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Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2017The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of different anesthetic drug combinations on the Caspian Pond turtles (). (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of different anesthetic drug combinations on the Caspian Pond turtles ().
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Three groups of the Caspian Pond turtles ( = 6) were anesthetized with three different drug combinations. Initially, a pilot study was conducted to determine the best drug doses for the anesthetization of the turtles, and according to these results, ketamine-diazepam (120 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride [5%] and 2 mg/kg diazepam [5%]), ketamine-acepromazine (120 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride [5%] and 1 mg/kg acepromazine [1%]), and ketamine-xylazine (120 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride [5%] and 1 mg/kg xylazine [2%]) were injected intramuscularly. The onset times of anesthetization and the recovery time were measured. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by -tests, and < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
There were statistically significant differences in the mean of the onset times of anesthesia and recovery time among the three drug combinations depending on the treatment used. The onset of anesthesia of the animals treated with the ketamine-diazepam combination was 60% and 42% shorter, for male and female turtles, respectively, compared to that obtained with the ketamine-acepromazine combination and 64% (male turtles) and 50% (female turtles) shorter than that obtained with the ketamine-xylazine combination. Further, the recovery time, in male turtles, was 17% shorter in animals treated with the first drug combination than those treated with the ketamine-acepromazine combination and 37% shorter than those treated with the ketamine-xylazine combination. The recovery time, in female turtles, did not seem to be significantly different among treatments.
CONCLUSIONS
The study showed that the ketamine-diazepam drug combination is the anesthetic combination with the fastest onset time and shortest recovery time.
Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics; Animals; Diazepam; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Injections, Intramuscular; Ketamine; Male; Pilot Projects; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Turtles; Xylazine
PubMed: 28458430
DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.201023 -
Electrophysiological characterisation of central sensitisation in canine spontaneous osteoarthritis.Pain Nov 2018In man, central sensitisation (CS) contributes to the pain of osteoarthritis (OA). Dogs with spontaneous OA may also exhibit CS. Electrophysiological reflex measurements...
In man, central sensitisation (CS) contributes to the pain of osteoarthritis (OA). Dogs with spontaneous OA may also exhibit CS. Electrophysiological reflex measurements are more objective than behavioural assessments and can be used to evaluate CS in preclinical and clinical studies. It was hypothesised that dogs suffering from OA would exhibit electrophysiological characteristics indicative of CS, associated with reduced diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs). One hundred and seventeen client-owned dogs were recruited to the study. Hind limb nociceptive withdrawal reflex thresholds, stimulus response, and temporal summation characteristics were recorded, during alfaxalone anaesthesia, from 46 OA dogs, 29 OA dogs receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (OANSAIDs), and 27 breed- and weight-matched control dogs. Efficacy of DNIC was evaluated in 12 control and 11 of the OA dogs, by application of a mechanical conditioning stimulus to the contralateral forelimb. Nociceptive withdrawal reflex thresholds were higher in OA compared with control dogs (P = 0.02). Stimulus response characteristics demonstrated an augmented response in OANSAID dogs compared with OA (P < 0.001) and control (P < 0.001) dogs. Temporal summation demonstrated exaggerated C-fibre-mediated responses in both OA (P < 0.001) and OANSAID (P = 0.005) groups, compared with control animals. Conditioning stimulus application resulted in inhibition of test reflex responses in both OA and control animals (P < 0.001); control animals demonstrated greater inhibition compared with OA (P = 0.0499). These data provide evidence of neurophysiological changes consistent with CS in dogs with spontaneous OA and demonstrate that canine OA is associated with reduced DNIC.
Topics: Acepromazine; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Case-Control Studies; Central Nervous System Sensitization; Dogs; Dopamine Antagonists; Electromyography; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Evoked Potentials, Motor; Musculoskeletal Abnormalities; Osteoarthritis; Pain Threshold; Reflex; X-Rays
PubMed: 29994993
DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001336 -
Journal of the Association For Research... Aug 2018The acoustic change complex (ACC) is a scalp-recorded cortical evoked potential complex generated in response to changes (e.g., frequency, amplitude) in an auditory...
The acoustic change complex (ACC) is a scalp-recorded cortical evoked potential complex generated in response to changes (e.g., frequency, amplitude) in an auditory stimulus. The ACC has been well studied in humans, but to our knowledge, no animal model has been evaluated. In particular, it was not known whether the ACC could be recorded under the conditions of sedation that likely would be necessary for recordings from animals. For that reason, we tested the feasibility of recording ACC from sedated cats in response to changes of frequency and amplitude of pure-tone stimuli. Cats were sedated with ketamine and acepromazine, and subdermal needle electrodes were used to record electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Tones were presented from a small loudspeaker located near the right ear. Continuous tones alternated at 500-ms intervals between two frequencies or two levels. Neurometric functions were created by recording neural response amplitudes while systematically varying the magnitude of steps in frequency centered in octave frequency around 2, 4, 8, and 16 kHz, all at 75 dB SPL, or in decibel level around 75 dB SPL tested at 4 and 8 kHz. The ACC could be recorded readily under this ketamine/azepromazine sedation. In contrast, ACC could not be recorded reliably under any level of isoflurane anesthesia that was tested. The minimum frequency (expressed as Weber fractions (df/f)) or level steps (expressed in dB) needed to elicit ACC fell in the range of previous thresholds reported in animal psychophysical tests of discrimination. The success in recording ACC in sedated animals suggests that the ACC will be a useful tool for evaluation of other aspects of auditory acuity in normal hearing and, presumably, in electrical cochlear stimulation, especially for novel stimulation modes that are not yet feasible in humans.
Topics: Acepromazine; Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Cortex; Cats; Conscious Sedation; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Female; Isoflurane; Ketamine; Male; Models, Animal
PubMed: 29749573
DOI: 10.1007/s10162-018-0673-9 -
Veterinary Sciences Jul 2023The main objective of this prospective, randomized, blind, cross-over experimental study was to evaluate the effect of classical music on the depth of sedation and...
The main objective of this prospective, randomized, blind, cross-over experimental study was to evaluate the effect of classical music on the depth of sedation and propofol requirements for the induction of anaesthesia in dogs. Twenty dogs were involved, and each was subjected to three different treatments with a 3-month gap: Chopin music, Mozart music, and no music, via loudspeakers. The dogs were premedicated with acepromazine and butorphanol by intramuscular injection, and anaesthesia was induced using propofol intravenously. To compare the depth of sedation and propofol requirements for the induction of anaesthesia among the different treatments, we utilized non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis test) for the depth of sedation due to a slight deviation from the normal distribution and parametric (ANOVA) for propofol requirements. When exposed to music (Chopin or Mozart), dogs exhibited deeper sedation and required less propofol for their intubation compared to the no-music treatment ( < 0.05). Exposure to classical music had a positive impact on the level of sedation, and more profound central nervous system depression seemed to contribute to approximately 20% lower propofol dose requirements for tracheal intubation. Therefore, classical music during the preoperative period appeared to exert a beneficial effect, at least when applying the specific pre-anaesthetic medications used in the present study.
PubMed: 37505838
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070433 -
Veterinary Sciences Jul 2021To evaluate the use of ketamine-medetomidine-midazolam total intravenous infusion as part of a balanced anaesthetic technique for surgical castration in horses. Five...
To evaluate the use of ketamine-medetomidine-midazolam total intravenous infusion as part of a balanced anaesthetic technique for surgical castration in horses. Five healthy Standardbred cross colts were premedicated with IV acepromazine (0.01-0.02 mg/kg), medetomidine (7 µg/kg) and methadone (0.1 mg/kg) and anaesthesia induced with IV ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.06 mg/kg). Horses were anaesthetised for 40 min with an IV infusion of ketamine (3 mg/kg/h), medetomidine (5 µg/kg/h) and midazolam (0.1 mg/kg/h) while routine surgical castration was performed. Cardiorespiratory variables, arterial blood gases, and anaesthetic depth were assessed at 5 to 10 min intervals. Post-anaesthesia recovery times were recorded, and the quality of the recovery period was assessed. The anaesthetic period and surgical conditions were acceptable with good muscle relaxation and no additional anaesthetic required. The median (range) time from cessation of the infusion to endotracheal tube extubation, head lift and sternal recumbency were 17.2 (7-35) min, 25 (18.9-53) min and 28.1 (23-54) min, respectively. The quality of anaesthetic recovery was good, with horses standing 31.9 (28-61) min after the infusion was ceased. During anaesthesia, physiological variables, presented as a range of median values for each time point were: heart rate 37-44 beats/min, mean arterial pressure 107-119 mmHg, respiratory rate 6-13 breaths/min, arterial partial pressure of oxygen 88-126 mmHg, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide 52-57 mmHg and pH 7.36-7.39. In conclusion, the co-administration of midazolam, ketamine and medetomidine as in IV infusion, when used as part of a balanced anaesthetic technique, was suitable for short term anaesthesia in horses undergoing castration.
PubMed: 34437464
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080142 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Feb 2018Objectives Three infusion rates of remifentanil were used in isoflurane-anesthetized cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. The aim of this study was to identify a dosage... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Objectives Three infusion rates of remifentanil were used in isoflurane-anesthetized cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. The aim of this study was to identify a dosage regimen that would provide optimal anesthetic and surgical conditions, as well as to compare cardiovascular response to surgical stimulation, postoperative analgesia, anesthetic duration and quality of recovery among the tested remifentanil infusion rates. Methods Twenty-seven client-owned, mixed-breed adult healthy female cats were randomized to receive remifentanil 0.1 µg/kg/min (REMI01), remifentanil 0.2 µg/kg/min (REMI02) or remifentanil 0.4 µg/kg/min (REMI04). After premedication with acepromazine and induction of anesthesia with propofol, cats were mechanically ventilated and anesthesia was maintained at approximately 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane (1.63% end-tidal isoflurane [ET]). Remifentanil infusion rate was increased or decreased by 20% if blood pressure had increased or decreased by 20% from previous values. Pulse rate (PR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), esophageal temperature, pulse oximetry, end-tidal partial pressure of CO and ET were recorded at different time points during surgery. Meloxicam was administered before the end of surgery. Data within each treatment group were analyzed using a mixed-model ANOVA and Friedman's test followed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Bonferroni or Dunnett's post-hoc tests were used. The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post-hoc test were used to compare data between groups; significance was set at P <0.05. Results Time to sternal recumbency and time to standing were significantly longer in REMI04 than in the other groups. SAP was higher when compared with baseline in REMI01 and REMI02 groups than in REMI04. No significant difference in PR among groups was observed. One cat in REMI01 and another in REMI02 required postoperative rescue analgesia. Conclusion and relevance The dosage regimen of 0.4 µg/kg/min seemed to be the most appropriate to be used in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy and anesthetized with 1.0 MAC of isoflurane.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cats; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hysterectomy; Isoflurane; Ovariectomy; Postoperative Care; Random Allocation; Remifentanil; Time Factors
PubMed: 28391757
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X17703010 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Oct 2023Intraperitoneal administration of local anaesthetics may reduce postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. The aim of this prospective, randomised, blinded,...
Intraperitoneal and incisional ropivacaine did not improve postoperative analgesia after multimodal anaesthesia compared with saline in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
Intraperitoneal administration of local anaesthetics may reduce postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. The aim of this prospective, randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to compare postoperative analgesia and opioid requirements after intraperitoneal and incisional administration of ropivacaine versus 0,9 % NaCl (saline). Forty-three client-owned dogs were enrolled in the study and anaesthetised using a standardized protocol that included premedication with acepromazine (0,03-0,05 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (0,01 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol titrated to effect and ketamine (1 mg/kg) intravenously and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The analgesic regimen included carprofen (4 mg/kg) subcutaneously and morphine (0,2 mg/kg) intravenously. Depending on group assignment, each dog received either an intraperitoneal and incisional splash with ropivacaine (2 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively) (group R), or an equal volume of saline (group S). Buprenorphine (0,02 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly once the uterus was removed. Sedation and pain were assessed 0,5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after extubation using a sedation scale, the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) and a dynamic interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS). Postoperatively, buprenorphine (0,01 mg/kg) was administered intravenously if dogs scored 6/24 on CMPS-SF. The ordinal mixed model showed no difference in pain scores between groups. Fisher's exact test showed no significant difference in postoperative buprenorphine requirements between group S (3/22 dogs) and group R (1/21 dogs) at the doses used. In addition, lower sedation scores were associated with higher DIVAS scores. In this multimodal analgesic protocol, ropivacaine could not improve analgesia compared to saline.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Female; Analgesia; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Buprenorphine; Dog Diseases; Hysterectomy; Ovariectomy; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Ropivacaine
PubMed: 37822246
DOI: 10.17236/sat00405 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022This study investigated the effects of 1 μg/kg/h intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI) of dexmedetomidine on the sensory and motor blockade for femoral and sciatic...
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the effects of 1 μg/kg/h intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI) of dexmedetomidine on the sensory and motor blockade for femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs undergoing stifle surgery.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Client-owned dogs referred for stifle surgery were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, blinded study. Dogs were pre-medicated with acepromazine (0.005-0.01 mg/kg intramuscularly, IM); anesthesia was induced with propofol intravenously and maintained with isoflurane in a mixture of air and oxygen. Electrolocation-guided sciatic and femoral nerve blocks with lidocaine 2% (0.15 mL/kg) were performed using the parasacral and lateral pre-iliac approaches, respectively. After performing local block, a systemic infusion of saline solution (group C) or dexmedetomidine (group D) was started at a CRI at 1 ml/kg/h and continued until the end of surgery. Dexmedetomidine was infused at a dose of 1 μg/kg/h. Respiratory and hemodynamic variables were recorded during surgery. Sensory and motor blockade was evaluated by response to pinching the skin innervated by the sciatic/femoral nerves, with forceps and by observing the dogs' ability to walk and testing proprioception at 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after extubation. Analgesia was monitored with SF-GCPS. Methadone IM was administered as rescue analgesia. Intraoperative data were analyzed by analysis of variance, while postoperative data were analyzed by the independent two-tailed -test and a Kaplan-Meier test ( < 0.05).
RESULTS
Twenty dogs were included in this study (10/group). A significant difference in the recovery of sensory nerve function was observed between the groups. The mean durations of the sensory blockade for femoral and sciatic nerves, respectively, was longer ( < 0.001) for group D [168 (146-191, 95% CI), 161 (143-179, 95% CI) min] than in group C [120 (96.1-144, 95% CI), 116 (90.9-142, 95% CI]. No differences in the recovery of patellar and tibial reflexes, proprioceptive function, and ability to walk were found among groups. The overall postoperative rescue analgesia requirement was significantly different ( = 0.019) between groups, with an incidence of 5/10 (50%) dogs in group D and 10/10 (100%) dogs in group C.
CONCLUSION
Dexmedetomidine administered as a CRI (1 μg/kg/h) combined with local lidocaine increases the duration of the sensory component of the sciatic and femoral nerve blocks and reduces the requirement for additional analgesia during the immediate postoperative hours.
PubMed: 36713886
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1061605 -
Veterinary Research Forum : An... 2017In the present case report, the comprehensive management of a bilateral mandibular fracture in a single-humped camel including pre-, peri- and post-operative cares is...
In the present case report, the comprehensive management of a bilateral mandibular fracture in a single-humped camel including pre-, peri- and post-operative cares is described. A one-year-old camel with the overhanging of the rostral part of the lower jaw which occurred seven days ago was presented. After clinical and radiographic examinations, a bilateral mandibular fracture at the caudal part of canine teeth was diagnosed. It was decided to repair the fracture surgically under general anesthesia. The camel was restrained in sitting position and was remained in this position during anesthesia and surgery period. After premedication with acepromazine (0.10 mg kg) and xylazine (0.20 mg kg) intramuscularly, anesthesia was induced using ketamine and diazepam intravenously (2.00 and 0.10 mg kg, respectively). Maintenance of anesthesia was performed by repeated doses of xylazine and ketamine intravenously (0.10 and 1.00 mg kg, respectively) as needed. After preparation of the oral cavity, the fracture was reduced and an interfragmentary wire and an interdental wire (1.00 mm diameter size) were applied on each side of the mandible for the fixation of fracture segments. After two months, the interdental wires were removed while the interfragmentary wires were left intact. Follow up the camel three months after surgery, showed the full ability of prehension and chewing of roughages by the camel.
PubMed: 28785394
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2018Ponies with tracheal collapse may have an increased anesthetic risk due to airway obstruction during induction and recovery. To our knowledge, there are no anesthetic...
Ponies with tracheal collapse may have an increased anesthetic risk due to airway obstruction during induction and recovery. To our knowledge, there are no anesthetic descriptions of these patients, despite a reported 5.6% incidence and 77% mortality rate. Two Shetland ponies with tracheal collapse, a 12-year-old male (pony 1) and a 27-year-old female (pony 2), were referred for right eye enucleation due to a perforating corneal ulcer and severe recurrent uveitis, respectively. Pony 1 was stressed, had lung stridor and hyperthermia, and developed inspiratory dyspnea with handling. Radiography confirmed collapse of the entire trachea as well as inflammation of the lower airways. Corticosteroids and bronchodilators were administered by nebulization for 1 week before surgery. Pony 2 had a grade III/VI mitral murmur and a clinical history of esophageal obstructions and tracheal collapse requiring tracheostomy. Both ponies were premedicated with acepromazine and xylazine; anesthesia was induced with midazolam and ketamine. Nasotracheal intubation was performed in left lateral recumbency with extension of the neck and head and was guided by capnography. The nasotracheal tube consisted of two endotracheal tubes attached end-to-end to create a tube of adequate length and diameter. Pony 2 was orotracheally intubated during surgery and later reintubated with a nasotracheal tube. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane using volume-controlled ventilation. Analgesia was provided by a retrobulbar blockade with mepivacaine and lidocaine. Cardiovascular support consisted of lactated Ringer's solution and dobutamine. After surgery, the ponies were administered xylazine and supplemented with oxygen through the nasotracheal tube. Recovery was assisted by manual support of the head and tail. Successful extubation was achieved following butorphanol administration after approximately 1 h in standing position. Both ponies were discharged from the clinic a few days after surgery.
PubMed: 29594157
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00042