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The Journal of Biological Chemistry Jun 2019Aside from abasic sites and ribonucleotides, the DNA adduct -methyl deoxyguanosine ( -CH dG) is one of the most abundant lesions in mammalian DNA. Because -CH dG is...
Aside from abasic sites and ribonucleotides, the DNA adduct -methyl deoxyguanosine ( -CH dG) is one of the most abundant lesions in mammalian DNA. Because -CH dG is unstable, leading to deglycosylation and ring-opening, its miscoding potential is not well-understood. Here, we employed a 2'-fluoro isostere approach to synthesize an oligonucleotide containing an analog of this lesion ( -CH 2'-F dG) and examined its miscoding potential with four Y-family translesion synthesis DNA polymerases (pols): human pol (hpol) η, hpol κ, and hpol ι and Dpo4 from the archaeal thermophile We found that hpol η and Dpo4 can bypass the -CH 2'-F dG adduct, albeit with some stalling, but hpol κ is strongly blocked at this lesion site, whereas hpol ι showed no distinction with the lesion and the control templates. hpol η yielded the highest level of misincorporation opposite the adduct by inserting dATP or dTTP. Moreover, hpol η did not extend well past an -CH 2'-F dG:dT mispair. MS-based sequence analysis confirmed that hpol η catalyzes mainly error-free incorporation of dC, with misincorporation of dA and dG in 5-10% of products. We conclude that -CH 2'-F dG and, by inference, -CH dG have miscoding and mutagenic potential. The level of misincorporation arising from this abundant adduct can be considered as potentially mutagenic as a highly miscoding but rare lesion.
Topics: DNA Adducts; DNA Damage; DNA Repair; DNA Replication; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; Deoxyguanosine; Humans; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 31101656
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.008986 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Nov 2017N3-Methyladenine (3-MeA) is formed in DNA by reaction with -adenosylmethionine, the reactive methyl donor, and by reaction with alkylating agents. 3-MeA protrudes into...
N3-Methyladenine (3-MeA) is formed in DNA by reaction with -adenosylmethionine, the reactive methyl donor, and by reaction with alkylating agents. 3-MeA protrudes into the DNA minor groove and strongly blocks synthesis by replicative DNA polymerases (Pols). However, the mechanisms for replicating through this lesion in human cells remain unidentified. Here we analyzed the roles of translesion synthesis (TLS) Pols in the replication of 3-MeA-damaged DNA in human cells. Because 3-MeA has a short half-life , we used the stable 3-deaza analog, 3-deaza-3-methyladenine (3-dMeA), which blocks the DNA minor groove similarly to 3-MeA. We found that replication through the 3-dMeA adduct is mediated via three different pathways, dependent upon Polι/Polκ, Polθ, and Polζ. As inferred from biochemical studies, in the Polι/Polκ pathway, Polι inserts a nucleotide (nt) opposite 3-dMeA and Polκ extends synthesis from the inserted nt. In the Polθ pathway, Polθ carries out both the insertion and extension steps of TLS opposite 3-dMeA, and in the Polζ pathway, Polζ extends synthesis following nt insertion by an as yet unidentified Pol. Steady-state kinetic analyses indicated that Polι and Polθ insert the correct nt T opposite 3-dMeA with a much reduced catalytic efficiency and that both Pols exhibit a high propensity for inserting a wrong nt opposite this adduct. However, despite their low fidelity of synthesis opposite 3-dMeA, TLS opposite this lesion replicates DNA in a highly error-free manner in human cells. We discuss the implications of these observations for TLS mechanisms in human cells.
Topics: Adenine; Biocatalysis; Cell Line; DNA Adducts; DNA Repair; DNA Replication; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; Humans; Isoenzymes; Kinetics; Mutation Rate; Nuclear Proteins; Nucleotidyltransferases; RNA Interference; DNA Polymerase iota; DNA Polymerase theta
PubMed: 28939775
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M117.808659 -
DNA Repair Jan 2019A variety of agents cause DNA base alkylation damage, including the known hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B (AFB) and chemotherapeutic drugs derived from nitrogen mustard...
A variety of agents cause DNA base alkylation damage, including the known hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B (AFB) and chemotherapeutic drugs derived from nitrogen mustard (NM). The N7 site of guanine is the primary site of alkylation, with some N7-deoxyguanosine adducts undergoing imidazole ring-opening to stable mutagenic N-alkyl formamidopyrimidine (Fapy-dG) adducts. These adducts exist as a mixture of canonical β- and unnatural α-anomeric forms. The β species are predominant in double-stranded (ds) DNA. Recently, we have demonstrated that the DNA glycosylase NEIL1 can initiate repair of AFB-Fapy-dG adducts both in vitro and in vivo, with Neil1 mice showing an increased susceptibility to AFB-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we hypothesized that NEIL1 could excise NM-Fapy-dG and that NEIL3, a closely related DNA glycosylase, could excise both NM-Fapy-dG and AFB-Fapy-dG. Product formation from the reaction of human NEIL1 with ds oligodeoxynucleotides containing a unique NM-Fapy-dG followed a bi-component exponential function under single turnover conditions. Thus, two adduct conformations were differentially recognized by hNEIL1. The excision rate of the major form (∼13.0 min), presumed to be the β-anomer, was significantly higher than that previously reported for 5-hydroxycytosine, 5-hydroxyuracil, thymine glycol (Tg), and AFB-Fapy-dG. Product generation from the minor form was much slower (∼0.4 min), likely reflecting the rate of conversion of the α anomer into the β anomer. Mus musculus NEIL3 (MmuNEIL3Δ324) excised NM-Fapy-dG from single-stranded (ss) DNA (turnover rate of ∼0.4 min), but not from ds DNA. Product formation from ss substrate was incomplete, presumably because of a substantial presence of the α anomer. MmuNEIL3Δ324 could not initiate repair of AFB-Fapy-dG in either ds or ss DNA. Overall, the data suggest that both NEIL1 and NEIL3 may protect cells against cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of NM-Fapy-dG, but NEIL1 may have a unique role in initiation of base excision repair of AFB-Fapy-dG.
Topics: Animals; DNA Adducts; DNA Glycosylases; Mice; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases; Pyrimidines
PubMed: 30448017
DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.11.001 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Oct 2022Nitro group containing xenobiotics include drugs, cancer chemotherapeutic agents, carcinogens (e.g., nitroarenes and aristolochic acid) and explosives. The nitro group... (Review)
Review
Nitro group containing xenobiotics include drugs, cancer chemotherapeutic agents, carcinogens (e.g., nitroarenes and aristolochic acid) and explosives. The nitro group undergoes a six-electron reduction to form sequentially the nitroso-, -hydroxylamino- and amino-functional groups. These reactions are catalyzed by nitroreductases which, rather than being enzymes with this sole function, are enzymes hijacked for their propensity to donate electrons to the nitro group either one at a time via a radical mechanism or two at time via the equivalent of a hydride transfer. These enzymes include: NADPH-dependent flavoenzymes (NADPH: P450 oxidoreductase, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase), P450 enzymes, oxidases (aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase) and aldo-keto reductases. The hydroxylamino group once formed can undergo conjugation reactions with acetate or sulfate catalyzed by -acetyltransferases or sulfotransferases, respectively, leading to the formation of intermediates containing a good leaving group which in turn can generate a nitrenium or carbenium ion for covalent DNA adduct formation. The intermediates in the reduction sequence are also prone to oxidation and produce reactive oxygen species. As a consequence, many nitro-containing xenobiotics can be genotoxic either by forming stable covalent adducts or by oxidatively damaging DNA. This review will focus on the general chemistry of nitroreduction, the enzymes responsible, the reduction of xenobiotic substrates, the regulation of nitroreductases, the ability of nitrocompounds to form DNA adducts and act as mutagens as well as some future directions.
Topics: Acetyltransferases; Aldehydes; Aldo-Keto Reductases; Carcinogens; DNA Adducts; Environmental Pollutants; Explosive Agents; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Mutagens; NAD; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); NADP; Quinones; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfates; Sulfotransferases; Xanthine Oxidase; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 36044734
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00175 -
Nature Communications Mar 2020Eukaryotic topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) regulates DNA topology to ensure efficient DNA replication and transcription. TOP1 is also a major driver of endogenous genome...
Eukaryotic topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) regulates DNA topology to ensure efficient DNA replication and transcription. TOP1 is also a major driver of endogenous genome instability, particularly when its catalytic intermediate-a covalent TOP1-DNA adduct known as a TOP1 cleavage complex (TOP1cc)-is stabilised. TOP1ccs are highly cytotoxic and a failure to resolve them underlies the pathology of neurological disorders but is also exploited in cancer therapy where TOP1ccs are the target of widely used frontline anti-cancer drugs. A critical enzyme for TOP1cc resolution is the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (TDP1), which hydrolyses the bond that links a tyrosine in the active site of TOP1 to a 3' phosphate group on a single-stranded (ss)DNA break. However, TDP1 can only process small peptide fragments from ssDNA ends, raising the question of how the ~90 kDa TOP1 protein is processed upstream of TDP1. Here we find that TEX264 fulfils this role by forming a complex with the p97 ATPase and the SPRTN metalloprotease. We show that TEX264 recognises both unmodified and SUMO1-modifed TOP1 and initiates TOP1cc repair by recruiting p97 and SPRTN. TEX264 localises to the nuclear periphery, associates with DNA replication forks, and counteracts TOP1ccs during DNA replication. Altogether, our study elucidates the existence of a specialised repair complex required for upstream proteolysis of TOP1ccs and their subsequent resolution.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Amino Acid Sequence; Cell Line; DNA Adducts; DNA Repair; DNA Replication; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I; DNA-Binding Proteins; Epistasis, Genetic; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Nuclear Proteins; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; SUMO-1 Protein; Sumoylation
PubMed: 32152270
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15000-w -
Toxins May 2022Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) have been found in over 6000 plants worldwide and represent the most common hepatotoxic phytotoxins. Catalyzed by hepatic cytochrome P450...
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) have been found in over 6000 plants worldwide and represent the most common hepatotoxic phytotoxins. Catalyzed by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, PAs are metabolized into reactive pyrrolic metabolites, which can alkylate cellular proteins and DNA to form pyrrole-protein adducts and pyrrole-DNA adducts, leading to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and tumorigenicity. To date, the correlation between these PA-derived pyrrole-protein and pyrrole-DNA adducts has not been well investigated. Retrorsine is a representative hepatotoxic and carcinogenic PA. In the present study, the correlations among the PA-derived liver DNA adducts, liver protein adducts, and serum protein adducts in retrorsine-treated mice under different dosage regimens were studied. The results showed positive correlations among these adducts, in which serum pyrrole-protein adducts were more accessible and present in higher abundance, and thus could be used as a suitable surrogate biomarker for pyrrole-DNA adducts to indicate the genetic or carcinogenic risk posed by retrorsine.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogens; DNA; DNA Adducts; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Proteins; Pyrroles; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
PubMed: 35737038
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060377 -
Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Jul 2015In this exploratory study, we aimed to investigate whether polymorphisms in excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1) and excision repair cross-complementing...
OBJECTIVES
In this exploratory study, we aimed to investigate whether polymorphisms in excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1) and excision repair cross-complementing group 2/xeroderma pigmentosum group D (ERCC2/XPD) in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways associated with DNA adducts in human lung tissue. We also analyzed the association stratified by the major histologic subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC).
METHODS
The study population consisted of 107 early stage NSCLC patients from the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston who underwent curative surgical resection. Genotyping was completed for SNPs in ERCC1 [C8092A (rs3212986) and C118T (rs11615)] and ERCC2/XPD [Asp312Asn (rs1799793) and Lys751Gln (rs1052559)] using a PCR-RFLP method and the PCR with fluorescent allele-specific oligonucleotide probes (Taqman). DNA adduct levels were measured as relative adduct levels per 10(10) nucleotides by (32)P-postlabeling in non-tumor lung tissue.
RESULTS
After adjusting for potential confounders, lung DNA adduct levels increased by 103.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), -11.5 to 366.6] for ERCC2/XPD rs1799793AA genotype compared with their corresponding wild type homozygous genotypes in overall NSCLC, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. When we stratified by the subtypes of NSCLC, we found that DNA adducts levels in lung increased by 204.9% (95% CI, 0.8 to 822.2, P=0.059) for ERCC2/XPD rs1799793AA genotype in subjects with SQCC and the trend was statistically significant (P for trend=0.0489).
CONCLUSIONS
Polymorphisms in ERCC2/XPD Asp312Asn may be associated with increased DNA adduct levels in the lung, especially among subjects with SQCC. Further large scale studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; DNA Adducts; DNA Repair; DNA-Binding Proteins; Endonucleases; Female; Genotype; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein
PubMed: 26001533
DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.05.001 -
Accounts of Chemical Research Feb 2016The genetic integrity of living organisms is constantly threatened by environmental and endogenous sources of DNA damaging agents that can induce a plethora of... (Review)
Review
The genetic integrity of living organisms is constantly threatened by environmental and endogenous sources of DNA damaging agents that can induce a plethora of chemically modified DNA lesions. Unrepaired DNA lesions may elicit cytotoxic and mutagenic effects and contribute to the development of human diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. Understanding the deleterious outcomes of DNA damage necessitates the investigation about the effects of DNA adducts on the efficiency and fidelity of DNA replication and transcription. Conventional methods for measuring lesion-induced replicative or transcriptional alterations often require time-consuming colony screening and DNA sequencing procedures. Recently, a series of mass spectrometry (MS)-based strategies have been developed in our laboratory as an efficient platform for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the changes in genetic information induced by DNA adducts during DNA replication and transcription. During the past few years, we have successfully used these MS-based methods for assessing the replicative or transcriptional blocking and miscoding properties of more than 30 distinct DNA adducts. When combined with genetic manipulation, these methods have also been successfully employed for revealing the roles of various DNA repair proteins or translesion synthesis DNA polymerases (Pols) in modulating the adverse effects of DNA lesions on transcription or replication in mammalian and bacterial cells. For instance, we found that Escherichia coli Pol IV and its mammalian ortholog (i.e., Pol κ) are required for error-free bypass of N(2)-(1-carboxyethyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (N(2)-CEdG) in cells. We also found that the N(2)-CEdG lesions strongly inhibit DNA transcription and they are repaired by transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair in mammalian cells. In this Account, we focus on the development of MS-based approaches for determining the effects of DNA adducts on DNA replication and transcription, where liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is employed for the identification, and sometimes quantification, of the progeny products arising from the replication or transcription of lesion-bearing DNA substrates in vitro and in mammalian cells. We also highlight their applications to lesion bypass, mutagenesis, and repair studies of three representative types of DNA lesions, that is, the methylglyoxal-induced N(2)-CEdG, oxidatively induced 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides, and regioisomeric alkylated thymidine lesions. Specially, we discuss the similar and distinct effects of the minor-groove DNA lesions including N(2)-CEdG and O(2)-alkylated thymidine lesions, as well as the major-groove O(4)-alkylated thymidine lesions on DNA replication and transcription machinery. For example, we found that the addition of an alkyl group to the O(4) position of thymine may facilitate its preferential pairing with guanine and thus induce exclusively the misincorporation of guanine nucleotide opposite the lesion, whereas alkylation of thymine at the O(2) position may render the nucleobase unfavorable in pairing with any of the canonical nucleobases and thus exhibit promiscuous miscoding properties during DNA replication and transcription. The MS-based strategies described herein should be generally applicable for quantitative measurement of the biological consequences and repair of other DNA lesions in vitro and in cells.
Topics: Cell Line; DNA Adducts; DNA Repair; DNA Replication; Escherichia coli; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 26758048
DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00437 -
BMC Veterinary Research Dec 2021Both human and veterinary cancer chemotherapy are undergoing a paradigm shift from a "one size fits all" approach to more personalized, patient-oriented treatment...
BACKGROUND
Both human and veterinary cancer chemotherapy are undergoing a paradigm shift from a "one size fits all" approach to more personalized, patient-oriented treatment strategies. Personalized chemotherapy is dependent on the identification and validation of biomarkers that can predict treatment outcome and/or risk of toxicity. Many cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, including doxorubicin, base their mechanism of action by interaction with DNA and disruption of normal cellular processes. We developed a high-resolution/accurate-mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry DNA screening approach for monitoring doxorubicin-induced DNA modifications (adducts) in vitro and in vivo. We used, for the first time, a new strategy involving the use of isotope-labeled DNA, which greatly facilitates adduct discovery. The overall goal of this work was to identify doxorubicin-DNA adducts to be used as biomarkers to predict drug efficacy for use in veterinary oncology.
RESULTS
We used our novel mass spectrometry approach to screen for adducts in purified DNA exposed to doxorubicin. This initial in vitro screening identified nine potential doxorubicin-DNA adduct masses, as well as an intense signal corresponding to DNA-intercalated doxorubicin. Two of the adduct masses, together with doxorubicin and its metabolite doxorubicinol, were subsequently detected in vivo in liver DNA extracted from mice exposed to doxorubicin. Finally, the presence of these adducts and analytes was explored in the DNA isolated from dogs undergoing treatment with doxorubicin. The previously identified nine DOX-DNA adducts were not detected in these preliminary three samples collected seven days post-treatment, however intercalated doxorubicin and doxorubicinol were detected.
CONCLUSIONS
This work sets the stage for future evaluation of doxorubicin-DNA adducts and doxorubicin-related molecules as candidate biomarkers to personalize chemotherapy protocols for canine cancer patients. It demonstrates our ability to combine in one method the analysis of DNA adducts and DNA-intercalated doxorubicin and doxorubicinol. The last two analytes interestingly, were persistent in samples from canine patients undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy seven days after treatment. The presence of doxorubicin in all samples suggests a role for it as a promising biomarker for use in veterinary chemotherapy. Future studies will involve the analysis of more samples from canine cancer patients to elucidate optimal timepoints for monitoring intercalated doxorubicin and doxorubicin-DNA adducts and the correlation of these markers with therapy outcome.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; DNA; DNA Adducts; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Doxorubicin; Mice; Neoplasms
PubMed: 34876121
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03062-x -
Scientific Reports Sep 2021Nucleotide excision repair (NER) and cell cycle checkpoints impact the ability of the anti-cancer drug cisplatin to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell death....
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) and cell cycle checkpoints impact the ability of the anti-cancer drug cisplatin to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell death. Genetic studies have shown that both NER and cell cycle progression are impacted by the circadian clock, which has emerged as a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of various disease states. In this study, cultured human cell lines were treated with combinations of cisplatin and the circadian clock modulating compounds KS15 and SR8278, which enhance circadian clock transcriptional output by inhibiting the activities of the cryptochrome and REV-ERB proteins, respectively. Treatment of cells with KS15 and SR8278 protected cells against the anti-proliferative effects of cisplatin and increased the expression of NER factor XPA and cell cycle regulators Wee1 and p21 at the mRNA and protein level. Correlated with these molecular changes, KS15 and SR8278 treatment resulted in fewer unrepaired cisplatin-DNA adducts in genomic DNA and a higher fraction of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Thus, the use of pharmacological agents targeting the circadian clock could be a novel approach to modulate the responses of normal and cancer cells to cisplatin chemotherapy regimens.
Topics: A549 Cells; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Circadian Clocks; Cisplatin; Cryptochromes; DNA Adducts; DNA Repair; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; HaCaT Cells; Humans; Isoquinolines; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Signal Transduction; Thiophenes; Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein
PubMed: 34504274
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97603-x