objective of evaluating the indications and surgeries performed in the EO context, representing a new perspective for BCS. We observed new indications as extensive microcalcifications, locally advanced breast carcinoma with partial response to chemotherapy, small to moderate-sized non-ptotic central tumours and extreme ptosis. Small breasts are able for EO since the presence of ptosis. New surgeries are reported as disguised geometric compensation, perforators flaps, local/regional flaps, latissimus dorsi miniflap and partial breast amputation. It is important to decrease barriers to oncoplastic surgery if we want to increase the use of EO and BCS rates.
PubMed: 38352300
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1215284 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Mar 2023Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) is a surgical technique that aims to maximize skin preservation, facilitate breast reconstruction, and improve cosmetic outcomes. Despite... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) is a surgical technique that aims to maximize skin preservation, facilitate breast reconstruction, and improve cosmetic outcomes. Despite its use in clinical practice, the benefits and harms related to SSM are not well established.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness and safety of skin-sparing mastectomy for the treatment of breast cancer.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched Cochrane Breast Cancer's Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP), and ClinicalTrials.gov on 9 August 2019.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-randomized or non-randomized studies (cohort and case-control) comparing SSM to conventional mastectomy for treating ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes were local recurrence free-survival, adverse events (including overall complications, breast reconstruction loss, skin necrosis, infection and hemorrhage), cosmetic results, and quality of life. We performed a descriptive analysis and meta-analysis of the data.
MAIN RESULTS
We found no RCTs or quasi-RCTs. We included two prospective cohort studies and twelve retrospective cohort studies. These studies included 12,211 participants involving 12,283 surgeries (3183 SSM and 9100 conventional mastectomies). It was not possible to perform a meta-analysis for overall survival and local recurrence free-survival due to clinical heterogeneity across studies and a lack of data to calculate hazard ratios (HR). Based on one study, the evidence suggests that SSM may not reduce overall survival for participants with DCIS tumors (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.17 to 1.02; P = 0.06; 399 participants; very low-certainty evidence) or for participants with invasive carcinoma (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.38; P = 0.44; 907 participants; very low-certainty evidence). For local recurrence-free survival, meta-analysis was not possible, due to high risk of bias in nine of the ten studies that measured this outcome. Informal visual examination of effect sizes from nine studies suggested the size of the HR may be similar between groups. Based on one study that adjusted for confounders, SSM may not reduce local recurrence-free survival (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.42; P = 0.48; 5690 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The effect of SSM on overall complications is unclear (RR 1.55, 95% CI 0.97 to 2.46; P = 0.07, I = 88%; 4 studies, 677 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Skin-sparing mastectomy may not reduce the risk of breast reconstruction loss (RR 1.79, 95% CI 0.31 to 10.35; P = 0.52; 3 studies, 475 participants; very low-certainty evidence), skin necrosis (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.62 to 2.12; P = 0.22, I = 33%; 4 studies, 677 participants; very low-certainty evidence), local infection (RR 2.04, 95% CI 0.03 to 142.71; P = 0.74, I = 88%; 2 studies, 371 participants; very low-certainty evidence), nor hemorrhage (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.47 to 3.27; P = 0.67, I = 0%; 4 studies, 677 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We downgraded the certainty of the evidence due to the risk of bias, imprecision, and inconsistency among the studies. There were no data available on the following outcomes: systemic surgical complications, local complications, explantation of implant/expander, hematoma, seroma, rehospitalization, skin necrosis with revisional surgery, and capsular contracture of the implant. It was not possible to perform a meta-analysis for cosmetic and quality of life outcomes due to a lack of data. One study performed an evaluation of aesthetic outcome after SSM: 77.7% of participants with immediate breast reconstruction had an overall aesthetic result of excellent or good versus 87% of participants with delayed breast reconstruction.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Based on very low-certainty evidence from observational studies, it was not possible to draw definitive conclusions on the effectiveness and safety of SSM for breast cancer treatment. The decision for this technique of breast surgery for treatment of DCIS or invasive breast cancer must be individualized and shared between the physician and the patient while considering the potential risks and benefits of available surgical options.
Topics: Humans; Female; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Breast Neoplasms; Mastectomy; Mammaplasty; Necrosis
PubMed: 36972145
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010993.pub2 -
Gland Surgery May 2022With the increasing incidence of breast cancer, breast cancer patients suffered from psychological problems in different degrees. There was no unified conclusion on...
BACKGROUND
With the increasing incidence of breast cancer, breast cancer patients suffered from psychological problems in different degrees. There was no unified conclusion on whether psychological intervention nursing can improve the quality of life (QOL) of breast cancer patients. This meta-analysis aimed to explore the impact of psychological nursing interventions on the quality of life of breast cancer patients.
METHODS
We retrieved related articles from both English databases (including PubMed, Medline, and Embase) and Chinese databases [including China Biology Medicine DISC (CBMdisc), China National Knowledge Network (CNKI), Wanfang, and China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP]. All of the databases were searched using a combination of the following search terms: psychological intervention nursing, psychological nursing, psychotherapy, breast loss, radical mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, and quality of life. The quality of the included literature was assessed using RevMan 5.3 provided by the Cochrane system.
RESULTS
A total of 12 articles were included, and the meta-analysis results showed that the quality of life questionnaire core 30 (QLQ-C 30) was evaluated, and there was heterogeneity among the studies (P<0.00001, I=92%). There was no statistical difference between the intervention group and the control group [standardized mean difference (SMD) =0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.11-1.27, P=0.10]. Short Form 36 Questionnaire (SF-36) was evaluated, and there was no heterogeneity among the studies (P=0.40, I=0%). The fixed effect model was used for Meta-analysis. There were statistical differences between the intervention group and the control group [mean difference (MD) =6.12, 95% CI: 5.17-7.06, P<0.00001]. According to the evaluation of functional assessment of cancer therapy (FACT), there is heterogeneity among the studies (P=0.003, I=83%). There were statistical differences between the intervention group and the control group (MD =12.74, 95% CI: 6.34-19.14, P<0.0001).
DISCUSSION
Psychological nursing intervention can significantly improve the quality of life of patients with missing breasts undergoing radical mastectomy, which has certain guiding significance for the formulation of clinically effective nursing measures.
PubMed: 35694086
DOI: 10.21037/gs-22-206 -
Annals of Surgical Oncology Jan 2023Implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) remains the standard and most popular option for women undergoing breast reconstruction after mastectomy worldwide. Recently,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) remains the standard and most popular option for women undergoing breast reconstruction after mastectomy worldwide. Recently, prepectoral IBBR has resurged in popularity, despite limited data comparing prepectoral with subpectoral IBBR.
METHODS
A systematic search of PubMed and Cochrane Library from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2021, was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines, data were extracted by independent reviewers. Studies that compared prepectoral with subpectoral IBBR for breast cancer were included.
RESULTS
Overall, 15 studies with 3,101 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Our results showed that patients receiving prepectoral IBBR experienced fewer capsular contractures (odds ratio [OR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32-0.92; P = 0.02), animation deformity (OR, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.00-0.25; P = 0.002), and prosthesis failure (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42-0.80; P = 0.001). There was no significant difference between prepectoral and subpectoral IBBR in overall complications (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.64-1.09; P = 0.19), seroma (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.59-2.51; P = 0.60), hematoma (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.49-1.18; P = 0.22), infection (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.63-1.20; P = 0.39), skin flap necrosis (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.45-1.08; P = 0.11), and recurrence (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.52-3.39; P = 0.55). Similarly, no significant difference was found in Breast-Q scores between the prepectoral and subpectoral IBBR groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that prepectoral, implant-based, breast reconstruction is a safe modality and has similar outcomes with significantly lower rates of capsular contracture, prosthesis failure, and animation deformity compared with subpectoral, implant-based, breast reconstruction.
Topics: Female; Humans; Breast Neoplasms; Mammaplasty; Mastectomy; Prosthesis Failure
PubMed: 36245049
DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12567-0 -
Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &... Nov 2023Animal-derived acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) are increasingly being used in prepectoral direct-to-implant (DTI) breast reconstruction. However, the indications and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Animal-derived acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) are increasingly being used in prepectoral direct-to-implant (DTI) breast reconstruction. However, the indications and complication profile associated with this type of reconstruction remain unclear. This study aimed to perform a systematic review of the available literature on the use of animal-derived ADM in prepectoral DTI breast reconstruction.
METHODS
Three different literature databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Embase were screened using the following keywords: "immediate" AND "pre-pectoral" OR "prepectoral" AND "ADM breast reconstruction." Animal-derived ADM used (porcine - Braxon® and non-Braxon® - and bovine - Surgimend®) anthropometric information, clinical data, and complications profile were considered.
RESULTS
A total of 340 articles were initially identified, of which only 45 articles (5089 patients and 6598 reconstructed breasts) satisfied our inclusion criteria. The most widely used ADM was Braxon® in the context of conservative mastectomies. In most studies, a subcutaneous layer > 1 cm and lack of previous radiotherapy were considered prerequisites for this type of reconstruction. An increased risk of complications was found in smokers, patients who underwent radiation treatment, patients with high breast volumes, and patients with cancers requiring axillary dissection. Data related to the role of diabetes, high body mass index, and breast implant size on surgical outcomes were instead inconcludent. Age was not directly proportional to the complications.
CONCLUSION
The complications associated with different animal-derived ADMs are generally comparable. The profile of patients required for eligibility for this type of reconstruction appears to have been identified and is in line with current recommendations.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cattle; Swine; Female; Mastectomy; Acellular Dermis; Breast Neoplasms; Mammaplasty; Breast Implantation; Breast Implants; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37716255
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.08.020 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.... May 2024Nipple adenomas (NAs) are rare benign proliferative tumors presenting as palpable nodules, erosive lesions, or nipple discharge, mimicking other conditions. This...
BACKGROUND
Nipple adenomas (NAs) are rare benign proliferative tumors presenting as palpable nodules, erosive lesions, or nipple discharge, mimicking other conditions. This systematic review categorizes cases into sole NA (ONA) or co-diagnoses with other conditions (CONA) to enhance clinical recognition, diagnosis, and treatment efficacy.
METHODS
Following PRISMA guidelines, a PubMed search was conducted for NA. Inclusion criteria covered original research, excluding reviews or other breast diseases. Bias risk was assessed through a thorough search, authors independently evaluated studies, and data were synthesized using varied measures. Subgroups ONA and CONA were formed. Analyses were conducted in Excel and R, complemented by a qualitative review due to case report predominance. Biases in case reports were transparently addressed.
RESULTS
Of the 86 studies, 387 cases were analyzed, showing 10.34% with co-diagnoses of malignant or premalignant conditions. Mean age was 44, with a female predominance (97%). ONA (347 cases) and CONA (40 cases) subgroups exhibited variations in symptoms, physical findings, and imaging. Treatment modalities included excision (51.39%), biopsy alone (11.1%), and mastectomy (8.6%). Mean follow-up of 56.73 months revealed recurrence (2.87%) and malignancy development (1.79%), notably in CONA cases (33.33%).
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides insights into the broader age range of NA and its associations. Higher co-diagnosis rates were correlated with older age, highlighting the necessity for thorough investigation, with excision as the primary treatment. Follow-up emphasizes the significance of identifying and monitoring CONA cases, which pose a higher malignancy risk. Recurrence is presumed to be linked to proper lesion excision and co-diagnosis.
PubMed: 38798941
DOI: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000005827 -
European Journal of Pain (London,... Apr 2015Perioperative neuropathic pain is under-recognized and often undertreated. Chronic pain may develop after any routine surgery, but it can have a far greater incidence... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Perioperative neuropathic pain is under-recognized and often undertreated. Chronic pain may develop after any routine surgery, but it can have a far greater incidence after amputation, thoracotomy or mastectomy. The peak noxious barrage due to the neural trauma associated with these operations may be reduced in the perioperative period with the potential to reduce the risk of chronic pain.
DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT
A systematic review of the evidence for perioperative interventions reducing acute and chronic pain associated with amputation, mastectomy or thoracotomy.
RESULTS
Thirty-two randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Gabapentinoids reduced pain after mastectomy, but a single dose was ineffective for thoracotomy patients who had an epidural. Gabapentinoids were ineffective for vascular amputees with pre-existing chronic pain. Venlafaxine was associated with less chronic pain after mastectomy. Intravenous and topical lidocaine and perioperative EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anaesthetic) cream reduced the incidence of chronic pain after mastectomy, whereas local anaesthetic infiltration appeared ineffective. The majority of the trials investigating regional analgesia found it to be beneficial for chronic symptoms. Ketamine and intercostal cryoanalgesia offered no reduction in chronic pain. Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) reduced the incidence of post-thoracotomy pain in one study, whereas high-dose remifentanil exacerbated chronic pain in another.
CONCLUSIONS
Appropriate dose regimes of gabapentinoids, antidepressants, local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia may potentially reduce the severity of both acute and chronic pain for patients. Ketamine was not effective at reducing chronic pain. Intercostal cryoanalgesia was not effective and has the potential to increase the risk of chronic pain. TIVA may be beneficial but the effects of opioids are unclear.
Topics: Acute Pain; Anesthetics, Local; Chronic Pain; Humans; Mastectomy; Pain, Postoperative; Thoracotomy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25088289
DOI: 10.1002/ejp.567 -
JPRAS Open Mar 2022Post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is a surgical complication of breast surgery characterized by chronic neuropathic pain. The development of PMPS is multifactorial...
BACKGROUND
Post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is a surgical complication of breast surgery characterized by chronic neuropathic pain. The development of PMPS is multifactorial and research on its prevention is limited. The objective of this systematic review is to synthesize the existing evidence on interventions for lowering the incidence of persistent neuropathic pain after breast surgery.
METHODS
Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we performed a comprehensive search of the electronic databases of MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov using a combination of database-specific controlled vocabulary and keyword searches. Two reviewers independently screened all unique records. Publications on chronic (>3-month duration) pain after breast cancer-related surgery were included. Studies were classified by modality.
RESULTS
Our literature search yielded 7092 articles after deduplication. We identified 45 studies that met final inclusion criteria for analysis, including 37 randomized-controlled trials. These studies revealed seven major intervention modalities for prevention of PMPS: physical therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, oral medications, surgical intervention, anesthesia, nerve blocks, and topical medication therapy.
CONCLUSION
High-quality data on preventative techniques for PMPS are required to inform decisions for breast cancer survivors. We present a comprehensive assessment of the modalities available that can help guide breast and reconstructive surgeons employ effective strategies to lower the incidence and severity of PMPS. Our review supports the use of multimodal care involving both a peripherally targeted treatment and centrally acting medication to prevent the development of PMPS.
PubMed: 34926777
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpra.2021.10.009 -
Annals of Plastic Surgery Apr 2023Given that the use of breast implants for both cosmetic and reconstructive purposes is growing in the United States, an evaluation of factors that may affect the outcome...
Given that the use of breast implants for both cosmetic and reconstructive purposes is growing in the United States, an evaluation of factors that may affect the outcome of breast implant surgery is needed. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the question: Does a personal or family history of autoimmune disease affect outcomes in breast implant surgery? The literature search yielded 2425 records, but after removal of duplicates, abstract screening, and full-text assessment, only 2 studies met the inclusion criteria for the final review. Both studies provided level III evidence and the average Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies score was 16.5 (range, 15-18 of 24), indicating a fair level of evidence overall. This systematic review found no evidence to support that a diagnosis of an autoimmune disease and/or a family history of autoimmune diseases will lead to poor surgical outcomes in breast implant surgery. Further study is warranted.
Topics: Humans; Breast Implants; Breast Implantation; Autoimmune Diseases; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Mastectomy
PubMed: 34117137
DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000002930