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Toxins Mar 2023The recovery of biomolecules from food industry by-products is of major relevance for a circular economy strategy. However, by-products' contamination with mycotoxins... (Review)
Review
The recovery of biomolecules from food industry by-products is of major relevance for a circular economy strategy. However, by-products' contamination with mycotoxins represents a drawback for their reliable valorization for food and feed, hampering their application range, especially as food ingredients. Mycotoxin contamination occurs even in dried matrices. There is a need for the implantation of monitoring programs, even for by-products used as animal feed, since very high levels can be reached. This systematic review aims to identify the food by-products that have been studied from 2000 until 2022 (22 years) concerning mycotoxins' contamination, distribution, and prevalence in those by-products. PRISMA ("Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses") protocol was performed via two databases (PubMed and SCOPUS) to summarize the research findings. After the screening and selection process, the full texts of eligible articles (32 studies) were evaluated, and data from 16 studies were considered. A total of 6 by-products were assessed concerning mycotoxin content; these include distiller dried grain with solubles, brewer's spent grain, brewer's spent yeast, cocoa shell, grape pomace, and sugar beet pulp. Frequent mycotoxins in these by-products are AFB, OTA, FBs, DON, and ZEA. The high prevalence of contaminated samples, which surpasses the limits established for human consumption, thus limiting their valorization as ingredients in the food industry. Co-contamination is frequent, which can cause synergistic interactions and amplify their toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mycotoxins; Prevalence; Food Contamination; Food Industry; Animal Feed; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 37104187
DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040249 -
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2024Approximately 10-40 million travelers get Traveler's Diarrhea (TD) yearly. A significant decrease in TD incidence has not been achieved by depending solely on antibiotic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Approximately 10-40 million travelers get Traveler's Diarrhea (TD) yearly. A significant decrease in TD incidence has not been achieved by depending solely on antibiotic prophylaxis and educational initiatives. Using prebiotics to prevent TD has also not been examined in previous evaluations of probiotics for TD, which failed to consider the strain-specificity of probiotic efficacy. This review investigates the overall effects of probiotics on preventing TD, including the impact of dosage, duration, and age.
METHODS
Standard literature databases were searched without restriction on publication year or language. The following criteria are included: randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in English or non-English unrestricted to publication year, excluding animal and observational studies. This systematic review applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.
RESULTS
Of the 166 screened papers, 10 RCTs were included. Lactobacillus acidophilus showed no efficacy in preventing TD except when mixed with other strains. Other genera of lactobacilli showed a protection rate of up to 39% against TD. Similarly, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii have been effective in preventing TD.
CONCLUSION
Studies investigating probiotics as a preventive measure for TD remain limited. Only a few probiotics that reduce TD risk exist. Based on this systematic review and meta-analysis, specific probiotic strains, including L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. fermentum, S. cerevisiae, and S. boulardii, may prevent TD. The effect of additional probiotic strains on TD prevention must be further investigated.
Topics: Probiotics; Humans; Diarrhea; Travel; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Saccharomyces boulardii
PubMed: 38458507
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2024.102703 -
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2021Microbial infections have been linked to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aimed...
Microbial infections have been linked to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aimed to synthesise and assess global evidence of microbial pathogenesis and pathophysiology in AD (MPP-AD) and associated neurodegenerative conditions using integrated science mapping and content analytics to explore the associated research landscape. Relevant MPP-AD documents were retrieved from Web of Science and Scopus according to PRISMA principles and analysed for productivity/trend linked to authors/countries, thematic conceptual framework, and international collaborative networks. A total of 258 documents published from 136 sources to 39.42 average citations/document were obtained on MPP-AD. The co-authors per document were 7.6, and the collaboration index was 5.71. The annual research outputs increased tremendously in the last 6 years from 2014 to 2019, accounting for 66% compared with records in the early years from 1982 to 1990 (16%). The USA ( = 71, freq. = 30.34%), United Kingdom ( = 32, freq. = 13.68%) and China ( = 27, 11.54%) ranked in first three positions in term of country's productivity. Four major international collaboration clusters were found in MPP-AD research. The country collaboration network in MPP-AD was characteristic of sparse interaction and acquaintanceship (density = 0.11, diameter = 4). Overall, international collaboration is globally inadequate [centralisation statistics: degree (40.5%), closeness (4%), betweenness (23%), and eigenvector (76.7%)] against the robust authors' collaboration index of 5.71 in MPP-AD research. Furthermore, four conceptual thematic frameworks (CTF) namely, CTF#1, roles of microbial/microbiome infection and dysbiosis in cognitive dysfunctions; CTF#2, bacterial infection specific roles in dementia; CTF#3, the use of yeast as a model system for studying MPP-AD and remediation therapy; and CFT#4, flow cytometry elucidation of amyloid-beta and aggregation in model. Finally, aetiology-based mechanisms of MPP-AD, namely, gut microbiota, bacterial infection, and viral infection, were comprehensively discussed. This study provides an overview of MPP-AD and serves as a stepping stone for future preparedness in MPP-AD-related research.
PubMed: 33994926
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.648484 -
Gastroenterology Jan 2021A better understanding of prognostic factors within the heterogeneous spectrum of pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) should improve patient management and reduce... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Predicting Outcomes in Pediatric Crohn's Disease for Management Optimization: Systematic Review and Consensus Statements From the Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Ahead Program.
BACKGROUND & AIMS
A better understanding of prognostic factors within the heterogeneous spectrum of pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) should improve patient management and reduce complications. We aimed to identify evidence-based predictors of outcomes with the goal of optimizing individual patient management.
METHODS
A survey of 202 experts in pediatric CD identified and prioritized adverse outcomes to be avoided. A systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis, when possible, was performed to identify clinical studies that investigated predictors of these outcomes. Multiple national and international face-to-face meetings were held to draft consensus statements based on the published evidence.
RESULTS
Consensus was reached on 27 statements regarding prognostic factors for surgery, complications, chronically active pediatric CD, and hospitalization. Prognostic factors for surgery included CD diagnosis during adolescence, growth impairment, NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms, disease behavior, and positive anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody status. Isolated colonic disease was associated with fewer surgeries. Older age at presentation, small bowel disease, serology (anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody, antiflagellin, and OmpC), NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms, perianal disease, and ethnicity were risk factors for penetrating (B3) and/or stenotic disease (B2). Male sex, young age at onset, small bowel disease, more active disease, and diagnostic delay may be associated with growth impairment. Malnutrition and higher disease activity were associated with reduced bone density.
CONCLUSIONS
These evidence-based consensus statements offer insight into predictors of poor outcomes in pediatric CD and are valuable when developing treatment algorithms and planning future studies. Targeted longitudinal studies are needed to further characterize prognostic factors in pediatric CD and to evaluate the impact of treatment algorithms tailored to individual patient risk.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Consensus; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis
PubMed: 32979356
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.07.065 -
Nutrients Nov 2021Dietary fiber supplementation has been studied as a promising strategy in the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. A systematic review and meta-analysis were... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Dietary fiber supplementation has been studied as a promising strategy in the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to verify whether the consumption of yeast beta-glucan (BG) favors weight loss in obese and non-obese rodents. The PICO strategy was employed, investigating rodents (Population), subjected to the oral administration of yeast BG (Intervention) compared to animals receiving placebo (Comparison), evaluating body weight changes (Outcome), and based on preclinical studies (Study design). Two reviewers searched six databases and the grey literature. We followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, and the protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021267788). The search returned 2467 articles. Thirty articles were selected for full-text evaluation, and seven studies remained based on the eligibility criteria. The effects of BG intake on body weight were analyzed based on obese ( = 4 studies) and non-obese animals ( = 4 studies). Even though most studies on obese rodents (75%) indicated a reduction in body weight (qualitative analysis), the meta-analysis showed this was not significant (mean difference -1.35 g-95% CI -5.14:2.45). No effects were also observed for non-obese animals. We concluded that the ingestion of yeast BG barely affects the body weight of obese and non-obese animals.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Eating; Mice; Obesity; Rats; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Weight Loss; beta-Glucans
PubMed: 34959802
DOI: 10.3390/nu13124250 -
Health Technology Assessment... Jul 2021Identification of biomarkers that predict severe Crohn's disease is an urgent unmet research need, but existing research is piecemeal and haphazard. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Identification of biomarkers that predict severe Crohn's disease is an urgent unmet research need, but existing research is piecemeal and haphazard.
OBJECTIVE
To identify biomarkers that are potentially able to predict the development of subsequent severe Crohn's disease.
DESIGN
This was a prognostic systematic review with meta-analysis reserved for those potential predictors with sufficient existing research (defined as five or more primary studies).
DATA SOURCES
PubMed and EMBASE searched from inception to 1 January 2016, updated to 1 January 2018.
REVIEW METHODS
Eligible studies were studies that compared biomarkers in patients who did or did not subsequently develop severe Crohn's disease. We excluded biomarkers that had insufficient research evidence. A clinician and two statisticians independently extracted data relating to predictors, severe disease definitions, event numbers and outcomes, including odds/hazard ratios. We assessed risk of bias. We searched for associations with subsequent severe disease rather than precise estimates of strength. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed separately for odds ratios.
RESULTS
In total, 29,950 abstracts yielded just 71 individual studies, reporting 56 non-overlapping cohorts. Five clinical biomarkers (Montreal behaviour, age, disease duration, disease location and smoking), two serological biomarkers (anti- antibodies and anti-flagellin antibodies) and one genetic biomarker (nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing protein 2) displayed statistically significant prognostic potential. Overall, the strongest association with subsequent severe disease was identified for Montreal B2 and B3 categories (odds ratio 4.09 and 6.25, respectively).
LIMITATIONS
Definitions of severe disease varied widely, and some studies confounded diagnosis and prognosis. Risk of bias was rated as 'high' in 92% of studies overall. Some biomarkers that are used regularly in daily practice, for example C-reactive protein, were studied too infrequently for meta-analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Research for individual biomarkers to predict severe Crohn's disease is scant, heterogeneous and at a high risk of bias. Despite a large amount of potential research, we encountered relatively few biomarkers with data sufficient for meta-analysis, identifying only eight biomarkers with potential predictive capability.
FUTURE WORK
We will use existing data sets to develop and then validate a predictive model based on the potential predictors identified by this systematic review. Contingent on the outcome of that research, a prospective external validation may prove clinically desirable.
STUDY REGISTRATION
This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016029363.
FUNDING
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in ; Vol. 25, No. 45. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Topics: Biomarkers; Crohn Disease; Humans; Immunologic Tests; Prognosis; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 34225839
DOI: 10.3310/hta25450 -
BMC Pediatrics Aug 2022Systemic infections caused by the black yeast-like fungus Exophiala dermatitidis are rare, but are associated with high mortality especially in immunocompromised...
BACKGROUND
Systemic infections caused by the black yeast-like fungus Exophiala dermatitidis are rare, but are associated with high mortality especially in immunocompromised patients. We report the first case of E. dermatitidis fungemia in a premature extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonate who succumbed despite antifungal therapy with liposomal amphotericin (AMB) and fluconazole. A systematic review of all fungemia cases due to E. dermatitidis was also conducted aiming for a better understanding of the risk factors, treatment strategies and outcomes.
CASE PRESENTATION
A male, ELBW premature neonate, soon after his birth, developed bradycardia, apnoea and ultimately necrotizing enterocolitis with intestinal perforation requiring surgical intervention. Meanwhile, he had also multiple risk factors for developing bloodstream infection, such as intubation, mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter (CVC), parenteral nutrition, empirical and prolonged antibiotic use. His blood cultures were positive, firstly for Acinetobacter junii and then for Klebsiella pneumoniae together with E. dermatitidis while on fluconazole prophylaxis and antibiotic empiric therapy. Despite the treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics, liposomal AMB and fluconazole, the newborn succumbed. A literature review identified another 12 E. dermatitidis bloodstream infections, mainly in patients with hematologic malignancies and solid organ transplant recipients (61%), with overall mortality 38% despite CVC removal and antifungal therapy.
CONCLUSIONS
Due to the rarity of E. dermatitidis infections, little is known about the characteristics of this yeast, the identification methods and the optimal therapy. Identification by common biochemical tests was problematic requiring molecular identification. Resolution of neonatal fungemia is difficult despite proper antifungal therapy especially in cases with multiple and severe risk factors like the present one. Therapeutic intervention may include CVC removal and treatment for at least 3 weeks with an azole (itraconazole or fluconazole after susceptibility testing) or AMB monotherapy but not echinocandins or AMB plus azole combination therapy.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Exophiala; Fluconazole; Fungemia; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 35948953
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03518-5