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Frontiers in Immunology 2024The purpose of this study was to investigate the current research status, focus areas, and developmental trends in the field of Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein...
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the current research status, focus areas, and developmental trends in the field of Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) through an analysis of scientific literature.
METHODS
The relevant research articles on MOGAD published from 1947 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science database. The quantitative output of MOGAD related research articles, their distribution by country/region, data on collaborative publishing, influential authors, high-yield institutions, keywords, hotspots, and development trends were analyzed. Additionally, visual knowledge maps were generated using VOSviewer and Citespace.
RESULTS
There has been a steady increase in the number of MOGAD related publications indicating that the subject has garnered increasing interest among researchers globally. The United States has been the leading contributor with 496 papers (19.25%), followed by China (244, 9.63%), Japan (183, 7.10%), the United Kingdom (154, 5.98%), and Germany (149, 5.78%). Among these countries, the United Kingdom boasts the highest citation frequency at the rate of 46.49 times per paper. Furthermore, active collaboration in MOGAD related research is observed primarily between the United States and countries such as Canada, Germany, Australia, Italy, the United Kingdom and Japan. Mayo Clinic ranks first in total articles published (109) and frequency of citations per article (77.79). Takahashi Toshiyuki from Tohoku University is the most prolific author, while is the most widely read journal in this field. "Disease Phenotype", "Treatment", "Novel Coronavirus Infection and Vaccination", "Immunopathological Mechanisms", "Clinical characteristics of children" and "Prognosis" are the primary keywords clusters in this field. "Novel Coronavirus Infection and Vaccination" and "Immunopathological Mechanisms" are research hotspots and have great development potential.
CONCLUSION
The past three decades have witnessed a significant expansion of research on MOGAD. The pathogenetic mechanism of MOGAD is poised to be the prominent research focus in this field in the foreseeable future.
Topics: Humans; Bibliometrics; Neuroinflammatory Diseases
PubMed: 38370410
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1278867 -
Frontiers in Neurology 2022The lack of systematic evidence on neuroimaging findings in motor neuron diseases (MND) hampers the diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, we...
OBJECTIVES
The lack of systematic evidence on neuroimaging findings in motor neuron diseases (MND) hampers the diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, we aimed at performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of MRI features in MND including their histopathological correlation.
METHODS
In a comprehensive literature search, out of 5941 unique publications, 223 records assessing brain and spinal cord MRI findings in MND were eligible for a qualitative synthesis. 21 records were included in a random effect model meta-analysis.
RESULTS
Our meta-analysis shows that both T2-hyperintensities along the corticospinal tracts (CST) and motor cortex T2-hypointensitites, also called "motor band sign", are more prevalent in ALS patients compared to controls [OR 2.21 (95%-CI: 1.40-3.49) and 10.85 (95%-CI: 3.74-31.44), respectively]. These two imaging findings correlate to focal axonal degeneration/myelin pallor or glial iron deposition on histopathology, respectively. Additionally, certain clinical MND phenotypes such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) seem to present with distinct CNS atrophy patterns.
CONCLUSIONS
Although CST T2-hyperintensities and the "motor band sign" are non-specific imaging features, they can be leveraged for diagnostic workup of suspected MND cases, together with certain brain atrophy patterns. Collectively, this study provides high-grade evidence for the usefulness of MRI in the diagnostic workup of suspected MND cases.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42020182682.
PubMed: 36110394
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.947347 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Immunotherapy has been shown to reduce relapses in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder (MOG-AD); however, the superiority of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Immunotherapy has been shown to reduce relapses in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder (MOG-AD); however, the superiority of specific treatments remains unclear.
AIM
To identify the efficacy and tolerability of different treatments for MOG-AD.
METHODS
Systematic search in Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to March 1, 2021, were performed. Published articles including patients with MOG-AD and reporting the efficacy or tolerability of two or more types of treatment in preventing relapses were included. Reported outcomes including incidence of relapse, annualized relapse rate (ARR), and side effects were extracted. Network meta-analysis with a random-effect model within a Bayesian framework was conducted. Between group comparisons were estimated using Odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% credible intervals (CrI).
RESULTS
Twelve studies that compared the efficacy of 10 different treatments in preventing MOG-AD relapse, including 735 patients, were analyzed. In terms of incidence of relapse, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), oral corticosteroids (OC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), azathioprine (AZA), and rituximab (RTX) were all significantly more effective than no treatment (ORs ranged from 0.075 to 0.34). On the contrary, disease-modifying therapy (DMT) (OR=1.3, 95% CrI: 0.31 to 5.0) and tacrolimus (TAC) (OR=5.9, 95% CrI: 0.19 to 310) would increase the incidence of relapse. Compared with DMT, IVIG significantly reduced the ARR (MD=-0.85, 95% CrI: -1.7 to -0.098). AZA, MMF, OC and RTX showed a trend to decrease ARR, but those results did not reach significant differences. The combined results for relapse rate and adverse events, as well as ARR and adverse events showed that IVIG and OC were the most effective and tolerable therapies.
CONCLUSIONS
Whilst DMT should be avoided, IVIG and OC may be suited as first-line therapies for patients with MOG-AD. RTX, MMF, and AZA present suitable alternatives.
Topics: Azathioprine; Bayes Theorem; Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS; Humans; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; Mycophenolic Acid; Network Meta-Analysis; Recurrence; Rituximab
PubMed: 35958613
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953993 -
PloS One 2020Iron is involved in many processes in the brain including, myelin generation, mitochondrial function, synthesis of ATP and DNA and the cycling of neurotransmitters....
Iron is involved in many processes in the brain including, myelin generation, mitochondrial function, synthesis of ATP and DNA and the cycling of neurotransmitters. Disruption of normal iron homeostasis can result in iron accumulation in the brain, which in turn can partake in interactions which amplify oxidative damage. The development of MRI techniques for quantifying brain iron has allowed for the characterisation of the impact that brain iron has on cognition and neurodegeneration. This review uses a systematic approach to collate and evaluate the current literature which explores the relationship between brain iron and cognition. The following databases were searched in keeping with a predetermined inclusion criterion: Embase Ovid, PubMed and PsychInfo (from inception to 31st March 2020). The included studies were assessed for study characteristics and quality and their results were extracted and summarised. This review identified 41 human studies of varying design, which statistically assessed the relationship between brain iron and cognition. The most consistently reported interactions were in the Caudate nuclei, where increasing iron correlated poorer memory and general cognitive performance in adulthood. There were also consistent reports of a correlation between increased Hippocampal and Thalamic iron and poorer memory performance, as well as, between iron in the Putamen and Globus Pallidus and general cognition. We conclude that there is consistent evidence that brain iron is detrimental to cognitive health, however, more longitudinal studies will be required to fully understand this relationship and to determine whether iron occurs as a primary cause or secondary effect of cognitive decline.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brain; Child; Cognition; Female; Humans; Iron; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 33057378
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240697 -
BMC Psychiatry Aug 2016Schizophrenia is thought to be a neurodevelopmental disorder with pathophysiological processes beginning in the brain prior to the emergence of clinical symptoms. Recent... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Schizophrenia is thought to be a neurodevelopmental disorder with pathophysiological processes beginning in the brain prior to the emergence of clinical symptoms. Recent evidence from neuroimaging studies using techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging has identified white matter abnormalities that are suggestive of disrupted brain myelination and neuronal connectivity. Identifying whether such effects exist in individuals at high risk for developing psychosis may help with prevention and early intervention strategies. In addition, there is preliminary evidence for a role of lipid biology in the onset of psychosis, along with well-established evidence of its role in myelination of white matter tracts. As such, this article synthesises the literature on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in myelination and schizophrenia, hypothesizing that white matter abnormalities may potentially mediate the relationship between PUFAs and schizophrenia.
METHODS
Diffusion tensor imaging studies were identified through a systematic search of existing literature. Studies examined white matter integrity in ultra-high risk (UHR) samples, as assessed using structured diagnostic interviews. Data was extracted and summarised as a narrative review.
RESULTS
Twelve studies met inclusion criteria, and findings identified reduced fractional anisotropy and higher diffusivity. Although the exact location of abnormalities remains uncertain, fronto-temporal and fronto-limbic connections, including the superior longitudinal and uncinate fasiculus, cingulum, and corpus callosum appear to be implicated. Because of preliminary evidence suggesting lipid biology may be relevant for the onset of psychosis, a discussion is provided of the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in myelination and risk for psychosis.
CONCLUSIONS
While the function of PUFAs in myelination is well-established, there is growing evidence of reduced PUFA concentration in UHR samples, highlighting the need for research to examine the relationship between PUFA and white matter integrity in high-risk samples and age-matched healthy controls. Such investigations will help to better understand the pathophysiology of the disorder, and potentially assist in the development of novel treatment and early intervention strategies.
Topics: Adult; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Humans; Male; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated; Nervous System Diseases; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; White Matter
PubMed: 27515430
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0932-4 -
Advances in Ophthalmology Practice and... Dec 2021Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a significant role in assessing optic neuropathy and providing more detailed information about the lesion of the visual pathway to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a significant role in assessing optic neuropathy and providing more detailed information about the lesion of the visual pathway to help differentiate optic neuritis from other visual disorders. This study aims to systematically review the literature and verify if there is a real difference in lesion location among different demyelinating optic neuritis (DON) subtypes.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted including 8 electronic databases and related resources from the establishment of the database to August 25th, 2020. We classified DON into 5 subtypes and divided the visual pathways into five segments mainly comparing the differences in the involved visual pathway sites of different subtypes.
RESULTS
Fifty-five studies were included in the analysis, and the abnormal rate was as high as 92% during the acute phase (within 4 weeks of symptom onset). With respect to lesion location, the orbital segment of the optic nerve was the most frequently involved (87%), whereas optic tract involvement was very rare. Involvement of the orbital segment was more common in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related optic neuritis (MOG-ON) (78%) and chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) (81%), while the lesion was found to be located more posteriorly in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis (NMOSD-ON). With respect to lesion length, approximately 77% of MOG-ON patients had lesions involving more than half of the optic nerve length.
CONCLUSIONS
MRI examination is recommended for DON patients in the acute phase. In MOG-ON, anterior involvement is more common and the involved length is mostly more than 1/2 of the optic nerve length, whereas posterior involvement, intracranial segment, optic chiasm, or optic tract, is more common in NMOSD-ON.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42020222430 (25-11-2020).
PubMed: 37846325
DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2021.100019 -
Clinical and Translational Imaging 2020Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) characterises tissue microstructure and provides proxy measures of myelination, axon diameter, fibre density and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) characterises tissue microstructure and provides proxy measures of myelination, axon diameter, fibre density and organisation. This may be valuable in the assessment of the roots of the brachial plexus in health and disease. Therefore, there is a need to define the normal DTI values.
METHODS
The literature was systematically searched for studies of asymptomatic adults who underwent DTI of the brachial plexus. Participant characteristics, scanning protocols, and measurements of the fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of each spinal root were extracted by two independent review authors. Generalised linear modelling was used to estimate the effect of experimental conditions on the FA and MD. Meta-analysis of root-level estimates was performed using Cohen's method with random effects.
RESULTS
Nine articles, describing 316 adults (1:1 male:female) of mean age 35 years (SD 6) were included. Increments of ten diffusion sensitising gradient directions reduced the mean FA by 0.01 (95% CI 0.01, 0.03). Each year of life reduced the mean MD by 0.03 × 10 mm/s (95% CI 0.01, 0.04). At 3-T, the pooled mean FA of the roots was 0.36 (95% CI 0.34, 0.38; 98%). The pooled mean MD of the roots was 1.51 × 10 mm/s (95% CI 1.45, 1.56; 99%).
CONCLUSIONS
The FA and MD of the roots of the brachial plexus vary according to experimental conditions and participant factors. We provide summary estimates of the normative values in different conditions which may be valuable to researchers and clinicians alike.
PubMed: 33282795
DOI: 10.1007/s40336-020-00393-x -
Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology Apr 2023In this review we systematically summarize the effects of progesterone and synthetic progestins on neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, myelination and six neurotransmitter...
In this review we systematically summarize the effects of progesterone and synthetic progestins on neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, myelination and six neurotransmitter systems. Several parallels between progesterone and older generation progestin actions emerged, suggesting actions via progesterone receptors. However, existing results suggest a general lack of knowledge regarding the effects of currently used progestins in hormonal contraception regarding these cellular and molecular brain parameters. Human neuroimaging studies were reviewed with a focus on randomized placebo-controlled trials and cross-sectional studies controlling for progestin type. The prefrontal cortex, amygdala, salience network and hippocampus were identified as regions of interest for future preclinical studies. This review proposes a series of experiments to elucidate the cellular and molecular actions of contraceptive progestins in these areas and link these actions to behavioral markers of emotional and cognitive functioning. Emotional effects of contraceptive progestins appear to be related to 1) alterations in the serotonergic system, 2) direct/indirect modulations of inhibitory GABA-ergic signalling via effects on the allopregnanolone content of the brain, which differ between androgenic and anti-androgenic progestins. Cognitive effects of combined oral contraceptives appear to depend on the ethinylestradiol dose.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Progestins; Progesterone; Contraceptive Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Progesterone Congeners; Brain
PubMed: 36758768
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101060 -
European Journal of Neurology Oct 2021An incremental number of cases of acute transverse myelitis (ATM) in individuals with ongoing or recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
An incremental number of cases of acute transverse myelitis (ATM) in individuals with ongoing or recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported.
METHODS
A systematic review was performed of cases of ATM described in the context of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by screening both articles published and in preprint.
RESULTS
Twenty cases were identified. There was a slight male predominance (60.0%) and the median age was 56 years. Neurological symptoms first manifested after a mean of 10.3 days from the first onset of classical, mostly respiratory symptoms of COVID-19. Overall, COVID-19 severity was relatively mild. Polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid for SARS-CoV-2 was negative in all 14 cases examined. Cerebrospinal fluid findings reflected an inflammatory process in most instances (77.8%). Aquaporin-4 and myelin oligodendrocyte protein antibodies in serum (tested in 10 and nine cases, respectively) were negative. On magnetic resonance imaging, the spinal cord lesions spanned a mean of 9.8 vertebral segments, necrotic-hemorrhagic transformation was present in three cases and two individuals had additional acute motor axonal neuropathy. More than half of the patients received a second immunotherapy regimen. Over a limited follow-up period of several weeks, 90% of individuals recovered either partially or near fully.
CONCLUSION
Although causality cannot readily be inferred, it is possible that cases of ATM occur para- or post-infectiously in COVID-19. All identified reports are anecdotal and case descriptions are heterogeneous. Whether the condition and the observed radiological characteristics are specific to SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be clarified.
Topics: COVID-19; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Myelitis, Transverse; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34060708
DOI: 10.1111/ene.14952 -
Frontiers in Neurology 2023There is mounting evidence suggesting that autoimmune encephalitis (AE) can be observed as a neurological complication in patients with COVID-19. This review aimed to...
BACKGROUND
There is mounting evidence suggesting that autoimmune encephalitis (AE) can be observed as a neurological complication in patients with COVID-19. This review aimed to summarize the clinical manifestations, types, and outcomes of COVID-19-associated AE.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases to identify case reports and case series related to COVID-19-associated AE from 1 January 2020 to 31 March 2023. After a thorough screening and evaluation, irrelevant articles were excluded. Relevant information concerning types, clinical manifestations, and outcomes was extracted and synthesized.
RESULTS
A total of 37 studies, comprising 34 case reports and 3 case series, were included in this review. Among the 42 COVID-19-associated AE patients, 21 (50%) cases were classified as an unknown antibodies (Ab) type of COVID-19-associated AE, 10 (23.80%) cases as anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) encephalitis, 4 (9.5%) cases as limbic encephalitis, and 3 (7.1%) cases as anti-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein encephalitis, along with other rare types of AE. Disturbance of consciousness, seizures, and psychiatric symptoms were identified as the main clinical manifestations of COVID-19-associated AE. While the symptoms of AE displayed variation, most patients achieved full recovery although a few experienced residual symptoms of neurological damage.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review comprehensively describes the characteristics of COVID-19-associated AE. The main type of COVID-19-associated AE identified in this study is an unknown Ab type of COVID-19-associated AE. Despite the potentially life-threatening risks of COVID-19-associated AE, the majority of patients survived, with some patients reporting residual neurological symptoms.
PubMed: 37771454
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1207883