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PloS One 2022While peptides can be excellent therapeutics for several conditions, their limited in vivo half-lives have been a major bottleneck in the development of therapeutic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
While peptides can be excellent therapeutics for several conditions, their limited in vivo half-lives have been a major bottleneck in the development of therapeutic peptides. Conjugating the peptide to an inert chemical moiety is a strategy that has repeatedly proven to be successful in extending the half-life of some therapeutics. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine the available literature and assess it in an unbiased manner to determine which conjugates, both biological and synthetic, provide the greatest increase in therapeutic peptide half-life. Systematic searches run on PubMed, Scopus and SciFinder databases resulted in 845 studies pertaining to the topic, 16 of these were included in this review after assessment against pre-specified inclusion criteria registered on PROSPERO (#CRD42020222579). The most common reasons for exclusion were non-IV administration and large peptide size. Of the 16 studies that were included, a diverse suite of conjugates that increased half-life from 0.1 h to 33.57 h was identified. Amongst these peptides, the largest increase in half-life was seen when conjugated with glycosaminoglycans. A meta-analysis of studies that contained fatty acid conjugates indicated that acylation contributed to a statistically significant extension of half-life. Additionally, another meta-analysis followed by a sensitivity analysis suggested that conjugation with specifically engineered recombinant peptides might contribute to a more efficient extension of peptide half-life as compared to PEGylation. Moreover, we confirmed that while polyethylene glycol is a good synthetic conjugate, its chain length likely has an impact on its effectiveness in extending half-life. Furthermore, we found that most animal studies do not include as much detail when reporting findings as compared to human studies. Inclusion of additional experimental detail on aspects such as independent assessment and randomization may be an easily accomplished strategy to drive more conjugated peptides towards clinical studies.
Topics: Animals; Peptides
PubMed: 35259149
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255753 -
EFORT Open Reviews Sep 2021Vitamin E incorporation into highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) has been introduced to improve wear resistance, and vitamin E incorporated HXLPE (VEPE) has been... (Review)
Review
Vitamin E highly cross-linked polyethylene reduces mid-term wear in primary total hip replacement: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized clinical trials using radiostereometric analysis.
Vitamin E incorporation into highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) has been introduced to improve wear resistance, and vitamin E incorporated HXLPE (VEPE) has been used in total hip arthroplasty.The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the wear properties of VEPE in clinical practice by synthesizing the data provided in randomized clinical trials.The effects on implant stability, functional outcomes and revision rate of VEPE were also compared with those of HXPLE or ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE).Literature searches were conducted on 1 January 2020 using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the aforementioned parameters between VEPE and standard HXPLE/UHMWPE liners were included.Methodological quality and the bias of the included studies were analysed. Meta-analyses were performed using the Review Manager software.Nine RCTs met the eligibility criteria and were included. At early and mid-term follow-up, the vertical penetration and the total penetration of the femoral head were both significantly reduced in the VEPE group. The steady state wear rate of the VEPE group was also remarkably lower.However, at two-year follow-up, significantly increased cup migration was observed in the VEPE group. Moreover, the mid-term clinical outcomes of the VEPE group were worse, while the total revision rates between the two groups were not significantly different.The limited number of included studies may compromise our conclusion regarding clinical outcomes of the VEPE bearing surface. More RCTs with longer follow-up periods are needed to further investigate the effects of VEPE in total hip arthroplasty. Cite this article: 2021;6:759-770. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200072.
PubMed: 34667647
DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200072 -
PloS One 2020Microplastics (MPs) are omnipresent in the environment, including the human food chain; a likely important contributor to human exposure is drinking water.
BACKGROUND
Microplastics (MPs) are omnipresent in the environment, including the human food chain; a likely important contributor to human exposure is drinking water.
OBJECTIVE
To undertake a systematic review of MP contamination of drinking water and estimate quantitative exposures.
METHODS
The protocol for the systematic review employed has been published in PROSPERO (PROSPERO 2019, Registration number: CRD42019145290). MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched from launch to the 3rd of June 2020, selecting studies that used procedural blank samples and a validated method for particle composition analysis. Studies were reviewed within a narrative analysis. A bespoke risk of bias (RoB) assessment tool was used.
RESULTS
12 studies were included in the review: six of tap water (TW) and six of bottled water (BW). Meta-analysis was not appropriate due to high statistical heterogeneity (I2>95%). Seven studies were rated low RoB and all confirmed MP contamination of drinking water. The most common polymers identified in samples were polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP), Methodological variability was observed throughout the experimental protocols. For example, the minimum size of particles extracted and analysed, which varied from 1 to 100 μm, was seen to be critical in the data reported. The maximum reported MP contamination was 628 MPs/L for TW and 4889 MPs/L for BW, detected in European samples. Based on typical consumption data, this may be extrapolated to a maximum yearly human adult uptake of 458,000 MPs for TW and 3,569,000 MPs for BW.
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first systematic review that appraises the quality of existing evidence on MP contamination of drinking water and estimates human exposures. The precautionary principle should be adopted to address concerns on possible human health effects from consumption of MPs. Future research should aim to standardise experimental protocols to aid comparison and elevate quality.
Topics: Drinking Water; Environmental Monitoring; Food Chain; Microplastics; Polyethylene Terephthalates; Polypropylenes; Public Health; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 32735575
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236838 -
Annals of Hepatology 2015Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with newer direct-acting antivirals is unrealistic in some countries because of the lack of availability. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with newer direct-acting antivirals is unrealistic in some countries because of the lack of availability.
AIM
Assess benefits and harms of boceprevir (BOC) and telaprevir (TLV) in treatment of genotype 1 HCV infection, and identifying subgroups with most benefit.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Search from 2009-2013 in PubMed, EMBASE, and "gray literature" of published and unpublished randomized trials reporting sustained viral response (SVR) or adverse events (AE) with BOC or TLV + pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PR) in HCV-infected patients; cohorts or case reports for comparison protease inhibitors (PI), evaluation of predictors of SVR, and resistant variants. Cochrane guidelines were applied. Comparisons between PI + PR vs. PR were performed. Main outcomes were expressed as risk-ratios with 95% CIs. Meta-regression and trial sequential analysis were performed.
RESULTS
33 studies (10,525 patients) were analyzed. SVR was higher for PI + PR (RR, 2.05; 95% CI 1.70-2.48). In meta-regression, previously treated patients exhibited greater benefit from PI + PR (RR, 3.47; 95% CI, 2.78-4.33). AE were higher with PI + PR (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1-1.03; NNH 77.59), also the discontinuation rate (RR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.36-2.10, NNH, 18). Predictors of SVR were IL-28 TT, nonblack race, low viral load, age, no cirrhosis, statin use, undetectable viral load at the first anemia episode and at week 2 of treatment, and low IL-6 levels. In conclusion SVR was higher in patients treated with PIs, patients previously exposed to PR showed superior response rates. Specific predictors will determine the best candidates for treatments that will offer real-life therapeutic alternatives.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Interferon alpha-2; Interferon-alpha; Oligopeptides; Polyethylene Glycols; Proline; RNA, Viral; Recombinant Proteins; Ribavirin; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load
PubMed: 25536641
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Oct 2021Concerns for anaphylaxis may hamper severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunization efforts. We convened a multidisciplinary group of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The Risk of Allergic Reaction to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Recommended Evaluation and Management: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, GRADE Assessment, and International Consensus Approach.
Concerns for anaphylaxis may hamper severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunization efforts. We convened a multidisciplinary group of international experts in anaphylaxis composed of allergy, infectious disease, emergency medicine, and front-line clinicians to systematically develop recommendations regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immediate allergic reactions. Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, the World Health Organizstion (WHO) global coronavirus database, and the gray literature (inception, March 19, 2021) were systematically searched. Paired reviewers independently selected studies addressing anaphylaxis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polysorbate allergy, and accuracy of allergy testing for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine allergy. Random effects models synthesized the data to inform recommendations based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, agreed upon using a modified Delphi panel. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine anaphylaxis is 7.91 cases per million (n = 41,000,000 vaccinations; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.02-15.59; 26 studies, moderate certainty), the incidence of 0.15 cases per million patient-years (95% CI 0.11-0.2), and the sensitivity for PEG skin testing is poor, although specificity is high (15 studies, very low certainty). We recommend vaccination over either no vaccination or performing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine/excipient screening allergy testing for individuals without history of a severe allergic reaction to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine/excipient, and a shared decision-making paradigm in consultation with an allergy specialist for individuals with a history of a severe allergic reaction to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine/excipient. We recommend further research to clarify SARS-CoV-2 vaccine/vaccine excipient testing utility in individuals potentially allergic to SARS-CoV2 vaccines or their excipients.
Topics: Anaphylaxis; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Consensus; GRADE Approach; Humans; RNA, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34153517
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.06.006 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... Nov 2014Although cross-linked polyethylene is resistant to wear in comparison to conventional polyethylene, it remains unknown whether it can decrease the wear-related revision... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Although cross-linked polyethylene is resistant to wear in comparison to conventional polyethylene, it remains unknown whether it can decrease the wear-related revision rate of total hip arthroplasty.
OBJECTIVES
To determine whether cross-linked polyethylene decreases the wear-related revision rate of total hip arthroplasty compared with conventional polyethylene.
DATA SOURCES
Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, were queried from inception to July 6, 2013.
STUDY SELECTION
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing cross-linked polyethylene with conventional polyethylene were included. In addition, the standard 28-mm femoral head was used, and follow-up was performed for a minimum of 5 years. The primary outcome assessed was wear-related revision. The secondary outcome measures evaluated were the incidence of osteolysis, the linear wear rate, and the linear head penetration.
DATA SYNTHESIS
The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias was used for quality assessment. Data from eligible studies were pooled using a random effects model.
RESULTS
Eight studies involving 735 patients were included in this study. Meta-analysis showed there was no significant difference between cross-linked and conventional polyethylene group in terms of osteolysis or wear-related revision. The pooled mean differences were significantly less for the linear wear rate and linear head penetration for cross-linked polyethylene than for conventional polyethylene.
LIMITATIONS
The studies differed with respect to the cross-linked liner brands, manufacturing processes, and radiological evaluation methods. Moreover, the follow-up periods of the RCTs were not long enough.
CONCLUSIONS
The current limited evidence suggests that cross-linked polyethylene significantly reduced the radiological wear compared with conventional polyethylene at midterm follow-up periods. However, there is no evidence that cross-linked polyethylene had an advantage over conventional polyethylene in terms of reducing osteolysis or wear-related revision. Nevertheless, future long-term RCTs on this topic are needed.
KEY FINDINGS
Cross-linked polyethylene significantly reduced radiological wear but not osteolysis or wear-related revision in comparison to conventional polyethylene at midterm follow-up periods.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level I, systematic review of level I studies.
Topics: Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Cross-Linking Reagents; Hip Prosthesis; Humans; Polyethylene; Polyethylenes; Prosthesis Design; Prosthesis Failure; Reoperation; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25281549
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.07.015 -
Health Technology Assessment... Jan 2015Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the UK, and the fourth most common cause of cancer death. Of those people successfully treated with first-line... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis Review
Topotecan, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride, paclitaxel, trabectedin and gemcitabine for advanced recurrent or refractory ovarian cancer: a systematic review and economic evaluation.
BACKGROUND
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the UK, and the fourth most common cause of cancer death. Of those people successfully treated with first-line chemotherapy, 55-75% will relapse within 2 years. At this time, it is uncertain which chemotherapy regimen is more clinically effective and cost-effective for the treatment of recurrent, advanced ovarian cancer.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the comparative clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of topotecan (Hycamtin(®), GlaxoSmithKline), pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride (PLDH; Caelyx(®), Schering-Plough), paclitaxel (Taxol(®), Bristol-Myers Squibb), trabectedin (Yondelis(®), PharmaMar) and gemcitabine (Gemzar(®), Eli Lilly and Company) for the treatment of advanced, recurrent ovarian cancer.
DATA SOURCES
Electronic databases (MEDLINE(®), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Health Technology Assessment database, NHS Economic Evaluations Database) and trial registries were searched, and company submissions were reviewed. Databases were searched from inception to May 2013.
METHODS
A systematic review of the clinical and economic literature was carried out following standard methodological principles. Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trials, evaluating topotecan, PLDH, paclitaxel, trabectedin and gemcitabine, and economic evaluations were included. A network meta-analysis (NMA) was carried out. A de novo economic model was developed.
RESULTS
For most outcomes measuring clinical response, two networks were constructed: one evaluating platinum-based regimens and one evaluating non-platinum-based regimens. In people with platinum-sensitive disease, NMA found statistically significant benefits for PLDH plus platinum, and paclitaxel plus platinum for overall survival (OS) compared with platinum monotherapy. PLDH plus platinum significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) compared with paclitaxel plus platinum. Of the non-platinum-based treatments, PLDH monotherapy and trabectedin plus PLDH were found to significantly increase OS, but not PFS, compared with topotecan monotherapy. In people with platinum-resistant/-refractory (PRR) disease, NMA found no statistically significant differences for any treatment compared with alternative regimens in OS and PFS. Economic modelling indicated that, for people with platinum-sensitive disease and receiving platinum-based therapy, the estimated probabilistic incremental cost-effectiveness ratio [ICER; incremental cost per additional quality-adjusted life-year (QALY)] for paclitaxel plus platinum compared with platinum was £24,539. Gemcitabine plus carboplatin was extendedly dominated, and PLDH plus platinum was strictly dominated. For people with platinum-sensitive disease and receiving non-platinum-based therapy, the probabilistic ICERs associated with PLDH compared with paclitaxel, and trabectedin plus PLDH compared with PLDH, were estimated to be £25,931 and £81,353, respectively. Topotecan was strictly dominated. For people with PRR disease, the probabilistic ICER associated with topotecan compared with PLDH was estimated to be £324,188. Paclitaxel was strictly dominated.
LIMITATIONS
As platinum- and non-platinum-based treatments were evaluated separately, the comparative clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these regimens is uncertain in patients with platinum-sensitive disease.
CONCLUSIONS
For platinum-sensitive disease, it was not possible to compare the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of platinum-based therapies with non-platinum-based therapies. For people with platinum-sensitive disease and treated with platinum-based therapies, paclitaxel plus platinum could be considered cost-effective compared with platinum at a threshold of £30,000 per additional QALY. For people with platinum-sensitive disease and treated with non-platinum-based therapies, it is unclear whether PLDH would be considered cost-effective compared with paclitaxel at a threshold of £30,000 per additional QALY; trabectedin plus PLDH is unlikely to be considered cost-effective compared with PLDH. For patients with PRR disease, it is unlikely that topotecan would be considered cost-effective compared with PLDH. Randomised controlled trials comparing platinum with non-platinum-based treatments might help to verify the comparative effectiveness of these regimens.
STUDY REGISTRATION
This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013003555.
FUNDING
The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Deoxycytidine; Dioxoles; Disease-Free Survival; Double-Blind Method; Doxorubicin; Female; Health Care Costs; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Ovarian Neoplasms; Paclitaxel; Polyethylene Glycols; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Assessment; Survival Analysis; Tetrahydroisoquinolines; Topotecan; Trabectedin; Treatment Outcome; United Kingdom; Gemcitabine
PubMed: 25626481
DOI: 10.3310/hta19070 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... May 2017Benefits of femoral offset restoration during total hip arthroplasty should be the reduction of bearing surfaces wear, implant loosening and dislocation rates. Modular... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Benefits of femoral offset restoration during total hip arthroplasty should be the reduction of bearing surfaces wear, implant loosening and dislocation rates. Modular neck stems ensure offset customization but fretting corrosion and catastrophic failures are well-documented complications. Since clinical evidences are needed to substantiate the effectiveness of femoral offset restoration and promote modular neck choice, we systematically reviewed the literature to ascertain whether femoral offset itself has a proven clinical influence: (1) on bearing surfaces wear, (2) implant loosening, (3) and dislocation rates. A systematic literature screening was conducted to find papers dealing with the influence of femoral offset on wear, dislocation and loosening, including articles with conventional radiographic femoral offset assessment and with comparative design. Observational studies, case reports, instructional course lectures, cadaveric and animal studies as well as biomechanical studies, letters to the editor, surgical techniques or technical notes were all excluded. No limits about publication date were supplied but only papers in English were taken into account. Data were extracted into an anonymous spreadsheet. Offset values, dislocation rates, wear rates, follow-up and surgical approaches were all detailed. Ten manuscripts were finally selected. A statistically significant correlation between femoral offset restoration and the reduction of conventional ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene wear was found in two out of three papers investigating this issue, but no correlations were found between femoral offset and dislocation rates or implant loosening. Femoral offset modification influences ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene liners wear, but no correlation was found with dislocation rates or implant loosening. Advantages on wear can be counterbalanced by the use of hard bearing surfaces or highly cross-linked polyethylene liners, besides the availability of larger femoral heads improving implant stability further reduces the importance of femoral offset restoration by means of modularity. We believe that efforts in restoring femoral offset during total hip arthroplasty do not translate into tangible clinical profits and consequently, we do not advise the routinely usage of modular neck stems in total hip arthroplasty.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
level III, systematic review of case-control studies.
Topics: Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Biomechanical Phenomena; Femur Head; Hip Prosthesis; Humans; Joint Dislocations; Polyethylenes; Prosthesis Design; Prosthesis Failure
PubMed: 28159679
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2016.12.013 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Nov 2016Anophthalmia is the absence of one or both eyes, and it can be congenital (i.e. a birth defect) or acquired later in life. There are two main types of orbital implant:... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Anophthalmia is the absence of one or both eyes, and it can be congenital (i.e. a birth defect) or acquired later in life. There are two main types of orbital implant: integrated, whereby the implant receives a blood supply from the body that allows for the integration of the prosthesis within the tissue; and non-integrated, where the implant remains separate. Despite the remarkable progress in anophthalmic socket reconstruction and in the development of various types of implants, there are still uncertainties about the real roles of integrated (hydroxyapatite (HA), porous polyethylene (PP), composites) and non-integrated (polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/acrylic and silicone) orbital implants in anophthalmic socket treatment.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of integrated versus non-integrated orbital implants for treating anophthalmic sockets.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register) (2016, Issue 7), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Ovid OLDMEDLINE (January 1946 to August 2016), Embase (January 1980 to August 2016), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database (LILACS) (1982 to August 2016), the ISRCTN registry (www.isrctn.com/editAdvancedSearch), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov), and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 8 August 2016.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of integrated and non-integrated orbital implants for treating anophthalmic sockets.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently selected relevant trials, assessed methodological quality and extracted data.
MAIN RESULTS
We included three studies with a total of 284 participants (250 included in analysis). The studies were conducted in India, Iran and the Netherlands. The three studies were clinically heterogenous, comparing different materials and using different surgical techniques. None of the included studies used a peg (i.e. a fixing pin used to connect the implant to the prosthesis). In general the trials were poorly reported, and we judged them to be at unclear risk of bias.One trial compared HA using traditional enucleation versus alloplastic implantation using evisceration (N = 100). This trial was probably not masked. The second trial compared PP with scleral cap enucleation versus PMMA with either myoconjunctival or traditional enucleation (N = 150). Although participants were not masked, outcome assessors were. The last trial compared HA and acrylic using the enucleation technique (N = 34) but did not report comparative effectiveness data.In the trial comparing HA versus alloplastic implantation, there was no evidence of any difference between the two groups with respect to the proportion of successful procedures at one year (risk ratio (RR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95 to 1.09, N = 100, low-certainty evidence). People receiving HA had slightly worse horizontal implant mobility compared to the alloplastic group (mean difference (MD) -3.35 mm, 95% CI -4.08 to -2.62, very low-certainty evidence) and slightly worse vertical implant motility (MD -2.76 mm, 95% CI -3.45 to -2.07, very low-certainty evidence). As different techniques were used - enucleation versus evisceration - it is not clear whether these differences in implant motility can be attributed solely to the type of material. Investigators did not report adverse events.In the trial comparing PP versus PMMA, there was no evidence of any difference between the two groups with respect to the proportion of successful procedures at one year (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.01, N = 150, low-certainty evidence). There was very low-certainty evidence of a difference in horizontal implant motility depending on whether PP was compared to PMMA with traditional enucleation (MD 1.96 mm, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.91) or PMMA with myoconjunctival enucleation (-0.57 mm, 95% CI -1.63 to 0.49). Similarly, for vertical implant motility, there was very low-certainty evidence of a difference in the comparison of PP to PMMA traditional (MD 3.12 mm 95% CI 2.36 to 3.88) but no evidence of a difference when comparing PP to PMMA myoconjunctival (MD -0.20 mm 95% CI -1.28 to 0.88). Four people in the PP group (total N = 50) experienced adverse events (i.e. exposures) compared to 6/100 in the PMMA groups (RR 17.82, 95% CI 0.98 to 324.67, N = 150, very low-certainty evidence).None of the studies reported socket sphere size, cosmetic effect or quality of life measures.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Current very low-certainty evidence from three small published randomised controlled trials did not provide sufficient evidence to assess the effect of integrated and non-integrated material orbital implants for treating anophthalmic sockets. This review underlines the need to conduct further well-designed trials in this field.
Topics: Anophthalmos; Durapatite; Eye Enucleation; Eye Evisceration; Humans; Orbital Implants; Polyethylene; Polymethyl Methacrylate; Prosthesis Design; Prosthesis Implantation; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 27820878
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010293.pub2 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023This research presents a dual-pronged bibliometric and systematic review of the integration of phase change materials (PCM) in asphalt pavements to counteract the urban... (Review)
Review
This research presents a dual-pronged bibliometric and systematic review of the integration of phase change materials (PCM) in asphalt pavements to counteract the urban heat island (UHI) effect. The bibliometric approach discerns the evolution of PCM-inclusion asphalt research, highlighting a marked rise in the number of publications between 2019 and 2022. Notably, Chang'an University in China has emerged as a leading contributor. The systematic review addresses key questions like optimal PCM types for UHI effect mitigation, strategies for PCM leakage prevention in asphalt, and effects on mechanical properties. The findings identify polyethylene glycols (PEGs), especially PEG2000 and PEG4000, as prevailing PCM due to their wide phase-change temperature range and significant enthalpy during phase transitions. While including PCM can modify asphalt's mechanical attributes, such mixtures typically stay within performance norms. This review emphasises the potential of PCM in urban heat management and the need for further research to achieve optimal thermal and mechanical balance.
PubMed: 37765798
DOI: 10.3390/s23187741