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Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Feb 2023(1) Background: Local therapy is highly promising in a multimodal approach strategy for patients with low-volume metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). We aimed to... (Review)
Review
(1) Background: Local therapy is highly promising in a multimodal approach strategy for patients with low-volume metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). We aimed to systematically assess and summarize the safety, oncologic, and functional outcomes of cytoreductive prostatectomy (cRP) in mPCa. (2) Methods: Three databases were queried in September 2022 for publications that analyzed mPCa patients treated with cytoreductive prostatectomy without restrictions. The outcomes of interest were progression-free survival (PFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), perioperative complication rates, and functional outcomes following cRP. (3) Results: Overall, 26 studies were included in this systematic review. Among eight population-based studies, cRP was associated with a reduced risk of CSS and OS compared with no local therapy (NLT) after adjusting for the effects of possible confounders. Furthermore, one population-based study showed that cRP reduced the risk of CSS even when compared with radiotherapy (RT) of the prostate after adjusting for the effects of possible confounders. In addition, one randomized controlled trial (RCT) demonstrated that local therapy (comprising 85% of cRP) significantly improved the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-PFS and OS. Overall, cRP had acceptable perioperative complication rates and functional outcomes. (4) Conclusions: Mounting evidence suggests that cRP offers promising oncological and functional outcomes and technical feasibility and that it is associated with limited complications. Well-designed RCTs that limit selection bias in patients treated with cRP are warranted.
Topics: Male; Humans; Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatectomy; Prostate-Specific Antigen
PubMed: 36826131
DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30020170 -
Oncotarget Nov 2015The prevalence of global obesity is increasing. Obesity is associated with general cancer-related morbidity and mortality and is a known risk factor for development of... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of global obesity is increasing. Obesity is associated with general cancer-related morbidity and mortality and is a known risk factor for development of specific cancers. A recent large systematic review of 24 studies based on meta-analysis of 11,149 patients with prostate cancer showed a significant correlation between obesity and the risk of advanced prostate cancer. Further, a sustained reduction in BMI correlates with a decreased risk of developing aggressive disease. On the other hand, the correlation between consuming different products and prostate cancer occurrence/risk is limited.Here, we review the role of adipose tissue from an endocrine perspective and outline the effect of adipokines on cancer metabolism, with particular focus on leptin. Leptin exerts its physiological and pathological effects through modification of intracellular signalling, most notably activating the Janus kinase (JAK) 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 pathway and recently shown sphingolipid pathway. Both high levels of leptin in circulation and leptin receptor mutation are associated with prostate cancer risk in human patients; however, the in vivo mechanistic evidence is less conclusive.Given the complexity of metabolic cancer pathways, it is possible that leptin may have varying effects on prostate cancer at different stages of its development, a point that may be addressed by further epidemiological studies.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Carcinogenesis; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Janus Kinases; Leptin; Male; Obesity; Polymorphism, Genetic; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Leptin; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 26376613
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5574 -
BMJ Open Jan 2021To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort studies to evaluate the association of coffee consumption with the risk of prostate cancer. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort studies to evaluate the association of coffee consumption with the risk of prostate cancer.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, Web of Science and Embase were searched for eligible studies up to September 2020.
STUDY SELECTION
Cohort studies were included.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Two researchers independently reviewed the studies and extracted the data. Data synthesis was performed via systematic review and meta-analysis of eligible cohort studies. Meta-analysis was performed with the "" and "" commands in Stata 14.0.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Prostate cancer was the main outcome. It was classified as localised prostate cancer which included localised or non-aggressive cancers; advanced prostate cancer which included advanced or aggressive cancers; or fatal prostate cancer which included fatal/lethal cancers or prostate cancer-specific deaths.
RESULTS
Sixteen prospective cohort studies were finally included, with 57 732 cases of prostate cancer and 1 081 586 total cohort members. Higher coffee consumption was significantly associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer. Compared with the lowest category of coffee consumption, the pooled relative risk (RR) was 0.91 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.98), I= 53.2%) for the highest category of coffee consumption. There was a significant linear trend for the association (p=0.006 for linear trend), with a pooled RR of 0.988 (95% CI 0.981 to 0.995) for each increment of one cup of coffee per day. For localised, advanced and fatal prostate cancer, the pooled RRs were 0.93 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.99), 0.88 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.09) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.66 to 1.08), respectively. No evidence of publication bias was indicated in this meta-analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that a higher intake of coffee may be associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer.
Topics: Coffee; Cohort Studies; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33431520
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038902 -
Integrative Cancer Therapies Mar 2017The use of natural health products in prostate cancer (PrCa) is high despite a lack of evidence with respect to safety and efficacy. Fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The use of natural health products in prostate cancer (PrCa) is high despite a lack of evidence with respect to safety and efficacy. Fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids possess anti-inflammatory effects and preclinical data suggest a protective effect on PrCa incidence and progression; however, human studies have yielded conflicting results.
METHODS
A search of OVID MEDLINE, Pre-MEDLINE, Embase, and the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) was completed for human interventional or observational data assessing the safety and efficacy of fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids in the incidence and progression of PrCa.
RESULTS
Of 1776 citations screened, 54 publications reporting on 44 studies were included for review and analysis: 4 reports of 3 randomized controlled trials, 1 nonrandomized clinical trial, 20 reports of 14 cohort studies, 26 reports of 23 case-control studies, and 3 case-cohort studies. The interventional studies using fish oil supplements in patients with PrCa showed no impact on prostate-specific antigen levels; however, 2 studies showed a decrease in inflammatory or other cancer markers. A small number of mild adverse events were reported and interactions with other interventions were not assessed. Cohort and case-control studies assessing the relationship between dietary fish intake and the risk of PrCa were equivocal. Cohort studies assessing the risk of PrCa mortality suggested an association between higher intake of fish and decreased risk of prostate cancer-related death.
CONCLUSIONS
Current evidence is insufficient to suggest a relationship between fish-derived omega-3 fatty acid and risk of PrCa. An association between higher omega-3 intake and decreased PrCa mortality may be present but more research is needed. More intervention trials or observational studies with precisely measured exposure are needed to assess the impact of fish oil supplements and dietary fish-derived omega-3 fatty acid intake on safety, PrCa incidence, treatment, and progression.
Topics: Animals; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fish Oils; Fishes; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 27365385
DOI: 10.1177/1534735416656052 -
Andrology Jul 2015The results of published literature focusing on the association between vasectomy and the incidence of prostate cancer are often inconsistent. We conducted a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The results of published literature focusing on the association between vasectomy and the incidence of prostate cancer are often inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis to provide a quantitative assessment of the association between vasectomy and the risk of prostate cancer. We identified all cohort studies by searching the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library before August 2014. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale checklist. Summary effect estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived using a fixed or random effects model, depending on the heterogeneity of the included studies. Nine cohort studies that spanned across two continents involving 1 127 096 participants (ages 20-75) with 7539 cases of prostate cancer cases were included in the meta-analysis. The overall combined relative risks for men with the reference group were 1.08 (95% CI: 0.87-1.34) in a random effects, however, the association was not statistically significant (p = 0.48). Estimates of total effects were generally consistent in the sensitivity and subgroup analyses. No evidence of publication bias was observed. This meta-analysis indicated that vasectomy may not contribute to the risk of prostate cancer. The conclusion might have a far-reaching significance for the public health, especially in countries with high prevalence rates of vasectomy.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Vasectomy
PubMed: 26041315
DOI: 10.1111/andr.12040 -
Medicine Jul 2018The relationship between male pattern baldness and incidence of prostate cancer remains inconclusive. Hence, we performed the present meta-analysis based on all eligible... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The relationship between male pattern baldness and incidence of prostate cancer remains inconclusive. Hence, we performed the present meta-analysis based on all eligible cohort and case-control studies.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search was performed in October 2017 based on PubMed and Web of Science databases. Pooled relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated with a DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model.
RESULTS
A total of 15 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, no statistically significant association between baldness (any pattern) and prostate cancer risk was identified (RR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.96-1.11). There was obvious heterogeneity across included studies (P < .078 for heterogeneity, I = 36.4%). When subgroup analysis by types of baldness, a statistically significant association was observed for vertex baldness (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05-1.46) but not for other types of baldness.
CONCLUSION
Individuals with vertex baldness may have an increased risk of prostate cancer. Given the obvious heterogeneity and null results in overall analysis and most of subgroup analyses, further large well-designed prospective cohort studies are warranted to confirm our preliminary findings.
Topics: Alopecia; Humans; Incidence; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29995779
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011379 -
Ethnicity & Health Apr 2017Prostate cancer mortality rates have decreased over recent decades, but racial disparities in prostate cancer survival still present as a serious challenge. These... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Prostate cancer mortality rates have decreased over recent decades, but racial disparities in prostate cancer survival still present as a serious challenge. These disparities may be impacted by age; in fact, African-American men younger than age 65 have prostate cancer mortality rates nearly three times greater than that of White men. Therefore, a systematic literature review was conducted in Medline and EMBASE databases focusing on articles comparing survival and mortality rates for prostate cancer patients across age and race.
DESIGN
Articles included were based on the following criteria: (1) included African-American and White prostate cancer patients residing in the US; (2) measured racial disparities across distinct age categories with at least one category below and one above age 65; and (3) addressed racial disparities in terms of overall survival or mortality.
RESULTS
Twenty eight articles compared survival and mortality disparities between African-American and White prostate cancer patients across different age categories. Of the 28 articles, 19 articles (68%) showed disparities decreased with age, 8 articles (29%) showed disparities constant with age, and 1 article (3%) showed disparities increased with age.
CONCLUSIONS
More often the survival and mortality gap between African-American and White prostate cancer patients decreases with age. Additional studies are needed to elucidate other factors that may influence racial disparities in prostate cancer patients. These results provide insight into the racial disparities in prostate cancer and suggest more resources should be directed towards decreasing the disparity gap in younger prostate cancer patients.
Topics: Black or African American; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; White People
PubMed: 27706949
DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2016.1235682 -
Environmental Health : a Global Access... Nov 2017We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate potential associations between firefighting and police occupations, and prostate cancer incidence and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate potential associations between firefighting and police occupations, and prostate cancer incidence and mortality.
METHODS
Original epidemiological studies published from 1980 to 2017 were identified through PubMed and Web of Science. Studies were included if they contained specific job titles for ever/never firefighting and police work and associated prostate cancer risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Study quality was assessed using a 20-point checklist. Prostate cancer meta-risk estimates (mRE) and corresponding 95% CIs were calculated for firefighting and police work separately and by various study characteristics using random effects models. Between-study heterogeneity was evaluated using the I score. Publication bias was assessed using Begg's and Egger's tests.
RESULTS
A total of 26 firefighter and 12 police studies were included in the meta-analysis, with quality assessment scores ranging from 7 to 19 points. For firefighter studies, the prostate cancer incidence mRE was 1.17 (95% CI = 1.08-1.28, I = 72%) and the mortality mRE was 1.12 (95% CI = 0.92-1.36, I = 50%). The mRE for police incidence studies was 1.14 (95% CI = 1.02-1.28; I = 33%); for mortality studies, the mRE was 1.08 (95% CI = 0.80-1.45; I = 0%). By study design, mREs for both firefighter and police studies were similar to estimates of incidence and mortality.
CONCLUSION
Small excess risks of prostate cancer were observed from firefighter studies with moderate to substantial heterogeneity and a relatively small number of police studies, respectively. There is a need for further studies to examine police occupations and to assess unique and shared exposures in firefighting and police work.
Topics: Firefighters; Humans; Male; Police; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 29149887
DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0336-z -
Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases Sep 2023Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. While racial and ethnic differences exist in incidence and mortality, increasing data suggest... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. While racial and ethnic differences exist in incidence and mortality, increasing data suggest outcomes by race among men with newly diagnosed PC are similar. However, outcomes among races beyond Black/White have been poorly studied. Moreover, whether outcomes differ by race among men who all have metastatic PC (mPC) is unclear. This systematic literature review (SLR) provides a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence relating race to survival in mPC.
METHODS
An SLR was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE®, Embase, and Cochrane Library using the Ovid® interface were searched for real-world studies published from January 2012 to July 2022 investigating the impact of race on overall survival (OS) and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) in patients with mPC. A supplemental search of key congresses was also conducted. Studies were appraised for risk of bias.
RESULTS
Of 3228 unique records identified, 62 records (47 full-text and 15 conference abstracts), corresponding to 54 unique studies (51 United States and 3 ex-United States) reporting on race and survival were included. While most studies showed no difference between Black vs White patients for OS (n = 21/27) or PCSM (n = 8/9), most showed that Black patients demonstrated improved OS on certain mPC treatments (n = 7/10). Most studies found no survival difference between White patients and Hispanic (OS: n = 6/8; PCSM: n = 5/6) or American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) (OS: n = 2/3; PCSM: n = 5/5). Most studies found Asian patients had improved OS (n = 3/4) and PCSM (n = 6/6) vs White patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Most studies found Black, Hispanic, and AI/AN patients with mPC had similar survival as White patients, while Black patients on certain therapies and Asian patients showed improved survival. Future studies are needed to understand what aspects of race including social determinants of health are driving these findings.
Topics: Humans; Male; American Indian or Alaska Native; Asian People; Black People; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Hispanic or Latino; Asian; White; United States; Survival Analysis
PubMed: 37592001
DOI: 10.1038/s41391-023-00710-1 -
BJU International Oct 2017Active surveillance (AS) is an increasingly prevalent treatment choice for low grade prostate cancer. Eligibility criteria for AS are varied and it is unclear if family... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Active surveillance (AS) is an increasingly prevalent treatment choice for low grade prostate cancer. Eligibility criteria for AS are varied and it is unclear if family history of prostate cancer should be used as an exclusion criterion when considering men for AS. To determine whether family history plays a significant role in the progression of prostate cancer for men undergoing active surveillance, PubMed searches of 'family history and prostate cancer', 'family history and prostate cancer progression' and 'factors of prostate cancer progression' were used to identify research publications about the relationship between family history and prostate cancer progression. These searches generated 536 papers that were screened and reviewed. Six publications were ultimately included in this analysis. Review of the six publications suggests that family history does not increase the risk of prostate cancer progression, whilst a subgroup analysis in one study found that family history increases the risk of prostate cancer progression only in African-Americans. A family history of prostate cancer does not appear to increase a patient's risk of having more aggressive prostate cancer and is therefore unlikely to be an important factor in determining eligibility for AS. Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between race, family history, and eligibility for AS.
Topics: Aged; Early Detection of Cancer; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Observational Studies as Topic; Patient Selection; Pedigree; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Assessment; United States; Watchful Waiting
PubMed: 28371016
DOI: 10.1111/bju.13862