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International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2019A literature review was conducted to identify evidence of cases and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) that have been reported from on board ships and the...
A literature review was conducted to identify evidence of cases and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) that have been reported from on board ships and the methods applied on board for prevention and control, worldwide, in 1990 to April 2019. Moreover, evidence from seroprevalence studies for the same diseases were also included. The literature review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 1795 cases (115 outbreaks, 7 case reports) were identified, the majority were among crew (1466/1795, 81.7%) and were varicella cases (1497, 83.4%). The origin of crew cases was from sub-tropical countries in many reports. Measles (40 cases, 69% among crew), rubella (47, 88.7%), herpes zoster (9, 69.2%) and varicella cases (1316, 87.9%) were more frequent among crew. Mumps cases were equal among passengers and crew (22/22). Hepatitis A (73/92, 70.3%), meningococcal meningitis (16/29, 44.8%), and pertussis (9/9) were more frequent among passengers. Two outbreaks resulted in 262 secondary measles cases on land. Review results were used to draft a new chapter for prevention and control of VPDs in the European Manual for Hygiene Standards and Communicable Disease Surveillance on Passenger Ships. Despite past and current evidence for cross-border VPD transmission and maritime occupational risks, documented pre-employment examination of immune status, vaccination of seafarers, and travel advice to passengers are not yet regulated.
Topics: Emigration and Immigration; Employment; Humans; Immunization; Ships; Travel; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
PubMed: 31366029
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152713 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Nov 2022Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by () continues to be a global public health concern. Understanding the prevalence of serogroups in IMD is critical for... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by () continues to be a global public health concern. Understanding the prevalence of serogroups in IMD is critical for developing strategies for meningococcal vaccination. We used the keywords "cerebrospinal meningitis", "meningococcal", "'', "meningococcal meningitis", "serogroup'' and "China'' to search five databases, including PubMed, CNKI, CBM (Chinese BioMedical Literature Database), WanFang and VIP from 2010 to 2020. The age distributions, proportions of serogroups and serogroup changes in IMD were analyzed. A total of 14 studies were included according to PRISMA guidelines. In China, from 2010 to 2020, the highest proportion of in IMD was NmC, with 49.7% (95% CI: 35.8%-63.5%), followed by NmB with 30.2% (95%CI:17.3%-43.0%) and NmW with 23.8% (95%CI: 7.0-40.7%). Before 2014, NmC was the major circulating serogroup, with 59.6% (95% CI: 43.8%-75.4%), followed by NmW with 24.4% (95% CI: 5.9%-42.9%). After 2015, IMD cases caused by NmB were increasing, the proportion of NmB reached to 52.4% (95% CI: 31.8%-73.1%). The age groups of children from 0 to 5 years and from 6 to 10 years represented, respectively, 29.6% (95% CI: 16.8%-42.4%) and 28.9% (95% CI: 12.1%-45.8%) of all IMD cases were reported. In China, NmB, NmC and NmW were the major serogroups causing IMD between 2010 and 2020. Since 2015, the proportion of NmB increased rapidly. The current serogroup distribution in China highlights the need of replacing the meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines that are being used in the National Immunization Program with more appropriate vaccines.
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant; Child, Preschool; Neisseria meningitidis; Serogroup; Prevalence; Meningococcal Infections; Meningococcal Vaccines; Meningitis, Meningococcal; China
PubMed: 35687866
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2071077 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics May 2021Two quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MenACWY) that prevent invasive meningococcal disease caused by serogroups A, C, Y, and W have been licensed in the...
Two quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MenACWY) that prevent invasive meningococcal disease caused by serogroups A, C, Y, and W have been licensed in the U.S. in the past 10-15 years. We systematically reviewed published studies conducted in the U.S. to evaluate the real-world safety evidence of meningococcal conjugate vaccines. We performed a literature search in PubMed of publications from 01/01/2005 to 02/29/2020 and identified 18 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Populations included high-risk persons aged 2 months to 10 years, adolescents/adults aged ≥11 years, pregnant populations, and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. We extracted information about study setting, study design, exposure, outcomes, comparison group, follow-up/look back period, study population, sample size, available demographic/indication information, results, key conclusion, and reference. These published studies found no new significant safety concerns related to MenACWY. Consideration for future research includes a post-licensure safety evaluation of a new MenACWY product approved in April 2020.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Meningococcal Infections; Meningococcal Vaccines; Neisseria meningitidis; Pregnancy; United States; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 33327853
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1829412 -
Vaccine Jan 2020Current vaccination coverage rates in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are lower than the region-wide rates set by the Pan American Health Organization. To improve...
Current vaccination coverage rates in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are lower than the region-wide rates set by the Pan American Health Organization. To improve vaccination uptake, it is crucial to identify barriers to vaccination. We conducted a systematic literature review to identify the key barriers to vaccination in the LAC region, and to classify and quantify factors affecting vaccination coverage using the barrier categories outlined by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) working group. We mapped knowledge gaps in the understanding of region-specific and population-specific vaccine hesitancy. Nine databases (Medline via PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, MedCarib, SciELO, Scopus, PATH, SAGE Online and Google Scholar) were searched for articles published in English, Spanish and Portuguese up to 15 July 2017. A total of 6867 articles were identified of which 75 were included in the review. Majority of the articles were quantitative in nature and nearly half from Brazil. Many other countries in LAC have limited published evidence on barriers to vaccination. The most commonly investigated target population was parents (of children <8 years of age [yoa] and adolescents 9-10 yoa) but there was a balance in the number of publications that reported on influenza, childhood and human papillomavirus vaccination. There was limited direct evidence which reported insights on the new generation of childhood vaccines (pneumococcal or meningococcal vaccines) or studies targeting adolescents and pregnant women. Among the SAGE barrier categories, 'individual/group influences' were the most frequently reported barrier category (68%) followed by 'contextual influences' (47%). Adverse socioeconomic factors, a low level of education, lack of awareness of diseases and their vaccines, religious and cultural beliefs are commonly cited as obstacles to vaccination acceptance. Additional evidence is needed to fully understand the barriers to vaccination for different target populations, countries in the region and specific vaccine types.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Educational Status; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Latin America; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Socioeconomic Factors; Vaccination; Young Adult
PubMed: 31767469
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.088 -
International Journal of Infectious... Aug 2019To evaluate the epidemiological profile of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), meningococcal meningitis, and Neisseria meningitidis carriers in Latin America.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the epidemiological profile of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), meningococcal meningitis, and Neisseria meningitidis carriers in Latin America.
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted to identify and analyze studies published in 2008-2018. Incidence rates, case fatality rates (CFRs), and the relative distribution of cases per serogroup by country were assessed.
RESULTS
Meningococcal surveillance in Latin America differs among countries, and most systems are based on passive sentinel surveillance. Thirty-nine studies were selected. In 2006, the incidence rate of IMD per 100 000 inhabitants was highest in Brazil (1.9), followed by Uruguay (1.3), Chile (0.8), Argentina (0.7), Colombia and Venezuela (0.3 each), and Mexico (0.06). Brazil reported the highest CFR (20%), followed by Uruguay (15%), Chile (11%), and Venezuela and Argentina (10% each). In 2012, the CFR in Chile increased to approximately 27%. The most frequent serogroups among IMD cases were C in Brazil (2007-2010) and Mexico (2005-2016), W in Chile (2012-2018), and B in Argentina (2012-2015). However, the true burden of IMD in Latin America is probably underestimated due to underreporting of cases.
CONCLUSIONS
Improvements in IMD notification, IMD registration, national surveillance programs (including active surveillance systems), diagnostic tools, and characterization of isolates may better elucidate the true epidemiological burden of IMD in Latin America.
Topics: Humans; Incidence; Latin America; Meningitis, Meningococcal; Meningococcal Infections; Neisseria meningitidis
PubMed: 31085314
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.05.006 -
Epidemiology and Infection Aug 2015Household contacts of an index case of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) are at increased risk of acquiring disease. In revising WHO guidance on IMD in sub-Saharan... (Review)
Review
Household contacts of an index case of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) are at increased risk of acquiring disease. In revising WHO guidance on IMD in sub-Saharan Africa, a systematic review was undertaken to assess the effect of chemoprophylaxis and of vaccination in preventing subsequent cases of IMD in household contacts following an index case. A literature search for systematic reviews identified a single suitable review on chemoprophylaxis in 2004 (three studies meta-analysed). A search for primary research papers published since 2004 on chemoprophylaxis and without a date limit on vaccination was therefore undertaken. There were 2381 studies identified of which two additional studies met the inclusion criteria. The summary risk ratio for chemoprophylaxis vs. no chemoprophylaxis (four studies) in the 30-day period after a case was 0·16 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·04-0·64, P = 0·008]; the number needed to treat to prevent one subsequent case was 200 (95% CI 111-1000). A single quasi-randomized trial assessed the role of vaccination. The risk ratio for vaccination vs. no vaccination at 30 days was 0·11 (95% CI 0·01-2·07, P = 0·14). The results support the use of chemoprophylaxis to prevent subsequent cases of IMD in household contacts of a case. Conclusions about the use of vaccination could not be drawn.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chemoprevention; Family Characteristics; Humans; Meningitis, Meningococcal; Meningococcal Infections; Meningococcal Vaccines; Odds Ratio; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25916733
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268815000849 -
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious... 2019Neisseria meningitidis is a bacterium that colonizes the human nasopharynx and is transmitted by respiratory droplets from asymptomatic or symptomatic carriers.... (Review)
Review
Neisseria meningitidis is a bacterium that colonizes the human nasopharynx and is transmitted by respiratory droplets from asymptomatic or symptomatic carriers. Occasionally, the pathogen invades the mucosa and enters the bloodstream, causing invasive meningococcal disease, a life-threatening infection. While meningococcal colonization is the first step in the development of invasive disease, the risk factors that predict progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic status are not well-known. The present report aimed to describe the prevalence of N. meningitidis carriers throughout the Americas, emphasizing the risk factors associated with carrier status, as well as the most prevalent serogroups in each studied population. We conducted a systematic review by searching for original studies in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, LILACS and SciELO databases, published between 2001 and 2018. Exclusion criteria were articles published in a review format, case studies, case control studies, investigations involving animal models, and techniques or publications that did not address the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers in an American country. A total of 784 articles were identified, of which 23 were selected. The results indicate that the highest prevalence rates are concentrated in Cuba (31.9%), the United States (24%), and Brazil (21.5%), with increased prevalence found among adolescents and young adults, specifically university students and males. The present systematic review was designed to support epidemiological surveillance and prevention measures to aid in the formulation of strategies designed to control the transmission of meningococci in a variety of populations and countries throughout the Americas.
Topics: Americas; Female; Humans; Immunization Programs; Male; Meningitis, Meningococcal; Neisseria meningitidis; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31344352
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2019.06.006 -
International Journal of Infectious... Mar 2019The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological profile of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Brazil, the first Latin American country to introduce the...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological profile of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Brazil, the first Latin American country to introduce the group C meningococcal conjugate vaccine (included in the vaccination schedule in 2010).
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted, covering the years 2005-2017, to identify epidemiological information on IMD and Neisseria meningitidis carriers in Brazil. Documents from the Brazilian Ministry of Health and two public databases were analyzed to determine annual incidence rates, absolute numbers of diagnosed cases, serogroups identified, the relative distribution of cases per serogroup, and the case fatality rate (CFR).
RESULTS
Sixteen studies were selected. The incidence rate ranged from 0.88 to 5.3 cases per 100000 inhabitants per year. According to secondary data, the annual incidence of IMD in 2015 was highest in males <1year old (7.1/100000). The number of diagnosed cases declined significantly over the years. In the literature, IMD showed a CFR from 20.0% to 50.0%, and a higher CFR for serogroup W (17.8%). Secondary data showed an absolute reduction in meningitis-attributable deaths between 2007 and 2015; however, the CFR remained stable (11.1% in 2007 and 8.4% in 2015). In 2015, serogroup W showed the highest CFR (24.1%), followed by serogroups C (19.2%), B (17.7%), and Y (14.3%).
CONCLUSIONS
Despite a reduction in cases, the CFR remained stable and similar in the different age groups, even for disease caused by different serogroups. The highest CFR was found to be associated with serogroup W.
Topics: Brazil; Databases, Factual; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Incidence; Meningococcal Infections; Meningococcal Vaccines; Neisseria meningitidis; Serogroup
PubMed: 30641200
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.01.009 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics May 2016This study compared the economic value of pediatric immunisation programmes for influenza to those for rotavirus (RV), meningococcal disease (MD), pneumococcal disease... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
This study compared the economic value of pediatric immunisation programmes for influenza to those for rotavirus (RV), meningococcal disease (MD), pneumococcal disease (PD), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B (Hep B), and varicella reported in recent (2000 onwards) cost-effectiveness (CE) studies identified in a systematic review of PubMed, health technology, and vaccination databases. The systematic review yielded 51 economic evaluation studies of pediatric immunisation - 10 (20%) for influenza and 41 (80%) for the other selected diseases. The quality of the eligible articles was assessed using Drummond's checklist. Although inherent challenges and limitations exist when comparing economic evaluations of immunisation programmes, an overall comparison of the included studies demonstrated cost-effectiveness/cost saving for influenza from a European-Union-Five (EU5) and United States (US) perspective; point estimates for cost/quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) from dominance (cost-saving with more effect) to ≤45,444 were reported. The economic value of influenza programmes was comparable to the other vaccines of interest, with cost/QALY in general considerably lower than RV, Hep B, MD and PD. Independent of the perspective and type of analysis, the economic impact of a pediatric influenza immunisation program was influenced by vaccine efficacy, immunisation coverage, costs, and most significantly by herd immunity. This review suggests that pediatric influenza immunisation may offer a cost effective strategy when compared with HPV and varicella and possibly more value compared with other childhood vaccines (RV, Hep B, MD and PD).
Topics: Adolescent; Chickenpox Vaccine; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Europe; Female; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Humans; Immunity, Herd; Immunization Programs; Infant; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Male; Meningococcal Vaccines; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Rotavirus Vaccines; United States
PubMed: 26837602
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1131369 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Jun 2020The study aimed to assess the capacity of AEFI surveillance during vaccination campaigns with the new conjugate meningitis vaccine (MenAfrivac). A systematic review of...
The study aimed to assess the capacity of AEFI surveillance during vaccination campaigns with the new conjugate meningitis vaccine (MenAfrivac). A systematic review of studies on MenAfrivac™ published in English during 2001-2016 was done.AEFIs incidence (I) was estimated and compared between MenAfrivac™ clinical trials and immunization campaigns using incidence difference (Id). Nine studies were included with an overall local AEFI I of 11,496/100,000 doses administered per week in clinical trials and 0.72/100,000 doses in immunization campaigns. An Id of 11,497.92 [11,497.91-11,497.93] and 17,243.20 [17,241.80-17,245.90] per 100,000 doses administered per week for overall local and systemic AEFI, respectively, were observed with highest from clinical trials. The incidence of AEFIs after MenAfrivac™ vaccination was far lower in campaigns than in clinical trial studies. Current capacity of AEFI surveillance during vaccination campaigns requires extensive re-assessment of its structure and capacity.
Topics: Immunization Programs; Meningococcal Vaccines; Neisseria meningitidis; Vaccination; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 31403358
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1652041