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Human & Experimental Toxicology 2023This systematic review, conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, focuses on genotoxicity of oxidative hair dye precursors. The search for original papers published...
This systematic review, conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, focuses on genotoxicity of oxidative hair dye precursors. The search for original papers published from 2000 to 2021 was performed in Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane registry, Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety of the European Commission and German MAK Commission opinions. Nine publications on genotoxicity of -phenylenediamine (PPD) and toluene-2,5-diamine (-toluylenediamine; PTD) were included, reporting results of 17 assays covering main genotoxicity endpoints. PPD and PTD were positive in bacterial mutation assay, and PPD tested positive also for somatic cell mutations in the Rodent assay . Clastogenicity of PPD and PTD was revealed by chromosomal aberration assay. The alkaline comet assay showed DNA damage after PPD exposure, which was not confirmed where PTD exhibited positive results. PPD induced micronucleus formation , and increased micronucleus frequencies in mice erythrocytes following high dose oral exposure . Based on the results of a limited number of data from the classical genotoxicity assay battery, this systematic review indicates genotoxic potential of hair dye precursors PPD and PTD, which may present an important health concern for consumers and in particular for professional hairdressers.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Hair Dyes; DNA Damage; Comet Assay; Mutation; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 36879522
DOI: 10.1177/09603271231159803 -
International Journal of Occupational... Jan 2016Unintended occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs (ANDs) may occur in medical personnel. Some ANDs are known human carcinogens and exposure can be monitored by... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Unintended occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs (ANDs) may occur in medical personnel. Some ANDs are known human carcinogens and exposure can be monitored by genotoxic biomarkers.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the obstacles to obtaining conclusive results from a comet assay test to determine DNA damage among AND exposed healthcare workers.
METHODS
We systematically reviewed studies that used alkaline comet assay to determine the magnitude and significance of DNA damage among health care workers with potential AND exposure. Fifteen studies were eligible for review and 14 studies were used in the meta-analysis.
RESULTS
Under random effect assumption, the estimated standardized mean difference (SMD) in the DNA damage of health care workers was 1.93 (95% CI: 1.15-2.71, p < 0.0001). The resulting SMD was reduced to 1.756 (95% CI: 0.992-2.52, p < 0.0001) when the analysis only included nurses. In subgroup analyses based on gender and smoking, heterogeneity was observed. Only for studies reporting comet moment, I2 test results, as a measure of heterogeneity, dropped to zero. Heterogeneity analysis showed that date of study publication was a possible source of heterogeneity (B = -0.14; p < 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS
A mixture of personal parameters, comet assay methodological variables, and exposure characteristics may be responsible for heterogenic data from comet assay studies and interfere with obtaining conclusive results. Lack of quantitative environmental exposure measures and variation in comet assay protocols across studies are important obstacles in generalization of results.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Comet Assay; DNA Damage; Health Personnel; Humans; Mutagens; Occupational Exposure
PubMed: 27110842
DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2015.1123380 -
Mutation Research. Reviews in Mutation... 2021Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes or cancer are the global leading cause of mortality. Lifestyle interventions are most effective in...
Impact of dietary and lifestyle interventions in elderly or people diagnosed with diabetes, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, cancer and micronutrient deficiency on micronuclei frequency - A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes or cancer are the global leading cause of mortality. Lifestyle interventions are most effective in reducing metabolic risk factors, disease progression or even side effects of a disease. They are also contributing to decelerate the aging process. Genome instability is very often associated with aging or the above-mentioned diseases, and triggered by inflammation and oxidative stress. An established method to measure chromosomal damage is the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay. The aim of this review and meta-analysis is to collect and analyse the current literature regarding the effects of a lifestyle based (dietary) intervention on changes of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in elderly subjects or people diagnosed with diabetes, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, cancer or micronutrient deficiency. Although the main important diseases were considered as well as the large topic of aging, the number and methodological quality in terms of samples size, duration and rationale of the intervention or an inclusion of a control group of available intervention studies with these backgrounds was low. Most of the studies used antioxidant vitamins or folate, few investigated the whole diet. Only one study showed a physical activity intervention approach. The interventions did not lead to decreased genomic marker despite a few cancer related studies, where particularly MN frequency in mucosa lesions and leukoplakia was reduced by green tea and antioxidants. The performed meta-analysis of the available RCTs did not show a significant reduction of MNi, NBUDs or NPBs of most of the interventions performed, except for green tea. Data show in general a lack of an appropriate number of sound lifestyle based intervention studies linking cytogenetic damage and chronic diseases.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; DNA Damage; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Micronucleus Tests; Neoplasms
PubMed: 34083034
DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108367 -
Brazilian Oral Research 2023The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate published papers regarding the micronucleus assay in oral mucosal cells of patients undergoing orthodontic therapy... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate published papers regarding the micronucleus assay in oral mucosal cells of patients undergoing orthodontic therapy (OT). A search of the scientific literature was made in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for all data published until November, 2021 using the combination of the following keywords: "fixed orthodontic therapy," "genetic damage", "DNA damage," "genotoxicity", "mutagenicity", "buccal cells", "oral mucosa cells," and "micronucleus assay". The systematic review was designed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Nine studies were retrieved. Some authors demonstrated that OT induces cytogenetic damage in oral mucosal cells. Out of the nine studies included, two were classified as strong, five as moderate, and two as weak, according to the quality assessment components of the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP). Meta-analysis data revealed no relationship between mutagenicity in oral cells and OT in different months of treatment. At one month, the SMD = 0.65 and p = 0.08; after three months of OT, the SMD = 1.21 and p = 0.07; and after six months of OT, the SMD = 0.56 and p = 0.11. In the analyzed months of OT, I2 values were >75%, indicating high heterogeneity. In summary, this review was not able to demonstrate that OT induces genetic damage in oral cells. The study is important for the protection of patients undergoing fixed OT, given that mutagenesis participates in the multi-step process of carcinogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Micronucleus Tests; DNA Damage; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 37970936
DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0116 -
Environmental Health : a Global Access... Jun 2017Despite poor evidence of their effectiveness, colloidal silver and silver nanoparticles are increasingly being promoted for treating potentially contaminated drinking... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Despite poor evidence of their effectiveness, colloidal silver and silver nanoparticles are increasingly being promoted for treating potentially contaminated drinking water in low income countries. Recently, however, concerns have been raised about the possible genotoxicity of particulate silver.
OBJECTIVES
The goal of this paper was to review the published mammalian in vivo genotoxicity studies using silver micro and nanoparticles.
METHODS
SCOPUS and Medline were searched using the following search string: ("DNA damage" OR genotox* OR Cytotox* OR Embryotox*) AND (silver OR AgNP). Included papers were any mammalian in vivo experimental studies investigating genotoxicity of silver particles. Studies were quality assessed using the ToxRTool.
RESULTS
16 relevant papers were identified. There were substantial variations in study design including the size of silver particles, animal species, target organs, silver dose, route of administration and the method used to detect genotoxicity. Thus, it was not possible to produce a definitive pooled result. Nevertheless, most studies showed evidence of genotoxicity unless using very low doses. We also identified one human study reporting evidence of "severe DNA damage" in silver jewellery workers occupationally exposed to silver particles.
CONCLUSIONS
With the available evidence it is not possible to be definitive about risks to human health from oral exposure to silver particulates. However, the balance of evidence suggests that there should be concerns especially when considering the evidence from jewellery workers. There is an urgent need to determine whether people exposed to particulate silver as part of drinking water treatment have evidence of DNA damage.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Mutagenicity Tests; Silver; Water Purification
PubMed: 28633660
DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0279-4 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Mar 2018Occupational exposure to hazardous drugs can decrease fertility and result in miscarriages, stillbirths, and cancers in healthcare staff. Several recommended practices... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Closed-system drug-transfer devices plus safe handling of hazardous drugs versus safe handling alone for reducing exposure to infusional hazardous drugs in healthcare staff.
BACKGROUND
Occupational exposure to hazardous drugs can decrease fertility and result in miscarriages, stillbirths, and cancers in healthcare staff. Several recommended practices aim to reduce this exposure, including protective clothing, gloves, and biological safety cabinets ('safe handling'). There is significant uncertainty as to whether using closed-system drug-transfer devices (CSTD) in addition to safe handling decreases the contamination and risk of staff exposure to infusional hazardous drugs compared to safe handling alone.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of closed-system drug-transfer of infusional hazardous drugs plus safe handling versus safe handling alone for reducing staff exposure to infusional hazardous drugs and risk of staff contamination.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, OSH-UPDATE, CINAHL, Science Citation Index Expanded, economic evaluation databases, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov to October 2017.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included comparative studies of any study design (irrespective of language, blinding, or publication status) that compared CSTD plus safe handling versus safe handling alone for infusional hazardous drugs.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently identified trials and extracted data. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using both fixed-effect and random-effects models. We assessed risk of bias according to the risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, used an intracluster correlation coefficient of 0.10, and we assessed the quality of the evidence using GRADE.
MAIN RESULTS
We included 23 observational cluster studies (358 hospitals) in this review. We did not find any randomised controlled trials or formal economic evaluations. In 21 studies, the people who used the intervention (CSTD plus safe handling) and control (safe handling alone) were pharmacists or pharmacy technicians; in the other two studies, the people who used the intervention and control were nurses, pharmacists, or pharmacy technicians. The CSTD used in the studies were PhaSeal (13 studies), Tevadaptor (1 study), SpikeSwan (1 study), PhaSeal and Tevadaptor (1 study), varied (5 studies), and not stated (2 studies). The studies' descriptions of the control groups were varied. Twenty-one studies provide data on one or more outcomes for this systematic review. All the studies are at serious risk of bias. The quality of evidence is very low for all the outcomes.There is no evidence of differences in the proportion of people with positive urine tests for exposure between the CSTD and control groups for cyclophosphamide alone (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.52; I² = 12%; 2 studies; 2 hospitals; 20 participants; CSTD: 76.1% versus control: 91.7%); cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide (RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.00 to 2.79; 1 study; 1 hospital; 14 participants; CSTD: 6.4% versus control: 71.4%); and cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, or gemcitabine (RR not estimable; 1 study; 1 hospital; 36 participants; 0% in both groups).There is no evidence of a difference in the proportion of surface samples contaminated in the pharmacy areas or patient-care areas for any of the drugs except 5-fluorouracil, which was lower in the CSTD group than in the control (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.97; 3 studies, 106 hospitals, 1008 samples; CSTD: 9% versus control: 13.9%).The amount of cyclophosphamide was lower in pharmacy areas in the CSTD group than in the control group (MD -49.34 pg/cm², 95% CI -84.11 to -14.56, I² = 0%, 7 studies; 282 hospitals, 1793 surface samples). Additionally, one interrupted time-series study (3 hospitals; 342 samples) demonstrated a change in the slope between pre-CSTD and CSTD (3.9439 pg/cm², 95% CI 1.2303 to 6.6576; P = 0.010), but not between CSTD and post-CSTD withdrawal (-1.9331 pg/cm², 95% CI -5.1260 to 1.2598; P = 0.20). There is no evidence of difference in the amount of the other drugs between CSTD and control groups in the pharmacy areas or patient-care areas.None of the studies report on atmospheric contamination, blood tests, or other measures of exposure to infusional hazardous drugs such as urine mutagenicity, chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, or micronuclei induction.None of the studies report short-term health benefits such as reduction in skin rashes, medium-term reproductive health benefits such as fertility and parity, or long-term health benefits related to the development of any type of cancer or adverse events.Five studies (six hospitals) report the potential cost savings through the use of CSTD. The studies used different methods of calculating the costs, and the results were not reported in a format that could be pooled via meta-analysis. There is significant variability between the studies in terms of whether CSTD resulted in cost savings (the point estimates of the average potential cost savings ranged from (2017) USD -642,656 to (2017) USD 221,818).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is currently no evidence to support or refute the routine use of closed-system drug transfer devices in addition to safe handling of infusional hazardous drugs, as there is no evidence of differences in exposure or financial benefits between CSTD plus safe handling versus safe handling alone (very low-quality evidence). None of the studies report health benefits.Well-designed multicentre randomised controlled trials may be feasible depending upon the proportion of people with exposure. The next best study design is interrupted time-series. This design is likely to provide a better estimate than uncontrolled before-after studies or cross-sectional studies. Future studies may involve other alternate ways of reducing exposure in addition to safe handling as one intervention group in a multi-arm parallel design or factorial design trial. Future studies should have designs that decrease the risk of bias and enable measurement of direct health benefits in addition to exposure. Studies using exposure should be tested for a relevant selection of hazardous drugs used in the hospital to provide an estimate of the exposure and health benefits of using CSTD. Steps should be undertaken to ensure that there are no other differences between CSTD and control groups, so that one can obtain a reasonable estimate of the health benefits of using CSTD.
Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Agents; Chemical Safety; Cyclophosphamide; Deoxycytidine; Endocrine Disruptors; Fluorouracil; Hazardous Substances; Humans; Ifosfamide; Nursing Staff, Hospital; Observational Studies as Topic; Occupational Exposure; Pharmacists; Pharmacy Technicians; Gemcitabine
PubMed: 29582940
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012860.pub2 -
Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology Feb 2022To evaluate, through a systematic review (SR) with meta-analysis, the occurrence of genotoxic effects in the oral epithelium after the exposure of patients to panoramic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate, through a systematic review (SR) with meta-analysis, the occurrence of genotoxic effects in the oral epithelium after the exposure of patients to panoramic radiographs.
METHODS
An SR was performed with the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design) strategy, aiming to answer the following question: "Can panoramic radiographs induce genotoxic effects on the oral epithelium?" The study was registered in the PROSPERO (International prospective register of systematic reviews) platform. A systematic search was performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed (including MedLine), Scopus, Embase, LILACS, Medline EbscoHost, and Google Scholar. Treatment effects were defined as standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were established. The Joanna Briggs Institute questionnaire for observational studies was applied to assess the risk of bias. The GRADE tool was used to assess the quality of evidence of the SR.
RESULTS
A total of 251 potentially relevant studies were selected through the search strategy. After screening titles and abstracts, 11 full-text manuscripts were assessed for eligibility and nine observational studies were included in the meta-analysis. The present study showed an increase in micronuclei after the exposure (SMD = 0.21, 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.28, = 0.02), with a Tauindex = 0.00, Chi = 2.35, and -value = 0.97. Therefore, the articles selected were considered homogeneous and the I² of 0% indicated low heterogeneity.
CONCLUSION
According to the studies analysed, although the quality of evidence was considered low, panoramic radiographs can cause genotoxic damage in the oral epithelium but with a small effect size.
Topics: DNA Damage; Epithelium; Humans; Radiography, Panoramic
PubMed: 34319790
DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20210149 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Aug 2019Although studies have elucidated the significant biomedical potential of biogenic metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), it is very important to explore the hazards associated...
A Systematic Review of the Genotoxicity and Antigenotoxicity of Biologically Synthesized Metallic Nanomaterials: Are Green Nanoparticles Safe Enough for Clinical Marketing?
Although studies have elucidated the significant biomedical potential of biogenic metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), it is very important to explore the hazards associated with the use of biogenic MNPs. Evidence indicates that genetic toxicity causes mutation, carcinogenesis, and cell death. Therefore, we systematically review original studies that investigated the genotoxic effect of biologically synthesized MNPs via in vitro and in vivo models. Articles were systematically collected by screening the literature published online in the following databases; Cochrane, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, and EBSCO. : Most of the studies were carried out on the MCF-7 cancer cell line and phytosynthesis was the general approach to MNP preparation in all studies. Fungi were the second most predominant resource applied for MNP synthesis. A total of 80.57% of the studies synthesized biogenic MNPs with sizes below 50 nm. The genotoxicity of Ag, Au, ZnO, TiO, Se, Cu, Pt, Zn, Ag-Au, CdS, FeO, TbO, and Si-Ag NPs was evaluated. AgNPs, prepared in 68.79% of studies, and AuNPs, prepared in 12.76%, were the two most predominant biogenic MNPs synthesized and evaluated in the included articles. : Although several studies reported the antigenotoxic influence of biogenic MNPs, most of them reported biogenic MNP genotoxicity at specific concentrations and with a dose or time dependence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically evaluate the genotoxicity of biologically synthesized MNPs and provide a valuable summary of genotoxicity data. In conclusion, our study implied that the genotoxicity of biologically synthesized MNPs varies case-by-case and highly dependent on the synthesis parameters, biological source, applied assay, etc. The gathered data are required for the translation of these nanoproducts from research laboratories to the clinical market.
Topics: Humans; Marketing; Metal Nanoparticles; Mutagenicity Tests
PubMed: 31387257
DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080439 -
Mutation Research. Reviews in Mutation... 2019The micronucleus (MN) assay has been used to determine the potential genotoxic effects in human populations exposed to arsenic. Some of these studies found an increase... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The micronucleus (MN) assay has been used to determine the potential genotoxic effects in human populations exposed to arsenic. Some of these studies found an increase in MN frequency among exposed individuals, but others found no increase or inconclusive results. Thus, the main purpose of this current study was to investigate whether MN can be used as a biomarker for the arsenic exposure, as well as whether or not the different cell types that have been used to monitor MN frequency differ in their sensitivity to upon arsenic exposure. A systematic literature review was conducted followed by a meta-analysis. The review identified 25 useful studies with data from 3232 exposed individuals (15 studies assaying lymphocytes, 16 assaying buccal cells, and 9 assaying urothelial cells), with 18 studies measuring drinking water exposure, 5 measuring occupational exposure, one measuring coal burning, and one measuring dietary exposure. The meta-analysis indicated that the overall estimates of Mean Ratio (MR, defined as the mean value of the response in the exposed group divided by the mean value of the response in the reference group) were 2.95 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.00 to 4.35), 2.36 (95% CI: 1.77 to 3.15), and 2.82 (95% CI: 1.86 to 4.28) for MN assays conducted with lymphocytes, buccal cells, and urothelial cells in the MN assay, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that when the exposure method was drinking water, the MN frequencies increased significantly in lymphocytes (MR = 3.59, 95% CI: 2.30 to 5.60), in buccal cells (MR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.76 to 3.15), and in urothelial cells (MR = 3.16, 95% CI: 2.02 to 4.97). However, when the exposure method was the occupational setting or others, the MN detection using the three types of cells did not find significant differences between groups. Subgroup analysis also showed that lymphocyte MN frequencies increased significantly in both routine-culture MN assays (MR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.15 to 7.24) and cytokinesis-block MN assays (MR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.84 to 4.55). The performance of the MN assay with different types of cells was also compared, but no significant differences were found. Therefore, our analysis indicates that MN can be used as an effective biomarker for monitoring arsenic-exposed populations, and that MN assays conducted with lymphocytes, buccal cells, and urothelial cells do not differ in their ability to detect the genetic damage from arsenic.
Topics: Arsenic; Biomarkers; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Lymphocytes; Micronucleus Tests; Mouth Mucosa; Mutagens; Occupational Exposure
PubMed: 31395345
DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.002