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Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016Dog breeds with the ABCB1-1Δ mutation have substantially truncated nonfunctional P-glycoprotein. Dogs homozygous for this mutation (mut/mut) are susceptible to the...
BACKGROUND
Dog breeds with the ABCB1-1Δ mutation have substantially truncated nonfunctional P-glycoprotein. Dogs homozygous for this mutation (mut/mut) are susceptible to the toxic adverse effects of ivermectin, loperamide, and vincristine. Anecdotal reports suggested ABCB1 mut/mut dogs showed increased depth and duration of acepromazine sedation.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
That ABCB1 mut/mut dogs have increased depth and duration of sedation after acepromazine IV compared to normal dogs (nor/nor).
ANIMALS
Twenty-nine rough-coated collies were divided into 3 groups of dogs based on their ABCB1 genotype: 10 mut/mut, 10 mut/nor, and 9 nor/nor.
METHODS
Dogs were given 0.04 mg/kg of acepromazine IV. Level of sedation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were recorded for 6 hours after acepromazine administration. Area under the curves (AUCs) of the normalized sedation score results were calculated and compared.
RESULTS
The median sedation scores for ABCB1 mut/mut dogs were higher than nor/nor dogs at all time points and were higher in mut/nor dogs for the first 2 hours. These differences were not found to be significant for any individual time point (P > .05). The median sedation score AUC for mut/mut dogs was significantly higher than nor/nor dogs (P = .028), but the AUC for mut/nor dogs was not (P = .45). There were no significant differences between groups for heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure (P > .05).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
In ABCB1 mut/mut dogs acepromazine dose rates should be reduced and careful monitoring performed during sedation.
Topics: ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Acepromazine; Administration, Intravenous; Animals; Area Under Curve; Conscious Sedation; Dogs; Dopamine Antagonists; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Genotype; Mutation
PubMed: 26822006
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13827 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Feb 2018Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the effect of administration rate on propofol dose for induction of anesthesia and the effect of methadone on...
Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the effect of administration rate on propofol dose for induction of anesthesia and the effect of methadone on this dose. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, blinded clinical study. Forty male cats (mean ± SD age 1.5 ± 0.8 years) were admitted for orchiectomy. Cats were randomly allocated to receive acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) with either methadone (MET; 0.3 mg/kg) or saline (SAL; 0.03 ml/kg). Each premedication group then received anesthetic induction with propofol at 5 (F) or 1.5 mg/kg/min (S), resulting in the following four groups: MET-F, SAL-F, MET-S and SAL-S. Sedation scores were assigned at 15 and 30 mins after premedication using a simple descriptive scale (SDS) and a visual analog scale (VAS). After assignment of sedation scores, respiratory frequency ( f) was recorded, and anesthetic induction began and was continued until cats lost their palpebral reflexes and jaw tone, and the eye globe rotated ventromedially. The time for induction and the total amount of propofol needed was recorded, and intubation was then performed. After intubation, f was also recorded. Results SDS and VAS sedation scores were low at 15 and 30 mins after premedication. There was no significant difference in sedation scores by time or between the groups at any time on any scale. The amount of propofol needed to achieve anesthetic induction was 5.3 ± 1.1 mg/kg in group MET-F, which was statistically lower when compared with the other three groups, which demonstrated no difference among them. Conclusions and relevance Premedication with acepromazine and methadone was not able to produce adequate sedation in healthy cats. The slow induction rate is not adequate for use in cats considering that all of the animals demonstrated excitement during anesthetic induction. The fast administration rate was able to produce adequate induction of anesthesia and reduce the amount of propofol needed to achieve intubation only when using methadone.
Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Cats; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Methadone; Orchiectomy; Premedication; Propofol; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation; Respiratory Rate
PubMed: 29172963
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X17695891 -
PloS One 2019This study aimed to evaluate pain scores, analgesic requirements, food intake and serum inflammatory cytokines in cats before and after clinically recommended dental...
This study aimed to evaluate pain scores, analgesic requirements, food intake and serum inflammatory cytokines in cats before and after clinically recommended dental treatment. Twenty-four cats were included in a prospective, blinded clinical trial. Cats were equally divided into minimal (minimal dental treatment) or severe (multiple dental extractions) oral disease groups. They were admitted (day 0) and underwent oral examination/radiographs/treatment under general anesthesia (day 1; acepromazine-hydromorphone-propofol-isoflurane-meloxicam-local anesthetic blocks). Serum inflammatory cytokines were measured on days 0 and 6. Pain was scored using the Glasgow composite measure pain scale-feline (CMPS-F). Rescue analgesia was administered with hydromorphone if CMPS-F ≥ 5/20. Dry and soft food intake (%) during 3 minutes and 2 hours, and daily soft food were calculated. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel and Chi-square tests, Spearman's rank correlation and linear mixed models were used for statistical analysis (alpha = 0.05). Pain scores were significantly increased in cats with severe disease when compared with baseline (up to day 4) and minimal disease (all postoperative time points). Prevalence of rescue analgesia was significantly higher in severe (91.7%) than minimal disease (0%); analgesics were required up to day 3. Pain scores and frequency of rescue analgesia were significantly correlated with the number of tooth extractions, gingival and calculus index. Prevalence of rescue analgesia was significantly correlated with the number of missing teeth, teeth extractions and gingival index. Dry and soft food intake during 3 minutes, and dry food intake during 2 hours were significantly lower in the severe than minimal disease group throughout the study. Some cytokines differed between groups between day 0 and day 6 and were associated with the presence of tooth resorption and number of missing tooth and tooth fractures. Long-term analgesia is required after dental extractions in cats with severe oral disease. This condition reduces food intake and influences serum inflammatory cytokines.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Cats; Cytokines; Eating; Female; Male; Pain, Postoperative; Tooth Extraction
PubMed: 30822336
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213195 -
PloS One 2020To evaluate the effects of intravenous maropitant on arterial blood pressure in healthy dogs while awake and under general anesthesia.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of intravenous maropitant on arterial blood pressure in healthy dogs while awake and under general anesthesia.
DESIGN
Experimental crossover study.
ANIMALS
Eight healthy adult Beagle dogs.
PROCEDURE
All dogs received maropitant (1 mg kg-1) intravenously under the following conditions: 1) awake with non-invasive blood pressure monitoring (AwNIBP), 2) awake with invasive blood pressure monitoring (AwIBP), 3) premedication with acepromazine (0.005 mg kg-1) and butorphanol (0.2 mg kg-1) intramuscularly followed by propofol induction and isoflurane anesthesia (GaAB), and 4) premedication with dexmedetomidine (0.005 mg kg-1) and butorphanol (0.2 mg kg-1) intramuscularly followed by propofol induction and isoflurane anesthesia (GaDB). Heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean blood pressures (MAP) were recorded before injection of maropitant (baseline), during the first 60 seconds of injection, during the second 60 seconds of injection, at the completion of injection and every 2 minutes post injection for 18 minutes. The data were compared over time using a Generalized Linear Model with mixed effects and then with simple effect comparison with Bonferroni adjustments (p <0.05).
RESULTS
There were significant decreases from baseline in SAP in the GaAB group (p < 0.01) and in MAP and DAP in the AwIBP and GaAB (p < 0.001) groups during injection. A significant decrease in SAP (p < 0.05), DAP (p < 0.05), and MAP (p < 0.05) occurred at 16 minutes post injection in GaDB group. There was also a significant increase in HR in the AwIBP group (p < 0.01) during injection. Clinically significant hypotension occurred in the GaAB group with a mean MAP at 54 ± 6 mmHg during injection.
CONCLUSION
Intravenous maropitant administration significantly decreases arterial blood pressure during inhalant anesthesia. Patients premedicated with acepromazine prior to isoflurane anesthesia may develop clinically significant hypotension.
Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Antiemetics; Blood Pressure; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypotension; Injections, Intravenous; Linear Models; Models, Animal; Premedication; Quinuclidines; Wakefulness
PubMed: 32108177
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229736 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Jan 2017Morphine is widely used as a preanesthetic agent in dogs, but it often produces signs of nausea and vomiting. Maropitant (MRP) and metoclopramide (MCP) prevent emesis... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Morphine is widely used as a preanesthetic agent in dogs, but it often produces signs of nausea and vomiting. Maropitant (MRP) and metoclopramide (MCP) prevent emesis attributable to the opioid agent apomorphine in dogs. We evaluated the antiemetic efficacy and the discomfort in response to SQ injection of MRP [1 mg/kg body weight (BW)], MCP (0.5 mg/kg BW), and normal saline (SAL; 0.1 mL/kg BW) administered to 63 dogs, 45 minutes prior to morphine (0.5 mg/kg BW) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg BW). Dogs were observed for signs of nausea (ptyalism, lip licking, and increased swallowing) and vomiting for 30 minutes after morphine/acepromazine. The incidence of emesis was 0% for MRP, 38% for MCP, and 71% for SAL ( < 0.001). The incidence of signs of nausea was not different between groups. Discomfort due to injection was higher after MRP (48%), than after MCP (9.8%) and SAL (4.8%) ( < 0.001).
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Antiemetics; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hysterectomy; Male; Metoclopramide; Morphine; Nausea; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy; Quinuclidines; Vomiting
PubMed: 28042152
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Veterinary Science Nov 2022Studies on anesthetized dogs regarding pulse pressure variation (PPV) are increasing. The influence of respiratory rate (RR) on PPV, in mechanically ventilated dogs, has...
BACKGROUND
Studies on anesthetized dogs regarding pulse pressure variation (PPV) are increasing. The influence of respiratory rate (RR) on PPV, in mechanically ventilated dogs, has not been clearly identified.
OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated the influence of RR on PPV in mechanically ventilated healthy dogs after hemorrhage.
METHODS
Five healthy adult Beagle dogs were premedicated with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (0.01 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (3 mg/kg IV) and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. The right dorsal pedal artery was cannulated with a 22-gauge catheter for blood removal, and the left dorsal pedal artery was cannulated and connected to a transducer system for arterial blood pressure monitoring. The PPV was automatically calculated using a multi-parameter monitor and recorded. Hemorrhage was induced by withdrawing 30% of blood (24 mL/kg) over 30 min. Mechanical ventilation was provided with a tidal volume of 10 mL/kg and a 1:2 inspiration-to-expiration ratio at an initial RR of 15 breaths/min (baseline). Thereafter, RR was changed to 20, 30, and 40 breaths/min according to the casting lots, and the PPV was recorded at each RR. After data collection, the blood was transfused at a rate of 10 mL/kg/h, and the PPV was recorded at the baseline ventilator setting.
RESULTS
The data of PPV were analyzed using the Friedman test followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test ( < 0.05). Hemorrhage significantly increased PPV from 11% to 25% at 15 breaths/min. An increase in RR significantly decreased PPV from 25 (baseline) to 17%, 10%, and 10% at 20, 30, and 40 breaths/min, respectively (all < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The PPV is a dynamic parameter that can predict a dog's hemorrhagic condition, but PPV can be decreased in dogs under high RR. Therefore, careful interpretation may be required when using the PPV parameter particularly in the dogs with hyperventilation.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Blood Pressure; Respiratory Rate; Isoflurane; Tidal Volume; Hemorrhage; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 36038189
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22090 -
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... Jan 2021Opioid poisoning is a frequent cause of death in drug addicts and occurs with opioid treatment. Quetiapine is often found in forensic autopsies and may increase the risk...
Opioid poisoning is a frequent cause of death in drug addicts and occurs with opioid treatment. Quetiapine is often found in forensic autopsies and may increase the risk of fatal opioid poisoning by enhancing sedation, respiratory depression, hypotension and QT prolongation. We systematically searched for studies of acute toxicity of quetiapine or other antipsychotics combined with morphine or methadone. Case reports describing toxicity of quetiapine combined with morphine or methadone were also included. We retrieved one human study that observed pharmacokinetic interaction between quetiapine and methadone, and 16 other human studies. Fourteen investigated the combination of droperidol and morphine in treatment doses, and some indicated an additive sedative effect. Five animal studies with acepromazine in combination with morphine or methadone were located and indicated an additive effect on sedation and hypotension. Six forensic case reports in which death could have been caused solely by quetiapine, the opioid, or other drugs were found. Thus, acute toxicity of quetiapine combined with morphine or methadone has not been studied. Because of quetiapine's effects on alpha-adrenoceptors, muscarinic and histamine receptors, human ether-a-go-go-channels and methadone kinetics, we suggest further research to clarify if the indicated additive effects of opioids and droperidol or acepromazine are also true for quetiapine.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Autopsy; Cause of Death; Consciousness; Drug Interactions; Drug Overdose; Female; Forensic Toxicology; Humans; Hypotension; Male; Methadone; Middle Aged; Morphine; Opioid-Related Disorders; Quetiapine Fumarate; Respiratory Insufficiency; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33245632
DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13480 -
Veterinary Research Forum : An... Mar 2022Colic is a clinical syndrome and has been defined as a visceral abdominal pain and/or acute abdominal disease. It is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in horses....
Colic is a clinical syndrome and has been defined as a visceral abdominal pain and/or acute abdominal disease. It is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in horses. The most common forms of colics are related to gastrointestinal tract in nature and most often linked to colonic disturbances. However, colics are not well understood in donkeys compared to those of in horses and the literature is poor regarding bowel strangulating obstruction in donkeys. This report described the clinical signs and post-mortem necropsy findings of an abdominal colic due to the left colon volvulus following a non-surgical castration using Burdizzo emasculatome in a 6-year-old donkey. The castration was done under local analgesia following a sedation with a combination of xylazine-acepromazine and physical restraint on a tilt table. Severe abdominal colic and death occurred after discharging from the hospital. Left colon volvulus at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures in a ventromedial-dorsolateral direction of 720° was the main cause of colic found at the necropsy examination. Although left colon volvulus is not considered as a complication of castration, it maybe rational to prescribe an analgesic agent in postoperative care in donkeys undergoing non-surgical castration.
PubMed: 35601779
DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2021.526717.3155 -
Animal Models and Experimental Medicine Jun 2019Anesthetic agents are commonly utilized in the handling of non-human primates for prevent the stress caused in physical exploration or physical restrain. For this...
Effect of different anesthetic mixtures-ketamine-xylazine, ketamine-acepromazine and tiletamine-zolazepam-on the physiological and blood biochemistry parameters of male rhesus monkeys () at different ages.
BACKGROUND
Anesthetic agents are commonly utilized in the handling of non-human primates for prevent the stress caused in physical exploration or physical restrain. For this reason, the objective of this work was to describe the effect of age and dissociative anesthetics (ketamine and tiletamine), and their combinations with acepromazine, xylazine and zolazepam, on the physiological and blood biochemical parameters in .
METHODS
Eighty male were divided into four experimental groups depending on the anesthetic mixture applied. Each group of 20 males was divided into five sub-groups according to age. Physiological parameters were recorded every 5 minutes during a 30-minute period. A blood sample was drawn to analyze blood biochemistry.
RESULTS
Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in the physiological parameters between the ketamine-acepromazine and ketamine-xylazine groups compared to the control group. The analysis of blood biochemistry found significant differences by age and by anesthetic mixture among all groups.
CONCLUSION
These findings contribute to standardizing this animal model in biological research.
PubMed: 31392301
DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12062 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jan 2022The plains zebra (Equus quagga) is a zebra species commonly kept in zoos around the world. However, they are not tame like their domestic relatives and are difficult to...
The plains zebra (Equus quagga) is a zebra species commonly kept in zoos around the world. However, they are not tame like their domestic relatives and are difficult to immobilize. We immobilized 30 captive plains zebra with a combination of etorphine hydrochloride (2-4 mg), acepromazine (8 mg), and xylazine hydrochloride (30 or 50 mg) to perform physical examination and blood sample collection for disease diagnostics. Physiological parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation were recorded. All zebras exhibited satisfactory anesthesia and fully recovered without re-narcotization. The results suggest that etorphine hydrochloride-acepromazine-xylazine hydrochloride combination for plains zebra immobilization is a safe and sufficient regimen for short procedures such as wellness examinations and sample collection.
Topics: Acepromazine; Animals; Equidae; Etorphine; Immobilization; Oxygen Saturation; Xylazine
PubMed: 34866094
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0458