-
Current Neuropharmacology 2023Serum prolactin levels are influenced by sex, physical development and medications among other factors. Antipsychotics usually increase serum prolactin levels in both... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Serum prolactin levels are influenced by sex, physical development and medications among other factors. Antipsychotics usually increase serum prolactin levels in both adults and younger patients, but no study has reviewed the potential association between sex and vulnerability for developing hyperprolactinemia among children and adolescents.
OBJECTIVE
Systematic review and meta-analysis of serum prolactin levels in children and adolescents on antipsychotic treatment for any psychiatric diagnosis to determine the effect of sex.
METHODS
A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE/PubMed/Web of Science and Cochrane databases for randomized controlled trials of antipsychotics in children and adolescents reporting serum prolactin levels by sex.
RESULTS
Of 1278 identified records, seven studies were included, comparing different single antipsychotics to placebo (risperidone N=4; lurasidone N=1; olanzapine N=1; queriapine N=1). Both male and female children and adolescents on antipsychotics presented a significant increase in prolactin levels relative to subjects receiving a placebo. (Male: 16.53 with 95% CI: 6.15-26.92; Female: 26.97 with 95% CI: 9.18-44.75). The four studies using risperidone had similar findings (Male: 26.49 with 95% CI: 17.55-35.43; Female: 37.72 with 95% CI: 9.41-66.03). In the direct comparison between sexes, females showed greater increases in prolactin, but the differences were not statistically significant.
CONCLUSION
Serum prolactin levels are increased in children and adolescents of both sexes on antipsychotics, with females showing a slightly greater increase than males. Further research is needed to clarify the influence of sex and pubertal status on prolactin levels in children and adolescents taking antipsychotics.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Adolescent; Child; Antipsychotic Agents; Risperidone; Prolactin; Sex Characteristics; Olanzapine
PubMed: 36305138
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X21666221027143920 -
Middle East Fertility Society Journal 2021The novel beta-coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has infected millions of people globally with high risk among males than females. However, the effect of COVID-19 andrology... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The novel beta-coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has infected millions of people globally with high risk among males than females. However, the effect of COVID-19 andrology is still a subject of dispute. We planned to analyze the overall consequences of COVID-19 on semen parameters and male sex hormones.
MAIN TEXT
Systematic search was performed on MEDLINE and Scopus database until 11 June 2021. We included observational studies, which reported mean ± standard deviation of the semen parameters and serum sex hormones of those reproductive-aged males recovered from COVID-19 and controls who did not suffered from COVID-19. We used Random-effect model to pool the studies, as heterogeneity was present. The test and evaluated heterogeneity. All articles were assessed with their quality and publication bias.We assessed 966 articles for eligibility and found seven eligible studies. These 7 studies included 934 participants with mean age 37.34 ± 10.5 years. Random-effect model meta-analysis showed that men who recovered from COVID-19 had semen parameters less than those who had not suffered from COVID-19. The overall mean difference (MD) [95% confidence interval (CI)] in semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm number, and progressive sperm motility was - 0.20 (- 0.45, 0.05) ml, - 16.59 (- 34.82, 1.65) millions/ml, - 45.44 (- 84.56, - 6.31) millions per ejaculate, - 1.73 (- 8.20, 4.75) percentage respectively. Considering sex hormones, luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels were higher among those recovered with a significant MD (95% CI) of 3.47 (1.59, 5.35)U l and 3.21 (1.71, 4.72)ng ml respectively.
CONCLUSION
We found that COVID-19 affects both semen parameters and sexual hormones. However, the mechanism for testicular involvement remains doubtful.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO CRD42021259445.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43043-021-00089-w.
PubMed: 34876801
DOI: 10.1186/s43043-021-00089-w -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2014Toxoplasma gondii is the causal agent of toxoplasmosis in which one third of the world's population has been infected. In pregnant women, it may cause abortion and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Toxoplasma gondii is the causal agent of toxoplasmosis in which one third of the world's population has been infected. In pregnant women, it may cause abortion and severe damage to the fetal central nervous system. During pregnancy, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis increases throughout the second and third quarter of gestation, simultaneously progesterone and 17β-estradiol also increase. Thus, it has been suggested that these hormones can aggravate or reduce parasite reproduction. The aim of this study was reviewing the relationship between hormones and infection caused by T. gondii in several experimental animal models and humans, focused mainly on: (a) congenital transmission, (b) parasite reproduction, (c) strain virulence, (d) levels of hormone in host induced by T. gondii infection, and (e) participation of hormone receptors in T. gondii infection. Are the hormones specific modulators of T. gondii infection? A systematic review methodology was used to consult several databases (Pub Med, Lilacs, Medline, Science direct, Scielo, Ebsco, Sprinker, Wiley, and Google Scholar) dated from September, 2013 to March, 2014.
RESULTS
Thirty studies were included; eight studies in humans and 22 in animals and cell cultures. In the human studies, the most studied hormones were testosterone, progesterone, prolactin, and 17β-estradiol. Type I (RH and BK) and Type II (Prugniaud, SC, ME49, T45, P78, and T38) were the most frequent experimental strains.
CONCLUSIONS
Thirty-five years have passed since the first studies regarding T. gondii infection and its relationship with hormones. This systematic review suggests that hormones modulate T. gondii infection in different animal models. However, given that data were not comparable, further studies are required to determine the mechanism of hormone action in the T. gondii infectious process.
PubMed: 25346725
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00503 -
International Journal of Transgender... 2020Gender-affirming hormone therapy for transgender women includes estrogen and antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Gender-affirming hormone therapy for transgender women includes estrogen and antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists). Both estrogen and antiandrogens are reported to increase prolactin levels. The objective is to systematically review the evidence of the effects of antiandrogens on prolactin levels, hyperprolactinemia, and prolactinomas among transgender women on estrogen therapy.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Embase, and PsycInfo up to May 2020. We included studies with at least 3 months follow-up that evaluated the effects of antiandrogens among transgender women and reported on prolactin levels, hyperprolactinemia, or image-confirmed prolactinomas. Two reviewers independently screened studies for eligibility, serially abstracted data, and independently assessed risk of bias and graded strength of evidence.
FINDINGS
We included 17 studies (16 publications): 8 prospective cohorts, 8 retrospective cohorts, and 1 cross-sectional study, each with a moderate to serious risk of bias. Among transgender women on estrogen, prolactin levels increased by over 100% with cyproterone acetate and by up to 45% with spironolactone. However, we were unable to isolate the effects of antiandrogens from estrogen therapy. We were unable to draw conclusions about effects of antiandrogens on hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas.
INTERPRETATION
Prolactin levels may be increased in transgender women who are taking both estrogens and an antiandrogen. Future research is needed to determine the effects of different antiandrogens on prolactin levels separately from estrogen therapy. Ideally, future studies would be prospective, provide either a comparison of two different antiandrogens or compare combination of estrogen and antiandrogen therapy to estrogen alone, and control for possible confounders.
PubMed: 34993517
DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2020.1819505 -
Pharmacotherapy Jun 2022Antipsychotic medications demonstrate a variable range of efficacy and side effects in patients with mental illness. Research has attempted to identify biomarkers... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Antipsychotic medications demonstrate a variable range of efficacy and side effects in patients with mental illness. Research has attempted to identify biomarkers associated with antipsychotic effects in various populations. Research designs utilizing healthy volunteers may have the added benefit of measuring the effect of antipsychotics on a given biomarker (s) independent of the varied environmental and clinical factors that often accompany patient populations. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize the current evidence of hormonal, inflammatory, and metabolic biomarker studies of antipsychotic treatment in study designs using healthy volunteers. The systematic review was performed according to established guidelines and a random effects meta-analysis of biomarkers appearing in at least three studies was performed while biomarkers in two or less studies were qualitatively summarized. A total of 28 studies including 28 biomarkers were identified. Meta-analyses were carried out for 14 biomarkers, showing significant effects within six biomarkers (cortisol, C-peptide, free fatty acids, leptin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and prolactin). Many of these effects were associated with olanzapine, the most used antipsychotic amongst the trials, observed on sub-analyses. When combining biomarkers into categories, some additional effects were observed, for example, when grouping inflammatory biomarkers. These findings suggest that antipsychotics exert potentially strong effects on several biomarkers of interest independent of psychiatric disease which could be used to spur future investigations, however, replication work is needed for many biomarkers included in this review.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Humans; Olanzapine
PubMed: 35508603
DOI: 10.1002/phar.2689 -
Journal of Neurotrauma May 2015The aim of this study was to systematically review clinical studies examining biofluid biomarkers of brain injury for concussion in athletes. Data sources included... (Review)
Review
The aim of this study was to systematically review clinical studies examining biofluid biomarkers of brain injury for concussion in athletes. Data sources included PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Database from 1966 to October 2013. Studies were included if they recruited athletes participating in organized sports who experienced concussion or head injury during a sports-related activity and had brain injury biomarkers measured. Acceptable research designs included experimental, observational, and case-control studies. Review articles, opinion papers, and editorials were excluded. After title and abstract screening of potential articles, full texts were independently reviewed to identify articles that met inclusion criteria. A composite evidentiary table was then constructed and documented the study title, design, population, methods, sample size, outcome measures, and results. The search identified 52 publications, of which 13 were selected and critically reviewed. All of the included studies were prospective and were published either in or after the year 2000. Sports included boxing (six studies), soccer (five studies), running/jogging (two studies), hockey (one study), basketball (one study), cycling (one study), and swimming (one study). The majority of studies (92%) had fewer than 100 patients. Three studies (23%) evaluated biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), one in both serum and CSF, and 10 (77%) in serum exclusively. There were 11 different biomarkers assessed, including S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron-specific enolase, tau, neurofilament light protein, amyloid beta, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, creatine kinase and heart-type fatty acid binding protein, prolactin, cortisol, and albumin. A handful of biomarkers showed a correlation with number of hits to the head (soccer), acceleration/deceleration forces (jumps, collisions, and falls), postconcussive symptoms, trauma to the body versus the head, and dynamics of different sports. Although there are no validated biomarkers for concussion as yet, there is potential for biomarkers to provide diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring information postinjury. They could also be combined with neuroimaging to assess injury evolution and recovery.
Topics: Athletic Injuries; Biomarkers; Brain Concussion; Humans
PubMed: 25254425
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3655 -
Psychoneuroendocrinology Dec 2023The role of anterior pituitary hormones - i.e., adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones (LH and FSH), growth hormone (GH),... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
The role of anterior pituitary hormones - i.e., adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones (LH and FSH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - in early schizophrenia and psychoses unclear. We thus performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the blood concentrations of ACTH, LH and FSH, GH, PRL, and TSH in drug-naïve people with first-episode psychosis (FEP) as compared with healthy controls.
METHODS
We searched Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo for articles indexed until September 2022. Data quality was appraised. Random-effects meta-analyses were carried out, generating pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs). Between-study heterogeneity was estimated using the I statistic. Sensitivity and meta-regression analyses were performed.
RESULTS
Twenty-six studies were included. Drug-naïve people with FEP, compared to healthy subjects, had higher blood concentrations of ACTH (k = 7; N = 548; SMD = 0.62; 95%CI: 0.29 to 0.94; p < 0.001; I = 60.9%) and PRL (k = 17; N = 1757; SMD = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.56 to 1.14; p < 0.001; I = 85.5%) as well as lower levels of TSH (k = 6; N = 677; SMD = -0.34; 95%CI: -0.54 to -0.14; p = 0.001; I = 29.1%). Meta-regressions did not show any moderating effect of age (p = 0.78), sex (p = 0.21), or symptom severity (p = 0.87) on PRL concentrations in drug-naïve FEP. Available data were not sufficient to perform meta-analyses on FSH, LH, and GH.
CONCLUSIONS
Drug-naïve people with FEP have altered ACTH, PRL, and TSH blood concentrations, supporting the hypothesis that an abnormal anterior pituitary hormone secretion may be involved in the onset of schizophrenia and psychoses. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of pituitary hormones in FEP.
Topics: Humans; Prolactin; Growth Hormone; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Thyrotropin; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Human Growth Hormone; Psychotic Disorders; Pituitary Hormones
PubMed: 37778198
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106392 -
Translational Psychiatry Dec 2022Is paliperidone palmitate (PP) a useful treatment option for adults with acute symptoms of schizophrenia? We conducted a systematic review and a random-effects pairwise... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Is paliperidone palmitate (PP) a useful treatment option for adults with acute symptoms of schizophrenia? We conducted a systematic review and a random-effects pairwise and network meta-analysis that compared PP (25-150 mg equivalent) with paliperidone extended-release (PAL-ER, 3-12 mg/d) regarding their efficacy and safety in adults with acute symptoms of schizophrenia. The outcomes were the total score of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS-T) at week 6 (the primary outcome for efficacy) and all-cause discontinuation(the primary outcome for acceptability), discontinuation due to inefficacy, discontinuation due to adverse events, discontinuation due to the withdrawal of consent, and the incidence of individual adverse events. Five studies on PP and seven studies on PAL-ER, which involved 4970 individuals in total, were included in this study. For the primary outcomes, we only included data from the treatment arms that used 100 or 150 mg equivalent as an initial dose of PP and data from the treatment arms that used 6, 9, or 12 mg as an initial dose of PAL-ER. The pairwise meta-analyses showed that both PP and PAL-ER outperformed placebo regarding PANSS-T at week 6 and all-cause discontinuation. However, there were no statistically significant differences in these outcomes between the effect sizes of PP and that of PAL-ER. Both PP and PAL-ER increased blood prolactin levels in both females and males compared with placebo. PAL-ER significantly increased blood prolactin in both females and males compared with PP. There were no statistically significant differences in other outcomes between the effect sizes of PP and that of PAL-ER. Similar results in all outcomes were observed in the network meta-analyses. In conclusion, PP might be a useful treatment option for adults with acute symptoms of schizophrenia. A noninferiority study that directly compares PP with PAL-ER for acute schizophrenia, conducted according to the recommended regimen, is required to provide solid evidence.
Topics: Male; Female; Adult; Humans; Paliperidone Palmitate; Schizophrenia; Network Meta-Analysis; Antipsychotic Agents; Prolactin; Isoxazoles; Pyrimidines; Delayed-Action Preparations; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 36535950
DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02286-1 -
International Journal of Endocrinology 2019IgG4-related hypophysitis (IgG4-RH) is a rare disease, and its prevalence remains unclear. In recent years, an increasing number of cases have been reported because of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
IgG4-related hypophysitis (IgG4-RH) is a rare disease, and its prevalence remains unclear. In recent years, an increasing number of cases have been reported because of the increasing recognition of this disease. We aimed to summarize case reports of IgG4-RH and outline the clinical features and outcomes.
METHODS
We performed PubMed search of articles using the search terms "hypophysitis [AND] IgG4." Consequently, only 54 English articles (76 cases) met Leporati's diagnostic criteria.
RESULTS
Of the 76 cases, the ratio of men to women was 1.5 : 1, and the age at diagnosis was 54.1 ± 17.8 years. The median IgG4 concentration was 405.0 mg/dl. Anterior hypopituitarism, isolated central diabetes insipidus, and panhypopituitarism were observed in 14 (18.4%), 12 (15.8%), and 44 (57.9%) cases, respectively. The sequence of anterior hormone deficiency was as follows: gonadotropin (68.4%), ACTH (63.2%), TSH (59.2%), GH (48.7%), and prolactin (42.1%). The median number of involved organs was 1.5, and the lung (18.4%), retroperitoneum (17.1%), kidney (15.8%), submandibular glands (14.5%), and pancreas (13.2%) were the common involved organs. Elevated IgG4 concentration and normal IgG4 level were in 42 (76.4%) and 13 (23.6%) cases, respectively. Patients with elevated serum IgG4 concentration were older (60.9 ± 14.3 vs 45.6 ± 17.4, =0.001) and male-prone (78.6% vs 40.4%, =0.003) and had a susceptibility of multiple organ involvement (78.6% vs 35.0%, =0.001) compared to those with normal serum IgG4 levels. Males were older at disease onset (61.5 ± 12.6 vs 42.9 ± 18.8, < 0.001) and had a higher IgG4 concentration (425.0 vs 152.5, =0.029) and a greater number of involved organs (2.0 vs 0.0, =0.001), while isolated hypophysitis was more prominent in female (63.3% vs 26.1%, =0.001).
CONCLUSION
In this review, we found that there were different characteristics between different genders. Patients with elevated serum IgG4 level in terms of some clinical features were also different from those with normal serum IgG4 level. However, the data in this review were limited by bias and confounding. Further clinical studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.
PubMed: 31929792
DOI: 10.1155/2019/5382640 -
PloS One 2020Oxytocin is a key hormone in breastfeeding. No recent review on plasma levels of oxytocin in response to breastfeeding is available.
INTRODUCTION
Oxytocin is a key hormone in breastfeeding. No recent review on plasma levels of oxytocin in response to breastfeeding is available.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Systematic literature searches on breastfeeding induced oxytocin levels were conducted 2017 and 2019 in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Data on oxytocin linked effects and effects of medical interventions were included if available.
RESULTS
We found 29 articles that met the inclusion criteria. All studies had an exploratory design and included 601 women. Data were extracted from the articles and summarised in tables. Breastfeeding induced an immediate and short lasting (20 minutes) release of oxytocin. The release was pulsatile early postpartum (5 pulses/10 minutes) and coalesced into a more protracted rise as lactation proceeded. Oxytocin levels were higher in multiparous versus primiparous women. The number of oxytocin pulses during early breastfeeding was associated with greater milk yield and longer duration of lactation and was reduced by stress. Breastfeeding-induced oxytocin release was associated with elevated prolactin levels; lowered ACTH and cortisol (stress hormones) and somatostatin (a gastrointestinal hormone) levels; enhanced sociability; and reduced anxiety, suggesting that oxytocin induces physiological and psychological adaptations in the mother. Mechanical breast pumping, but not bottle-feeding was associated with oxytocin and prolactin release and decreased stress levels. Emergency caesarean section reduced oxytocin and prolactin release in response to breastfeeding and also maternal mental adaptations. Epidural analgesia reduced prolactin and mental adaptation, whereas infusions of synthetic oxytocin increased prolactin and mental adaptation. Oxytocin infusion also restored negative effects induced by caesarean section and epidural analgesia.
CONCLUSIONS
Oxytocin is released in response to breastfeeding to cause milk ejection, and to induce physiological changes to promote milk production and psychological adaptations to facilitate motherhood. Stress and medical interventions during birth may influence these effects and thereby adversely affect the initiation of breastfeeding.
Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Anxiety; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Lactation; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Prolactin; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 32756565
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235806