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Frontiers in Immunology 2020Camels are domesticated animals that are highly adapted to the extreme desert ecosystem with relatively higher resistance to a wide range of pathogens compared to many...
Camels are domesticated animals that are highly adapted to the extreme desert ecosystem with relatively higher resistance to a wide range of pathogens compared to many other species from the same geographical region. Recently, there has been increased interest in the field of camel immunology. As the progress in the analysis of camel immunoglobulins has previously been covered in many recent reviews, this review intends to summarize published findings related to camel cellular immunology with a focus on the phenotype and functionality of camel leukocyte subpopulations. The review also describes the impact of different physiological (age and pregnancy) and pathological (e.g. infection) conditions on camel immune cells. Despite the progress achieved in the field of camel immunology, there are gaps in our complete understanding of the camel immune system. Questions remain regarding innate recognition mechanisms, the functional characterization of antigen-presenting cells, and the characterization of camel NK and cytotoxic T cells.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Camelus; Communicable Diseases; Female; Immunity, Mucosal; Leukocytes; Monocytes; Neutrophils; Pregnancy
PubMed: 33569060
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.614150 -
International Journal of Medical... 2021Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in host immune responses. Attempts have been made to examine how NETs affect the pathogenesis of...
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in host immune responses. Attempts have been made to examine how NETs affect the pathogenesis of complications such as autoimmune and vascular disorders. This study aimed to explore the relationship between NETs and vasculitis. The current study entailed the searching of PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL for articles related to the research topic. The search terms and phrases included "vasculitis," "NETs," "neutrophil extracellular traps," "NETosis," and "pathogenesis." The search was limited to articles published between 2009 and 2019. Researchers have shown that NETs contribute to the pathogenesis of vasculitis through different mechanisms and processes, including renal failure and vascular damage. The protective effects of NETs have also been highlighted. Overall, some scholars have shown the effectiveness of using DNase I and the PAD4 inhibitor Cl-amidine to treat vasculitis by restricting NET formation. However, observations have been noted in only animal experimental models. Neutrophil hyperactivity and its role in vasculitis are not yet fully understood. More studies aiming to determine the accurate function of NETs in vasculitis pathogenesis, particularly in humans, should be undertaken. Intensive research on NETs and vasculitis can increase the knowledge of medical practitioners and contribute to the development of new treatment methods to enhance patient outcomes in the future.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis; Apoptosis; Deoxyribonuclease I; Disease Models, Animal; Extracellular Traps; Giant Cell Arteritis; Humans; Neutrophils; Ornithine; Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4; Regulated Cell Death; Takayasu Arteritis
PubMed: 33746569
DOI: 10.7150/ijms.53728 -
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory... Sep 2022The infectious respiratory condition COVID-19 manifests a clinical course ranging from mild/moderate up-to critical systemic dysfunction and death linked to... (Review)
Review
The infectious respiratory condition COVID-19 manifests a clinical course ranging from mild/moderate up-to critical systemic dysfunction and death linked to thromboinflammation. During COVID-19 infection, neutrophil extracellular traps participating in cytokine storm and coagulation dysfunction have emerged as diagnostic/prognostic markers. The characterization of NET identified that mainly histones, have the potential to initiate and propagate inflammatory storm and thrombosis, leading to increased disease severity and decreased patient survival. Baseline assessment and serial monitoring of blood histone concentration may be conceivably useful in COVID-19. We performed a literature review to explore the association among increased circulating levels of histones, disease severity/mortality in COVID-19 patients, and comparison of histone values between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. We carried out an electronic search in Medline and Scopus, using the keywords "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" AND "histone" OR "citrullinated histones" OR "hyperhistonemia", between 2019 and present time (i.e., June 07th, 2022), which allowed to select 17 studies, totaling 1,846 subjects. We found that substantially elevated histone values were consistently present in all COVID-19 patients who developed unfavorable clinical outcomes. These findings suggest that blood histone monitoring upon admission and throughout hospitalization may be useful for early identification of higher risk of unfavorable COVID-19 progression. Therapeutic decisions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 based on the use of histone cut-off values may be driven by drugs engaging histones, finally leading to the limitation of cytotoxic, inflammatory, and thrombotic effects of circulating histones in viral sepsis.
Topics: COVID-19; Histones; Humans; Inflammation; Neutrophils; SARS-CoV-2; Thrombosis
PubMed: 35852070
DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0574 -
Cancer Prevention Research... Sep 2017Obesity and its associated metabolic dysregulation are established risk factors for many cancers. However, the biologic mechanisms underlying this relationship remain... (Review)
Review
Obesity and its associated metabolic dysregulation are established risk factors for many cancers. However, the biologic mechanisms underlying this relationship remain incompletely understood. Given the rising rates of both obesity and cancer worldwide, and the challenges for many people to lose excess adipose tissue, a systematic approach to identify potential molecular and metabolic targets is needed to develop effective mechanism-based strategies for the prevention and control of obesity-driven cancer. Epidemiologic, clinical, and preclinical data suggest that within the growth-promoting, proinflammatory microenvironment accompanying obesity, crosstalk between adipose tissue (comprised of adipocytes, macrophages and other cells) and cancer-prone cells may occur via obesity-associated hormones, cytokines, and other mediators that have been linked to increased cancer risk and/or progression. We report here a systematic review on the direct "crosstalk" between adipose tissue and carcinomas in humans. We identified 4,641 articles with = 20 human clinical studies, which are summarized as: (i) breast ( = 7); (ii) colorectal ( = 4); (iii) esophageal ( = 2); (iv) esophageal/colorectal ( = 1); (v) endometrial ( = 1); (vi) prostate ( = 4); and (vii) ear-nose-throat (ENT) cancer ( = 1). Findings from these clinical studies reinforce preclinical data and suggest organ-dependent crosstalk between adipose tissue and carcinomas via VEGF, IL6, TNFα, and other mechanisms. Moreover, visceral white adipose tissue plays a more central role, as it is more bioenergetically active and is associated with a more procancer secretome than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Efforts to eavesdrop and ultimately interfere with this cancer-enhancing crosstalk may lead to new targets and strategies for decreasing the burden of obesity-related cancers. .
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Carcinoma; Cytokines; Disease Progression; Humans; Inflammation; Macrophages; Obesity; Risk Factors; Signal Transduction; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 28864539
DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0322 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Jun 2023Macrophages are among the first cells to interact with the dental implant surface and are critical regulators for controlling the immune response toward biomaterials.... (Review)
Review
A systematic review comparing the macrophage inflammatory response to hydrophobic and hydrophilic sandblasted large grit, acid-etched titanium or titanium-zirconium surfaces during in vitro studies.
OBJECTIVES
Macrophages are among the first cells to interact with the dental implant surface and are critical regulators for controlling the immune response toward biomaterials. Macrophages can polarize between two main phenotypes: proinflammatory M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. This systematic review aims to determine if a differing macrophage inflammatory response exists on hydrophilic sandblasted large grit, acid-etched (SLActive) surfaces compared to sandblasted large grit, acid-etched (SLA) titanium or titanium-zirconium surfaces during in vitro studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic search of three electronic databases, Medline, DOSS (Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source), and WoS (Web of Science), was performed. Only in vitro studies were included in this systematic review. The electronic search was supplemented with a search of the references. Genetic expression and production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory proteins were assessed. The synthesis of quantitative data was completed by narrative synthesis.
RESULTS
A total of 906 studies were found with the systematic search. Eight studies remained after the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six studies used murine macrophages, while two used human macrophages. Discs were used in six studies, while dental implants were used in the remaining two studies. Genetic expression and cytokine production of proinflammatory cytokines on SLActive surfaces were reduced compared to SLA. Anti-inflammatory genetic expression and cytokine production was increased on SLActive surfaces. The overall quality of the included studies was low to moderate.
CONCLUSIONS
SLActive surfaces modulate macrophages to reduce proinflammatory and increase anti-inflammatory gene expression and cytokine production compared to SLA surfaces. The in vitro nature of the included studies does not replicate the in vivo healing cascade. Further in vivo studies are required to assess the macrophage response toward SLActive implant surfaces compared to SLA surfaces.
Topics: Mice; Humans; Animals; Dental Implants; Titanium; Zirconium; Surface Properties; Macrophages; Cytokines; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 36991526
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.730 -
Journal of Diabetes Research 2023Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a commonly used clinical marker to monitor the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM). However, it is unable to identify the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a commonly used clinical marker to monitor the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM). However, it is unable to identify the ongoing inflammatory changes in the body. These factors could be easily identified and monitored by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the relationship between NLR and glycemic control in T2DM.
METHOD
A comprehensive search of eligible studies was performed in various databases published until July 2021. A random effect model was used to estimate the standardized mean difference (SMD). A metaregression, subgroup, and sensitivity analysis were conducted to search for potential sources of heterogeneity.
RESULT
A total of 13 studies were included in this study. Accordingly, the SMD of the NLR values between the poor and good glycemic control groups was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.46-1.12). Our study also showed that high NLR was significantly associated with poor glycemic control in T2DM patients (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.30-1.93).
CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest an association between high NLR values and an elevated HbA1C in T2DM patients. Therefore, NLR should be considered a marker of glycemic control in addition to HbA1c in T2DM patients.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glycated Hemoglobin; Glycemic Control; Neutrophils; Lymphocytes
PubMed: 37305430
DOI: 10.1155/2023/3117396 -
European Respiratory Review : An... Sep 2023Peripheral blood monocyte counts have been associated with poor outcomes in interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, studies are limited by variable biomarker... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Peripheral blood monocyte counts have been associated with poor outcomes in interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, studies are limited by variable biomarker thresholds, analytic approaches and heterogenous populations. This systematic review and meta-analysis characterised the relationship between monocytes and clinical outcomes in ILD.
METHODS
Electronic database searches were performed. Two reviewers screened abstracts and extracted data. Pooled estimates (hazard ratios (HRs)) of monocyte count thresholds were calculated for their association with mortality using ≥0.6×10 and >0.9×10 cells·L for unadjusted models and ≥0.95×10 cells·L for adjusted models, using random effects, with heterogeneity and bias assessed. Disease progression associated with monocytes >0.9×10cells·L was also calculated.
RESULTS
Of 3279 abstracts, 13 were included in the systematic review and eight in the meta-analysis. The pooled unadjusted HR for mortality for monocyte counts ≥0.6×10 cells·L was 1.71 (95% CI 1.34-2.19, p<0.001, I=0%) and for monocyte counts >0.90×10 cells·L it was 2.44 (95% CI 1.53-3.87, p=0.0002, I=52%). The pooled adjusted HR for mortality for monocyte counts ≥0.95×10 cells·L was 1.93 (95% CI 1.24-3.01, p=0.0038 I=69%). The pooled HR for disease progression associated with increased monocyte counts was 1.83 (95% CI 1.40-2.39, p<0.0001, I=28%).
CONCLUSIONS
Peripheral blood monocyte counts were associated with an increased risk of mortality and disease progression in patients with ILD.
Topics: Humans; Monocytes; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Patients; Disease Progression
PubMed: 37673424
DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0072-2023 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Aug 2022Background and Objectives: Advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has led to a high number of mortalities. Immunotherapy, as a first-line treatment in advanced... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as Prognostic Markers for Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Background and Objectives: Advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has led to a high number of mortalities. Immunotherapy, as a first-line treatment in advanced NSCLC, currently has no clarity regarding its prognostic markers to assess the treatment outcome. This systematic review aimed to evaluate neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as prognostic markers in advanced NSCLC patients treated with immunotherapy. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines, starting from screening for relevant studies from several databases. Each included cohort study was further assessed by using the Newcastle−Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale, and the available data were extracted for qualitative and quantitative synthesis in pooled and subgroup analysis. Results: A total of 1719 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Hazard ratio (HR) outcomes for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for NLR and PLR showed significant results, supporting NLR and PLR as prognostic markers (NLR: HR PFS 2.21 [95% CI: 1.50−3.24; p < 0.0001] and HR OS 2.68 [95% CI: 2.24−3.6; p < 0.0001]; PLR: HR PFS 1.57 [95% CI: 1.33−1.84; p < 0.00001] and HR OS 2.14 [95% CI: 1.72−2.67; p < 0.00001]). Subgroup analysis with a cut-off value of 5 for NLR and 200 for PLR also demonstrated notable outcomes. Higher NLR and PLR levels are associated with poor prognostic. Conclusions: There is considerable evidence regarding both markers as prognostic markers in NSCLC patients treated with immunotherapy. However, further studies with more homogeneous baseline characteristics are required to confirm these findings.
Topics: Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Cohort Studies; Humans; Immunotherapy; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphocytes; Neutrophils; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 36013536
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081069 -
Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology &... 2022The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was analyzing published studies on the role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in infection and spatially... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was analyzing published studies on the role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in infection and spatially spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) among cirrhotic patients.
METHODS
PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched until May 24, 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for quality assessment.
RESULTS
Of 14 studies included in our study, six studies were on infection with 2786 hospitalized cirrhotic patients, of whom 934 developed an infection. Other studies were on SBP with 1573 cirrhotic patients with ascites, of whom 557 developed SBP. The pooled results showed that there was no difference in NLR levels between hospitalized cirrhotic patients who developed infection compared to those who did not (random-effects model: SMD = 0.63, 95% CI = -0.01-1.27, =0.054). However, cirrhotic patients with ascites who developed SBP had elevated levels of NLR compared to those who did not (random-effects model: SMD = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.52-1.57, < 0.001). This difference remained significant in prospective studies (SMD = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.51-1.38, < 0.001) but not in retrospective studies (SMD = 1.37, 95% CI = -0.56-3.29,=0.165), in the subgroup analysis according to the study design. The pooled sensitivity of NLR was 92.07% (95% CI = 74.85%-97.84%) and the pooled specificity was 72.58% (95% CI = 57.72%-83.69%). The pooled positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, DOR of NLR were 3.35(95%CI = 2.06-5.46), 0.10 (95%CI = 0.03-0.38), and 30.78 (95%CI = 7.01-135.04), respectively.
CONCLUSION
Our results support NLR to be a valid biomarker that can be readily integrated into clinical settings to help in the prevention and prediction of SBP among cirrhotic patients.
Topics: Ascites; Biomarkers; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Lymphocytes; Neutrophils; Peritonitis; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 36204262
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8604060 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Lung cancer is a disease with remarkable heterogeneity. A deep understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) offers potential therapeutic strategies against this... (Review)
Review
Lung cancer is a disease with remarkable heterogeneity. A deep understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) offers potential therapeutic strategies against this malignant disease. More and more attention has been paid to the roles of macrophages in the TME. This article briefly summarizes the origin of macrophages, the mutual regulation between anti-tumoral immunity and pro-tumoral statuses derived from macrophage polarization, and the therapeutic opportunities targeting alternately activated macrophages (AAM)-type macrophage polarization. Among them, cellular components including T cells, as well as acellular components represented by IL-4 and IL-13 are key regulators driving the polarization of AAM macrophages. Novel treatments targeting macrophage-associated mechanisms are mainly divided into small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and other therapies to re-acclimate AMM macrophages. Finally, we paid special attention to an immunosuppressive subgroup of macrophages with T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) expression. Based on cellular interactions with cancer cells, TIM3+ macrophages facilitate the proliferation and progression of cancer cells, yet this process exposes targets blocking the ligand-receptor recognition. To sum up, this is a systematic review on the mechanism of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) polarization, therapeutic strategies and the biological functions of Tim-3 positive macrophages that aims to provide new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of lung cancer.
Topics: Humans; Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; Lung Neoplasms; Macrophages; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumor-Associated Macrophages
PubMed: 36439090
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007812