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Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Apr 2019The aim of this study was to document the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration and total protein concentration of maternal blood before, during and after...
The aim of this study was to document the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration and total protein concentration of maternal blood before, during and after anaesthesia. Six singleton Merino-cross pregnant ewes at 116-117 days of gestation were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg), and anaesthesia was induced with intravenous midazolam and ketamine. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Serial blood samples were collected the day before anaesthesia (baseline), immediately prior to induction of anaesthesia (pre-op), at the end of the procedure (intra-op) and the following day (post-op). There was a significant change in the PCV during the study ( = 0.003) with an initial decrease of 12.5% from the baseline (0.36 (0.36-0.4) to 0.315 (0.29-0.34), = 0.044), a further intraoperative decrease of 41.7% from the baseline (0.21 (0.195-0.245), = 0.002) and an increase the day afterwards (0.3 (0.285-0.35), > 0.99 compared with baseline). The haemoglobin concentration also changed ( < 0.0001) (baseline: 114 (111.8-123); pre-op: 97 (77.25-104.5), 14.9% decrease, = 0.022; intra-op: 70 (61.5-83.25), 38.5% decrease, = 0.0009; post-op: 101.5 (96.25-114) g/L, > 0.99). Likewise the change in total protein during the study was significant ( = 0.0003) and decreased from the baseline [70 (67.25-70.75) g/L] prior to anaesthesia (61 (58.25-64.5) g/L, 12.9% decrease, = 0.0437) and further during anaesthesia (55.5 (53.75-63.25) g/L, 20.7% decrease, = 0.0021) with an increase [63 (61.25-67) g/L, > 0.99] on the first post-op day. In conclusion, intraoperative anaemia and hypoproteinaemia occurred in this study. These alterations are attributed to a combination of the side effects of acepromazine and haemodilution.
PubMed: 30978963
DOI: 10.3390/ani9040156 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jul 2021A great number of sedatives and anaesthetics have been used to perform surgeries or routine ophthalmologic examinations in animals and sometimes the combination of these...
BACKGROUND
A great number of sedatives and anaesthetics have been used to perform surgeries or routine ophthalmologic examinations in animals and sometimes the combination of these medicines has more suitable effects than each one alone.
OBJECTIVES
This paper aims to explore the main effects of Medetomidine + Acepromazine, Dexmedetomidine + Acepromazine on intraocular pressure, tear secretion and pupil diameter.
METHODS
To accomplish the aforementioned aim, 32 adult dogs (aged one-to-three-years-old) were clinically examined. Dogs were divided into four groups consisting of group DA, Dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) + Acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg); Group D, Dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg); Group M, Medetomidine (10 µg/kg); Group MA, Medetomidine (10 µg/kg) + Acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg). The ocular factors including tear production, pupil diameter and intraocular pressure of both right and left eyes were first measured and then recorded in each dog at time T (-15 min). Afterwards, the drugs were administered intramuscularly, based on which the ocular factors were re-measured at T (+5 min), T (+15 min) and T (+20 min). All four groups showed a reduction in intraocular pressure, which was significant in DA, D and M groups.
RESULTS
Furthermore, there was a fluctuation in the amount of tear secretion in DA and D groups (increase and then decrease), as well as a significant reduction in M and MA groups. Decreasing in pupil diameter also occurred in all four groups, but the reduction was significant only in DA and MA groups.
CONCLUSION
According to the results obtained, as the changes caused by the systemic administration of the above drug compounds did not exceed the physiological range, it can be concluded that these combinations could be utilized as suitable sedatives or pre-anaesthetic compounds in the eye surgeries.
Topics: Acepromazine; Animals; Dexmedetomidine; Dogs; Drug Combinations; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Intraocular Pressure; Medetomidine; Pupil; Tears
PubMed: 33751831
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.467 -
Journal of the American Association For... Mar 2020Studies of visual responses in isoflurane-anesthetized mice often use the sedative chlorprothixene to decrease the amount of isoflurane used because excessive isoflurane...
Studies of visual responses in isoflurane-anesthetized mice often use the sedative chlorprothixene to decrease the amount of isoflurane used because excessive isoflurane could adversely affect light-evoked responses. However, data are not available to justify the use of this nonpharmaceutical-grade chemical. The current study tested whether pharmaceutical-grade sedatives would be appropriate alternatives for imaging pupillary light reflexes. Male 15-wk-old mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1 mg/kg chlorprothixene, 5 mg/kg acepromazine, 10 mg/kg chlorpromazine, or saline. After anesthetic induction, anesthesia maintenance used 0.5% and 1% isoflurane for sedative- and saline-injected mice, respectively. A photostimulus (16.0 log photons cm s; 470 nm) was presented to the right eye for 20 min, during which the left eye was imaged for consensual pupillary constriction and involuntary pupil drift. Time to immobilization, loss of righting reflex, physiologic parameters, gain of righting reflex, and degree of recovery were assessed also. The sedative groups were statistically indistinguishable for all measures. By contrast, pupillary drift occurred far more often in saline-treated mice than in the sedative groups. Furthermore, saline-treated mice took longer to reach maximal pupil constriction than all sedative groups and had lower heart rates compared with chlorpromazine- and chlorprothixene-sedated mice. Full recovery (as defined by purposeful movement, response to tactile stimuli, and full alertness) was not regularly achieved in any sedative group. In conclusion, at the doses tested, acepromazine and chlorpromazine are suitable pharmaceutical-grade alternatives to chlorprothixene for pupil imaging and conceivably other in vivo photoresponse measurements; however, given the lack of full recovery, lower dosages should be investigated further for use in survival procedures.
Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia; Animals; Chlorpromazine; Chlorprothixene; Dopamine Antagonists; Isoflurane; Light; Male; Mice; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Reflex, Pupillary
PubMed: 31915106
DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000094 -
The Korean Journal of Physiology &... Jan 2017The effects of acepromazine on human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels were investigated using whole-cell voltage-clamp technique in human embryonic...
The effects of acepromazine on human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels were investigated using whole-cell voltage-clamp technique in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells transfected with hERG. The hERG currents were recorded with or without acepromazine, and the steady-state and peak tail currents were analyzed for the evaluating the drug effects. Acepromazine inhibited the hERG currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC value of 1.5 µM and Hill coefficient of 1.1. Acepromazine blocked hERG currents in a voltage-dependent manner between -40 and +10 mV. Before and after application of acepromazine, the half activation potentials of hERG currents changed to hyperpolarizing direction. Acepromazine blocked both the steady-state hERG currents by depolarizing pulse and the peak tail currents by repolarizing pulse; however, the extent of blocking by acepromazine in the repolarizing pulse was more profound than that in the depolarizing pulse, indicating that acepromazine has a high affinity for the open state of the channels, with a relatively lower affinity for the closed state of hERG channels. A fast application of acepromazine during the tail currents inhibited the open state of hERG channels in a concentration-dependent. The steady-state inactivation of hERG currents shifted to the hyperpolarized direction by acepromazine. These results suggest that acepromazine inhibits the hERG channels probably by an open- and inactivated-channel blocking mechanism. Regarding to the fact that the hERG channels are the potential target of drug-induced long QT syndrome, our results suggest that acepromazine can possibly induce a cardiac arrhythmia through the inhibition of hERG channels.
PubMed: 28066143
DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.75 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Feb 2017OBJECTIVE To determine effects of a combination of acepromazine maleate and butorphanol tartrate on conventional echocardiographic variables and on strain values...
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of a combination of acepromazine maleate and butorphanol tartrate on conventional echocardiographic variables and on strain values obtained by use of 2-D speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 18 healthy medium- and large-size adult dogs. PROCEDURES Transthoracic echocardiographic examination (2-D, M-mode, color flow, spectral Doppler, and tissue Doppler ultrasonography) and high-definition oscillometric blood pressure measurement were performed before and after dogs were sedated by IM administration of a combination of acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg). Adequacy of sedation for echocardiographic examination was evaluated. Circumferential and longitudinal global and segmental strains of the left ventricle (LV) were obtained with 2-D STE by use of right parasternal short-axis and left parasternal apical views. Values before and after sedation were compared. RESULTS The sedation combination provided adequate immobilization to facilitate echocardiographic examination. Heart rate and mean and diastolic blood pressures decreased significantly after dogs were sedated. A few conventional echocardiographic variables differed significantly from baseline values after sedation, including decreased end-diastolic LV volume index, peak velocity of late diastolic transmitral flow, and late diastolic septal mitral and tricuspid annulus velocities, increased ejection time, and increased mitral ratio of peak early to late diastolic filling velocity; global strain values were not affected, but 1 segmental (apical lateral) strain value decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that acepromazine and butorphanol at the doses used in this study provided sedation adequate to facilitate echocardiography, with only mild influences on conventional and 2-D STE variables.
Topics: Acepromazine; Animals; Butorphanol; Conscious Sedation; Dogs; Drug Combinations; Echocardiography; Female; Heart Rate; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Ventricular Function, Left
PubMed: 28140649
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.2.158 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021The lack of standardization of sedation scales in horses limits the reproducibility between different studies. This prospective, randomized, blinded, horizontal and...
The lack of standardization of sedation scales in horses limits the reproducibility between different studies. This prospective, randomized, blinded, horizontal and controlled trial aimed to validate a scale for sedation in horses (EquiSed). Seven horses were treated with intravenous detomidine in low/high doses alone (DL 2.5 μg/kg + 6.25 μg/kg/h; DH 5 μg/kg +12.5 μg/kg/h) or associated with methadone (DLM and DHM, 0.2 mg/kg + 0.05 mg/kg/h) and with low (ACPL 0.02 mg/kg) or high (ACPH 0.09 mg/kg) doses of acepromazine alone. Horses were filmed at (i) baseline (ii) peak, (iii) intermediate, and (iv) end of sedation immediately before auditory, visual and pressure stimuli were applied and postural instability evaluated for another study. Videos were randomized and blindly evaluated by four evaluators in two phases with 1-month interval. Intra- and interobserver reliability of the sum of EquiSed (Intraclass correlation coefficient) ranged between 0.84-0.94 and 0.45-0.88, respectively. The criterion validity was endorsed by the high Spearman correlation between the EquiSed and visual analog (0.77), numerical rating (0.76), and simple descriptive scales (0.70), and average correlation with head height above the ground (HHAG) (-0.52). The Friedman test confirmed the EquiSed responsiveness over time. The principal component analysis showed that all items of the scale had a load factor ≥ 0.50. The item-total Spearman correlation for all items ranged from 0.3 to 0.5, and the internal consistency was good (Cronbach's α = 0.73). The area under the curve of EquiSed HHAG as a predictive diagnostic measure was 0.88. The sensitivity of the EquiSed calculated according to the cut-off point (score 7 of the sum of the EquiSed) determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve, was 96% and specificity was 83%. EquiSed has good intra- and interobserver reliabilities and is valid to evaluate tranquilization and sedation in horses.
PubMed: 33665216
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.611729 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021To assess drug plasma levels, preanesthetic sedation, cardiopulmonary effects during anesthesia and recovery in horses anesthetized with isoflurane combined with...
To assess drug plasma levels, preanesthetic sedation, cardiopulmonary effects during anesthesia and recovery in horses anesthetized with isoflurane combined with medetomidine or xylazine. Prospective blinded randomized clinical study. Sixty horses undergoing elective surgery. Thirty minutes after administration of antibiotics, flunixine meglumine or phenylbutazone and acepromazine horses received medetomidine 7 μg kg (group MED) or xylazine 1.1 mg kg (group XYL) slowly intravenously (IV) and sedation was assessed 3 min later. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine/diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and medetomidine 3.5 μg kg h or xylazine 0.69 mg kg h. Ringer's acetate 10 mL kg h and dobutamine were administered to maintain normotension. All horses were mechanically ventilated to maintain end-tidal carbon dioxide pressures at 45 ± 5 mmHg (5.3-6.7 kPa). Heart rate (HR), invasive arterial blood pressures, inspired and expired gas compositions, pH, arterial blood gases, electrolytes, lactate and glucose were measured. For recovery all horses received intramuscular morphine 0.1 mg kg and medetomidine 2 μg kg or xylazine 0.3 mg kg IV. Recovery was timed and scored using three different scoring systems. Plasma samples to measure medetomidine and xylazine concentrations were collected at predetermined timepoints. Repeatedly measured parameters were analyzed using a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance for differences between groups and over time; < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Mean arterial blood pressures (MAP) stayed within normal ranges but were higher ( = 0.011) in group XYL despite significant lower dobutamine doses ( = 0.0003). Other measured parameters were within clinically acceptable ranges. Plasma levels were at steady state during anesthesia (MED 2.194 ± 0.073; XYL 708 ± 18.791 ng mL). During recovery lateral recumbency (MED 42.7 ± 2.51; XYL 34.3 ± 2.63 min; = 0.027) and time to standing (MED 62.0 ± 2.86; XYL 48.8 ± 3.01 min; = 0.002) were significantly shorter in group XYL compared to group MED. Recovery scores did not differ significantly between groups. In horses anesthetized with isoflurane and medetomidine or xylazine, xylazine maintained higher MAP, reduced the dobutamine consumption and recovery time, whilst overall recovery quality was unaffected.
PubMed: 33959647
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.603695 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Bovine tetanus is a serious infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the exotoxin produced by and is characterized by persistent tension and spasm of...
Bovine tetanus is a serious infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the exotoxin produced by and is characterized by persistent tension and spasm of the rhabdomyocytes. Currently, many studies have focused on diagnosing tetanus; however, only a few studies on treatment methods have been conducted. Therefore, cattle with tetanus have been treated using symptomatic therapy. In this case, severe muscle spasticity and spasms were observed in a 9-month-old Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) bull, and aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase levels were increased in serum biochemical tests. Clinically, bovine tetanus was strongly suspected, and metronidazole was administered orally for 5 days. To treat the intensifying bloat, a temporary rumenostomy was performed on the third day of onset, and the toxin gene (tetanospasmin) of was amplified by polymerase chain reaction analysis from the collected ruminal fluid. Magnesium and sedatives (acepromazine) were administered for 7 days to treat muscle spasticity and spasms. Muscle spasticity and spasm markedly improved, and the bull stood up from the lateral recumbent position. On the 17 day after onset, all tetanus-related symptoms resolved and a normal diet was started. Our findings demonstrated that treatment with metronidazole, magnesium, and acepromazine was effective in the bull with tetanus.
PubMed: 37035803
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1142316 -
BMC Veterinary Research Apr 2017The aim of this study was to assess validation evidence for a sedation scale for dogs. We hypothesized that the chosen sedation scale would be unreliable when used by...
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to assess validation evidence for a sedation scale for dogs. We hypothesized that the chosen sedation scale would be unreliable when used by different raters and show poor discrimination between sedation protocols. A sedation scale (range 0-21) was used to score 62 dogs scheduled to receive sedation at two veterinary clinics in a prospective trial. Scores recorded by a single observer were used to assess internal consistency and construct validity of the scores. To assess inter-rater reliability, video-recordings of sedation assessment were randomized and blinded for viewing by 5 raters untrained in the scale. Videos were also edited to allow assessment of inter-rater reliability of an abbreviated scale (range 0-12) by 5 different raters.
RESULTS
Both sedation scales exhibited excellent internal consistency and very good inter-rater reliability (full scale, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.95; abbreviated scale, ICC = 0.94). The full scale discriminated between the most common protocols: dexmedetomidine-hydromorphone (median [range] of sedation score, 11 [1-18], n = 20) and acepromazine-hydromorphone (5 [0-15], n = 36, p = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS
The hypothesis was rejected. Full and abbreviated scales showed excellent internal consistency and very good reliability between multiple untrained raters. The full scale differentiated between levels of sedation.
Topics: Animals; Conscious Sedation; Dogs; Female; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Observer Variation; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation; Videotape Recording
PubMed: 28420386
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1027-2 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Oct 2021The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of two commonly used sedation protocols in dogs, acepromazine (ACP) and acepromazine-methadone (ACP-MET)...
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of two commonly used sedation protocols in dogs, acepromazine (ACP) and acepromazine-methadone (ACP-MET) combination, on tear production measured by the Schirmer Tear Test (STT) 1. We hypothesized that both sedation protocols cause a reduction in canine tear production for a variable time. Fifteen client-owned dogs were recruited for the study. Each dog was subjected to sedation twice, 2-3 weeks apart, and they were randomly allocated to one of two groups receiving ACP (0.015 mg kg) or ACP-MET (0.010 mg kg and 0.2 mg kg) intramuscularly. In both eyes, tear production was measured 15 min before sedation (T0) and 20 min (T20 m), 40 min (T40 m), 1 h (T1), 2 h (T2), 4 h (T4) and 8 h (T8), after drug administration. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test ( < 0.05), showed a significant effect of time ( < 0.0001) and treatment ( < 0.0001). A significant decrease in tear production at T20 m, T40 m, T1 and T2 compared to T0 was observed in the ACP experimental protocol, while in the ACP + MET protocol, this reduction persisted until T8. Comparing the two experimental protocols, no statistically significant differences were observed at T0 or T20 m, and STT 1 values were statistically lower in the ACP + MET than the ACP protocol at the other data points. In the ACP + MET group, at T40 m, 100% of dogs showed STT 1 readings lower than 15 mm/min. This finding is clinically relevant as it can predispose dogs to corneal injuries. The major reduction in tear production due to the ACP + MET protocol proves the need for adequate corneal hydration, particularly to discourage its use in animals with altered tear production. The data obtained provide important information helping clinicians to better manage the drug's effects on tear production.
PubMed: 34827748
DOI: 10.3390/ani11113015