-
Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra 2018To systematically review the current literature investigating the association between oral health and acquired brain injury. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
To systematically review the current literature investigating the association between oral health and acquired brain injury.
METHODS
A structured search strategy was applied to PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL electronic databases until March 2017 by 2 independent reviewers. The preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis guidelines were used for systematic review.
RESULTS
Even though the objective was to assess the association between oral health and acquired brain injury, eligible studies focused solely on different forms of stroke and stroke subtypes. Stroke prediction was associated with various factors such as number of teeth, periodontal conditions (even after controlling for confounding factors), clinical attachment loss, antibody levels to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia. The literature showed no consensus on the possible association between gingivitis and stroke. Patients with stroke generally had poorer oral hygiene practices and oral health. Dental prophylaxis and professional intervention reduced the incidence of stroke.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, oral health and stroke were related. Periodontitis and tooth loss were independently associated with stroke. However, prevention and timely intervention may reduce the risk of stroke. Stroke was the main cerebral lesion studied in the literature, with almost no publications on other brain lesions.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Brain Injuries; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Dental Prophylaxis; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Incidence; Male; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Prevotella intermedia; Stroke; Tooth Loss
PubMed: 29402871
DOI: 10.1159/000484989 -
International Journal of Infectious... Jun 2023The clinical burden of influenza is increasing worldwide. Aging, immunosuppression, and underlying respiratory illness are determinants of poor clinical outcomes,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The clinical burden of influenza is increasing worldwide. Aging, immunosuppression, and underlying respiratory illness are determinants of poor clinical outcomes, including greater mortality. Bacterial infections seem to be the main reason. Updated information on the role of bacterial infection as the cause of complications would be of value in improving the prognosis of patients with influenza.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed by using the PubMed repository using keywords like: Influenza, H1N1, Streptococcus pneumoniae, bacterial coinfection, secondary coinfection, bacterial complications in pneumonia, and seasonal influenza. Only articles written in English were included in publications from 2010 to 2020. The analyses were conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses guidelines. The results were independently validated using a TrinetX database cohort of roughly 4 million patients.
RESULTS
We included 135 studies that contained data from 48,259 patients hospitalized with influenza of any age. Bacterial infections were diagnosed in 5391 (11.2%). Streptococcus pneumoniae (30.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus (30.4%) were the most frequent microorganisms, followed by Haemophilus influenzae (7.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.9%). The random-effects model of the meta-analysis indicated that bacterial infections posed a 3.4-fold increased risk of death compared with influenza infection alone. Unexpectedly, asthma was protective (odds ratio 0.8).
CONCLUSION
Bacterial infections diagnosed in 11.2% of patients with influenza increase 3.4-fold the mortality risk. S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, and P. aeruginosa account for nearly 75% of the cases. Earlier diagnosis and use of antibiotics should improve outcomes in this population.
Topics: Humans; Influenza, Human; Staphylococcus aureus; Coinfection; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Pneumonia; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Staphylococcal Infections; Haemophilus influenzae
PubMed: 37030656
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.04.003 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022The implementation of adjunctive antibiotics has been recommended for the therapy of peri-implantitis (PI). In this review, antibiotic resistance patterns in PI patients... (Review)
Review
The implementation of adjunctive antibiotics has been recommended for the therapy of peri-implantitis (PI). In this review, antibiotic resistance patterns in PI patients were assessed. A systematic scoping review of observational studies and trials was established in conjunction with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. The SCOPUS, PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCIELO, Web of Science, and LILACS databases were reviewed along with the gray literature. The primary electronic examination produced 139 investigations. Finally, four observational studies met the selection criteria. These studies evaluated 214 implants in 168 patients. and mainly presented high resistance to tetracycline, metronidazole, and erythromycin in PI patients. Similarly, was also highly resistant to clindamycin and doxycycline. Other microorganisms such as , , and also presented significant levels of resistance to other antibiotics including amoxicillin, azithromycin, and moxifloxacin. However, most microorganisms did not show resistance to the combination amoxicillin metronidazole. Although the management of adjunctive antimicrobials in the therapy of PI is controversial, in this review, the resistance of relevant microorganisms to antibiotics used to treat PI, and usually prescribed in dentistry, was observed. Clinicians should consider the antibiotic resistance demonstrated in the treatment of PI patients and its public health consequences.
Topics: Humans; Peri-Implantitis; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Amoxicillin; Metronidazole; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36497685
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315609 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Dec 2017Chancroid is a genital ulcerative disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. This microorganism is endemic in Africa, where it can cause up to 10% of genital ulcers.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Chancroid is a genital ulcerative disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. This microorganism is endemic in Africa, where it can cause up to 10% of genital ulcers. Macrolides may be an effective alternative to treat chancroid and, based on their oral administration and duration of therapy, could be considered as first line therapy.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness and safety of macrolides for treatment of H ducreyi infection in sexually active adults.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane STI Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, WHO ICTRP, ClinicalTrials.gov and Web of Science to 30 October 2017. We also handsearched conference proceedings and reference lists of retrieved studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing macrolides in different regimens or with other therapeutic alternatives for chancroid.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We resolved disagreements through consensus. We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of the evidence.
MAIN RESULTS
Seven RCTs (875 participants) met our inclusion criteria, of which four were funded by industry. Five studies (664 participants) compared macrolides with ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin or thiamphenicol. Low quality evidence suggested there was no difference between the groups after treatment in terms of clinical cure (risk ratio (RR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97 to 1.21; 2 studies, 340 participants with syndromic approach and RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.15; 5 studies, 348 participants with aetiological diagnosis) or improvement (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.52; 2 studies, 340 participants with syndromic approach and RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.51; 3 studies, 187 participants with aetiological diagnosis). Based on low and very low quality evidence, there was no difference between macrolides and any other antibiotic treatments for microbiological cure (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.16; 1 study, 45 participants) and minor adverse effects (RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.24 to 7.51; 3 studies, 412 participants).Two trials (269 participants) compared erythromycin with any other macrolide type. Low quality evidence suggested that, compared with azithromycin or rosaramicin, long courses of erythromycin did not increase clinical cure (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.10; 2 studies, 269 participants with syndromic approach and RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.16; 2 studies, 211 participants with aetiological diagnosis), with a similar frequency of minor adverse effects between the groups (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.63 to 2.06; 1 trial, 101 participants). For this comparison, subgroup analysis found no difference between HIV-positive participants (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.43; 1 study, 38 participants) and HIV-negative participants (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.14; 1 study, 89 participants). We downgraded the quality of evidence to low, because of imprecision, some limitations on risk of bias and heterogeneity.None of the trials reported serious adverse events, cost effectiveness and participant satisfaction.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
At present, the quality of the evidence on the effectiveness and safety of macrolides for treatment of H ducreyi infection in sexually active adults is low, implying that we are uncertain about the estimated treatment effect. There is no statistically significant difference between the available therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of sexually active adults with genital ulcers compatible with chancroid. Low quality evidence suggests that azithromycin could be considered as the first therapeutic alternative, based on their mono-dose oral administration, with a similar safety and effectiveness profile, when it is compared with long-term erythromycin use.Due to sparse available evidence about the safety and effectiveness of macrolides to treat H ducreyi infection in people with HIV, these results should be taken with caution.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chancroid; Erythromycin; Haemophilus ducreyi; Humans; Leucomycins; Macrolides; Middle Aged; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29226307
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012492.pub2 -
Medicine Apr 2020Periodontal bacteria is the major pathogens in the oral cavity and the main cause of adult chronic periodontitis, but their association with incidence and prognosis in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Periodontal bacteria is the major pathogens in the oral cavity and the main cause of adult chronic periodontitis, but their association with incidence and prognosis in cancer is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal bacteria infection on incidence and prognosis of cancer.
METHODS
A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was performed to obtain 39 studies comprising 7184 participants. The incidence of cancer was evaluated as odd ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using Review Manager 5.2 software. Overall survival, cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival, which were measured as hazard ratios (HR) with a 95% CI using Review Manager 5.2 software.
RESULTS
Our results indicated that periodontal bacteria infection increased the incidence of cancer (OR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.03-1.52) and was associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.40-2.20), disease-free survival (HR = 2.18; 95%CI: 1.24-3.84) and cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.44-2.39). Subgroup analysis indicted that the risk of cancer was associated with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection (OR = 2.16; 95%CI: 1.34-3.47) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) infection (OR = 1.28; 95%CI: 1.01-1.63) but not Tannerella forsythia (Tf) (OR = 1.06; 95%CI: 0.8-1.41), Treponema denticola (Td) (OR = 1.30; 95%CI: 0.99-1.72), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) (OR = 1.00; 95%CI: 0.48-2.08) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) (OR = 0.61; 95%CI: 0.32-1.16).
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis revealed periodontal bacteria infection increased the incidence of cancer and predicted poor prognosis of cancer.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Bacterial Infections; Chronic Periodontitis; Disease-Free Survival; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Humans; Incidence; Mouth; Neoplasms; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Treponema denticola
PubMed: 32282725
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019698 -
Journal of Global Health 2022Type B (Hib) meningitis caused significant public health concern for children. Recent assessment in 2015 suggests vaccination has virtually eliminated invasive Hib... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Type B (Hib) meningitis caused significant public health concern for children. Recent assessment in 2015 suggests vaccination has virtually eliminated invasive Hib diseases. However, many countries launched their programs after 2010, and few are yet to establish routine Hib immunisations. We therefore aimed to update the most recent global burden of Hib meningitis before the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, from 2010 to 2020, in order to aid future public health policies on disease management and prevention.
METHODS
Epidemiological data regarding Hib meningitis in children <5 years old were systematically searched and evaluated from PubMed and Scopus in August, 2020. We included studies published between 2010 and 2019 that reported incidence, prevalence, mortality, or case-fatality-ratio (CFR), and confirmation of meningitis by cerebrospinal fluid culture, with a minimum one year study period and ten cases. Each data was stratified by one study-year. Median study-year was used if information was not available. Quality of all studies were assessed using our adapted assessment criteria from Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and Study Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies from National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). We constructed and visually inspected a funnel plot of standard error by the incidence rate and performed an Egger's regression test to statistically assess publication bias. To ascertain incidence and CFR, we performed generalised linear mixed models on crude individual study estimates. Heterogeneity was assessed using I-squared statistics whilst further exploring heterogeneity by performing subgroup analysis.
RESULTS
33 studies were identified. Pooled incidence of global Hib meningitis in children was 1.13 per 100 000-child-years (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.80-1.59). Southeast Asian Region (SEAR) of World Health Organisation (WHO) region reported the highest incidence, and European Region (EUR) the lowest. Considering regions with three or more data, Western Pacific Region (WPR) had the highest incidence rate of 5.22 (95% CI = 3.12-8.72). Post-vaccination incidence (0.67 cases per 100 000-child-years, 95% CI = 0.48-0.94) was dramatically lower than Pre-vaccination incidence (4.84 cases per 100 000-child-years, 95% CI = 2.95-7.96). Pooled CFR in our meta-analysis was 11.21% (95% CI = 7.01-17.45). Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) had the highest CFR (26.92, 95% CI = 13.41-46.71) while EUR had the lowest (4.13, 95% CI = 1.73-9.54). However, considering regions with three or more data, African Region (AFR) had the highest CFR at 21.79% (95% CI = 13.65-32.92). Before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) impact, the estimation for global Hib meningitis cases in 2020 is 7645 and 857 deaths.
CONCLUSIONS
Global burden of Hib meningitis has markedly decreased, and most regions have implemented vaccination programs. Extrapolating population-at-risk from studies has possibly led to an underestimation. Continuous surveillance is necessary to monitor vaccination impact, resurgence, vaccine failures, strain variance, COVID-19 impact, and to track improvement of regional and global Hib meningitis mortality.
Topics: COVID-19; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Meningitis; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Observational Studies as Topic; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35265327
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04014 -
American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy Sep 2017A correlation exists between the microbial flora of the upper and lower airways in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
A correlation exists between the microbial flora of the upper and lower airways in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The sinuses can function as a bacterial reservoir where gram-negative bacteria adapt to the airways and repeatedly are aspirated to and colonize the lungs according to the theory of the united (unified) airways. Whereas the pattern of bacterial flora in the lower airways has been extensively studied, the upper airways have drawn limited attention.
OBJECTIVE
Our aim was to review the literature that reported bacterial flora in the sinuses and nasal cavities of patients with CF or PCD.
METHODS
A number of medical literature data bases were systematically searched between January 1960 and July 2016. We applied the following inclusion criteria: a minimum of one case of PCD (or Kartagener syndrome) or CF, and microbiology analyses from the nose or paranasal sinuses.
RESULTS
We included 46 studies (1823 patients) from 16 countries. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 30% of the noses and sinuses of patients with CF. Other common bacteria found included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase negative staphylococci, and Haemophilus influenzae. In PCD, H. influenzae was the most common bacteria (28%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. If studies that included nonsurgical swab and blowing samples were excluded, then P. aeruginosa was the most common bacterium in patients with CF (34%) and in patients with PCD (50%), followed by S. aureus and H. influenza.
CONCLUSION
S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, coagulase negative staphylococci, and H. influenzae dominated in the upper airways of patients with CF. In patients with PCD, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa dominated. When studies that included swab and blowing samples were excluded, P. aeruginosa was the most common bacterium in both groups. Direct comparisons among the studies were restricted due to very heterogeneous methods, and a better standardization of procedures and outcomes is needed.
Topics: Bacteria; Cystic Fibrosis; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Kartagener Syndrome; Paranasal Sinuses; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 28859703
DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4461 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Aug 2021Of children with acute otitis media (AOM), 15%-20% present with acute onset ear discharge due to a spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane (AOMd). This review...
BACKGROUND
Of children with acute otitis media (AOM), 15%-20% present with acute onset ear discharge due to a spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane (AOMd). This review aims to quantify the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) status of bacteria in children with AOMd in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era.
METHODS
Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library from inception to June 7, 2019. Two reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias independently. All English studies reporting any prevalence and/or AMR data of bacterial middle ear isolates from children with AOMd were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal checklist.
RESULTS
Of 4088 unique records retrieved, 19 studies (10,560 children) were included. Overall quality was judged good. Streptococcus pneumoniae (median 26.1%, range 9.1%-47.9%), Haemophilus influenzae (median 18.8%, range 3.9%-55.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (median 12.3%, range 2.3%-34.9%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (median 11.8%, range 1.0%-30.9%) were the most prevalent bacteria. In 76.0% (median, range 48.7%-100.0%, 19 studies, 1,429 children) any bacterium was identified. AMR data were sparse and mainly limited to S. pneumoniae. We found no evidence of a clear shift in the prevalence of bacteria and AMR over time.
CONCLUSIONS
In children with AOMd, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae are the 2 predominant bacteria, followed by S. aureus and S. pyogenes in the post-PCV era. AMR data are sparse and no clearly change over time was observed. Ongoing surveillance of the microbiology profile in children with AOMd is warranted to guide antibiotic selection and to assess the impact of children's PCV status.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Otitis Media; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Tympanic Membrane Perforation; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 34166300
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003134 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Nov 2017The aim of this systematic review was to examine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among Chinese children younger than 5 y and provide evidence for... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among Chinese children younger than 5 y and provide evidence for further cost-effectiveness analyses for vaccine development, diagnostic strategies and empirical treatments.
METHODS
The literature review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Data were obtained by searching PubMed, Embase, Web-of Science, and the Chinese databases Wanfang Data and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. All CAP etiological studies on children under 5 y of age from China published in Chinese and English between the years of 2001 and 2015 were included. A total of 48 studies were included in the final review, comprising 100 151 hospitalized children with CAP episodes. Heterogeneity and the percentage of variation between studies was analyzed based on Q statistic and I indices, respectively. Random effect models were used to calculate the weighted average rate in all analyses.
RESULTS
The most frequently detected bacterial agents were Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.4%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (5.2%), Escherichia coli (5.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.9%), Haemophilus influenza (3.6%) and Haemophilus parainfluenzae (3.3%). The most frequently detected viruses were human rhinovirus (20.3%, in just 2 studies), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 17.3%), human bocavirus (9.9%), parainfluenza virus (5.8%), human metapneumovirus (3.9%) and influenza (3.5%). Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae were identified in 9.5% and 2.9%, respectively, of children under 5 y of age with CAP.
CONCLUSION
This article provides the most comprehensive analysis to date of the factors contributing to CAP in children under 5 y of age. S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and influenza were the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in children. Corresponding, vaccines should be introduced into Chinese immunization programs, and further economic evaluations should be conducted. RSV is common in Chinese children and preventative measures could have a substantial impact on public health. These data also have major implications for diagnostic strategies and empirical treatments.
Topics: Child, Hospitalized; Child, Preschool; China; Community-Acquired Infections; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Male; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Viruses
PubMed: 28922613
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1371381 -
BMC Infectious Diseases May 2019Implementation of sputum Gram stain in the initial assessment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients is still controversial. We performed a systematic review and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Implementation of sputum Gram stain in the initial assessment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients is still controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the usefulness of sputum Gram stain for defining the etiologic diagnosis of CAP in adult patients.
METHODS
We systematically searched the Medline, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus and LILACS databases for full-text articles. Relevant studies were reviewed by at least three investigators who extracted the data, pooled them using a random effects model, and carried out quality assessment. For each bacterium (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative bacilli), pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios were reported.
RESULTS
After a review of 3539 abstracts, 20 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. The studies included yielded 5619 patients with CAP. Pooled sensitivity and pooled specificity of sputum Gram stain were 0.59 (95% CI, 0.56-0.62) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.86-0.89) respectively for S. pneumoniae, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.72-0.84) and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.97) for H. influenzae, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.53-0.87) and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95-0.99) for S. aureus, and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.49-0.77) and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.97-0.99) for Gram-negative bacilli.
CONCLUSION
Sputum Gram stain test is sensitive and highly specific for identifying the main causative pathogens in adult patients with CAP.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
This study has been registered at PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews under registration no. CRD42015015337 .
Topics: Bacteria; Community-Acquired Infections; Gentian Violet; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Phenazines; Pneumonia; Sputum; Staining and Labeling; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 31077143
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4048-6