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The American Journal of Clinical... Oct 2022Acrylamide is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer but epidemiologic evidence on the carcinogenicity of...
BACKGROUND
Acrylamide is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer but epidemiologic evidence on the carcinogenicity of acrylamide from dietary sources is limited.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary acrylamide and breast cancer risk in the NutriNet-Santé cohort, accounting for menopausal and hormone receptor status.
METHODS
This prospective cohort study included 80,597 French females (mean ± SD age at baseline: 40.8 ± 14 y) during a mean ± SD follow-up of 8.8 ± 2.3 y. Acrylamide intake was evaluated using repeated 24-h dietary records (n ± SD = 5.5 ± 3.0), linked to a comprehensive food composition database. Associations between acrylamide intake and breast cancer risk (overall, premenopausal, and postmenopausal) were assessed by Cox hazard models adjusted for known risk factors (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, and nutritional factors).
RESULTS
The mean ± SD dietary acrylamide intake was 30.1 ± 21.9 µg/d (main contributors: coffee, potato fries and chips, pastries, cakes, bread). During follow-up, 1016 first incident breast cancer cases were diagnosed (431 premenopausal, 585 postmenopausal). A borderline significant positive association was observed between dietary acrylamide exposure and breast cancer risk overall (HR for quartile 4 compared with 1: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.47) and a positive association was observed with premenopausal cancer (HRQ4vs.Q1: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.88). Restricted cubic spline analyses suggested evidence for nonlinearity of these associations, with higher HRs for intermediate (quartile 2) and high (quartile 4) exposures. Receptor-specific analyses revealed positive associations with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (total and premenopausal). Acrylamide intake was not associated with postmenopausal breast cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
Results from this large prospective cohort study suggest a positive association between dietary acrylamide and breast cancer risk, especially in premenopausal females, and provide new insights that support continued mitigation strategies to reduce the content of acrylamide in food.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03335644.
Topics: Acrylamide; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinogens; Coffee; Cohort Studies; Diet; Dietary Exposure; Female; Hormones; Humans; Prospective Studies; Receptors, Estrogen; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36055962
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac167 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2020Acrylamide (AA) is a neurotoxic and carcinogenic substance that has recently been discovered in food. One of the factors affecting its formation is the heat treatment... (Review)
Review
Acrylamide (AA) is a neurotoxic and carcinogenic substance that has recently been discovered in food. One of the factors affecting its formation is the heat treatment method. This review discusses the microwave heating as one of the methods of thermal food processing and the influence of microwave radiation on the acrylamide formation in food. In addition, conventional and microwave heating were compared, especially the way they affect the AA formation in food. Available studies demonstrate differences in the mechanisms of microwave and conventional heating. These differences may be beneficial or detrimental depending on different processes. The published studies showed that microwave heating at a high power level can cause greater AA formation in products than conventional food heat treatment. The higher content of acrylamide in microwave-heated foods may be due to differences in its formation during microwave heating and conventional methods. At the same time, short exposure to microwaves (during blanching and thawing) at low power may even limit the formation of acrylamide during the final heat treatment. Considering the possible harmful effects of microwave heating on food quality (e.g., intensive formation of acrylamide), further research in this direction should be carried out.
Topics: Acrylamide; Cooking; Food; Food Analysis; Heating; Humans; Microwaves; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 32927728
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184140 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jun 2022Acrylamide is widely found in food as a side-product of high-temperature heating of starch-rich food. It has attracted much attention because of its neurotoxicity and...
BACKGROUND
Acrylamide is widely found in food as a side-product of high-temperature heating of starch-rich food. It has attracted much attention because of its neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. However, the cancer risk and disease burden of dietary acrylamide exposure have not been quantified in China.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate the cancer risk and the disease burden attributable to dietary acrylamide exposure and quantify its health hazards.
METHOD
We first performed an exposure assessment of acrylamide in food, based on which the incremental excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was calculated for cancer risk assessment. The DisMod Ⅱ software and the DALY calculator in R were used to calculate the disease burden due to dietary acrylamide exposure.
RESULTS
Average dietary acrylamide exposure in males was 0.1531 μg·kg·d and that in females was 0.1554 μg·kg·d, resulting in an ELCR of 7.81 × 10 for males and 7.92 × 10 for females in China. The dietary acrylamide exposure resulted in about 23,688.09 DALYs of cancers among the Chinese population in 2016, including 1331.93 DALYs of breast cancer, 243.32 DALYs of endometrial cancer, 248.91 DALYs of ovarian cancer, and 176.28 DALYs of kidney cancer, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The health hazards of dietary acrylamide exposure deserve attention. The burden of disease assessment could quantify the health hazards of food contaminants for prioritizing policies.
Topics: Acrylamide; China; Cost of Illness; Dietary Exposure; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms
PubMed: 35489291
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113551 -
Acrylamide Induces Mitophagy and Alters Macrophage Phenotype via Reactive Oxygen Species Generation.International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2021Acrylamide is a readily exposed toxic organic compound due to its formation in many carbohydrate rich foods that are cooked at high temperatures. Excessive production of...
Acrylamide is a readily exposed toxic organic compound due to its formation in many carbohydrate rich foods that are cooked at high temperatures. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is an important factor for mitophagy, has been reported to lead to airway inflammation, hyper-responsiveness, and remodeling. Epigenetic regulation is an important modification affecting gene transcription. In this study, the effects of acrylamide on ROS productions and mitophagy were investigated. The human monocytic cell line THP-1 was treated with acrylamide, and ROS productions were investigated by flow cytometry. The mitochondrial and epigenetic involvement was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Histone modifications were examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Mitophagy was detected by Western blotting and confocal laser microscopy. Acrylamide promoted mitochondria-specific ROS generation in macrophages. The gene expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II was increased under acrylamide treatment. Acrylamide induced histone H3K4 and H3K36 tri-methylation in an promoter and increased mitophagy-related PINK1 expression, which promoted a M2-like phenotypic switch with increase TGF-β and CCL2 levels in THP-1 cells. In conclusion, acrylamide induced ROS production through histone tri-methylation in an promoter and further increased the expression of mitophagy-related PINK-1, which was associated with a macrophage M2 polarization shift.
Topics: Acrylamide; Autophagy; Chemokine CCL2; Humans; Macrophages; Mitochondria; Mitophagy; Phenotype; Protein Kinases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 33567502
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041683 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2023Roasting is responsible for imparting the main characteristics to coffee, but the high temperatures used in the process can lead to the formation of several potentially... (Review)
Review
Roasting is responsible for imparting the main characteristics to coffee, but the high temperatures used in the process can lead to the formation of several potentially toxic substances. Among them, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acrylamide, furan and its derivative compounds, α-dicarbonyls and advanced glycation end products, 4-methylimidazole, and chloropropanols stand out. The objective of this review is to present a current and comprehensive overview of the chemical contaminants formed during coffee roasting, including a discussion of mitigation strategies reported in the literature to decrease the concentration of these toxicants. Although the formation of the contaminants occurs during the roasting step, knowledge of the coffee production chain as a whole is important to understand the main variables that will impact their concentrations in the different coffee products. The precursors and routes of formation are generally different for each contaminant, and the formed concentrations can be quite high for some substances. In addition, the study highlights several mitigation strategies related to decreasing the concentration of precursors, modifying process conditions and eliminating/degrading the formed contaminant. Many of these strategies show promising results, but there are still challenges to be overcome, since little information is available about advantages and disadvantages in relation to aspects such as costs, potential for application on an industrial scale and impacts on sensory properties.
Topics: Glycation End Products, Advanced; Hazardous Substances; Hot Temperature; Acrylamide; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PubMed: 37107868
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085586 -
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research Oct 2022Acrylamide, a component of fried foods, has been associated with several negative health outcomes. However, the relationship between dietary acrylamide and osteoporotic...
BACKGROUND
Acrylamide, a component of fried foods, has been associated with several negative health outcomes. However, the relationship between dietary acrylamide and osteoporotic fractures has been explored by a few cross-sectional studies.
AIMS
To investigate if dietary acrylamide is associated with the onset of fractures in North American participants at high risk/having knee osteoarthritis (OA), over 8 years of follow-up.
METHODS
A Cox's regression analysis, adjusted for baseline confounders was run and the data were reported as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Dietary acrylamide intake was assessed at the baseline using a food frequency questionnaire and categorized in tertiles (T), whilst fractures' history was recorded using self-reported information.
RESULTS
Altogether, 4,436 participants were included. Compared to participants with lower acrylamide intake (T1; < 3,313 μg), those with a higher acrylamide intake (T3; > 10,180 μg) reported a significantly higher risk of any fracture (HR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.12-1.68; p for trend = 0.009), forearm (HR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.09-2.77; p for trend = 0.04), spine (HR = 2.21; 95% CI 1.14-4.31; p for trend = 0.04), and hip fracture (HR = 4.09; 95% CI 1.29-12.96; p for trend = 0.046).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study is the first to report that high dietary acrylamide may be associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures.
Topics: Humans; Osteoporotic Fractures; Acrylamide; Prospective Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Hip Fractures; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35962898
DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02214-9 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022The association between acrylamide exposure and the odds of developmental disabilities (DDs) is unclear. We conducted this analysis to explore whether acrylamide...
BACKGROUND
The association between acrylamide exposure and the odds of developmental disabilities (DDs) is unclear. We conducted this analysis to explore whether acrylamide exposure is related to DDs.
METHODS
We analyzed a sample of 1,140 children aged 6-17 years old from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014 to 2015-2016. DDs were determined by reports of parents. Acrylamide exposure was evaluated by the hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide (HbAA) and its major metabolite glycidamide (HbGA). We investigated the association using binomial logistic regression analysis by taking HbAA and HbGA as continuous or quartile variables. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to explore the non-linear relationship between HbAA or HbGA and the odds of DDs. Interaction analysis and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to validate the results.
RESULTS
A total of 134 participants were reported to have DDs. The median level of HbAA and HbGA was 41.6 and 40.5 pmol/g Hb, respectively. HbAA and HbGA were not associated with the odds of DDs when taken as continuous variables. When divided into quartiles, there was no evidence for a linear trend for HbAA and HbGA. RCS showed that there was a J-shaped association between HbGA and the odds of DDs ( for non-linearity, 0.023). The results were consistent in interaction analysis by age, gender, and race, and after PSM.
CONCLUSION
HbGA level was associated with the odds of DDs in a J-shaped manner among children. Further investigation is warranted to determine the causality and underlying mechanisms.
Topics: Acrylamide; Adolescent; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developmental Disabilities; Hemoglobins; Humans; Nutrition Surveys
PubMed: 36249258
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.972368 -
Human & Experimental Toxicology 2022Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble chemical applied in industrial and laboratory processes. The neurotoxicity induced by acrylamide involves both peripheral and central...
Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble chemical applied in industrial and laboratory processes. The neurotoxicity induced by acrylamide involves both peripheral and central nervous system. Hence, there is a growing urgency to investigate the mechanisms of acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity and search novel therapeutic target for the nerve repair. The effects of ACR on the proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron production of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and Schwann cells were determined. 5-Ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EDU) staining and transwell assay were applied to detect the proliferation and migration capacity of DRG cells. Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) was used to suppress ferroptosis induced by ACR. RT-PCR analysis was performed to examine the expression of neurotrophic factors including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Moreover, Iron, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents were measured to reveal the regulation of ferroptosis in ACR-related nerve injury. ACR inhibited the proliferation and migration of DRG neurons and the supplementation of Fer-1 reversed the effects induced by ACR. Besides, the treatment of Fer-1 effectively increased the expression of NGF, BDNF, VEGF and GDNF. Furthermore, ACR increased the iron level, MDA and ROS contents while inhibited the level of GSH. It was unveiled that ACR attenuated the proliferation, migration and neuron repair of DRG neurons through regulating ferroptosis. The modulation of ferroptosis might be a promising therapeutic strategy and provide references for future treatment of acrylamide-induced nerve damage.
Topics: Acrylamide; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Ferroptosis; Ganglia, Spinal; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Glutathione; Humans; Iron; Malondialdehyde; Nerve Growth Factor; Neurons; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Reactive Oxygen Species; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 36154307
DOI: 10.1177/09603271221129786 -
Redox Report : Communications in Free... Dec 2024Acrylamide is a toxic substance formed in some foods that require high-temperature cooking processes and has been implicated as a gonadotoxic agent. Zinc, on the other...
BACKGROUND
Acrylamide is a toxic substance formed in some foods that require high-temperature cooking processes and has been implicated as a gonadotoxic agent. Zinc, on the other hand, is a known antioxidant with fertility-enhancing properties. Hence, this study was designed to explore the possible ameliorative effect of zinc in acrylamide-induced gonadotoxicity.
METHODS
Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomized into control, acrylamide (10 mg/kg of acrylamide), acrylamide + 1 mg/kg of zinc, and acrylamide + 3 mg/kg of zinc. The administration was via the oral route and lasted for 56 days.
RESULTS
Zinc treatment ameliorated acrylamide-impaired sperm quality, normal testicular histoarchitecture, and hormonal balance, which was accompanied by increased testicular malondialdehyde and interleukin-1β and decreased testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, zinc prevented acrylamide-induced downregulation of testicular nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCl2) expression and upregulation of testicular nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and bcl-2-like protein 4 (bax) expression.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, zinc may protect against acrylamide-induced testicular toxicity, mediated by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects.
Topics: Animals; Male; Rats; Acrylamide; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Heme Oxygenase-1; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; NF-kappa B; Oxidative Stress; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Rats, Wistar; Semen; Signal Transduction; Zinc
PubMed: 38629506
DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2024.2341537 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2022Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical compound that exhibits neurotoxic and genotoxic effects. It causes neurological symptoms such as tremors, general weakness, numbness,... (Review)
Review
Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical compound that exhibits neurotoxic and genotoxic effects. It causes neurological symptoms such as tremors, general weakness, numbness, tingling in the limbs or ataxia. Numerous scientific studies show the effect of ACR on nerve endings and its close connection with the cholinergic system. The cholinergic system is part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates higher cortical functions related to memory, learning, concentration and attention. Within the cholinergic system, there are cholinergic neurons, anatomical cholinergic structures, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and cholinergic receptors. Some scientific reports suggest a negative effect of ACR on the cholinergic system and inflammatory reactions within the body. The aim of the study was to review the current state of knowledge on the influence of acrylamide on the cholinergic system and to evaluate its possible effect on inflammatory processes. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a neuroimmunomodulatory pathway that is located in the blood and mucous membranes. The role of CAP is to stop the inflammatory response in the appropriate moment. It prevents the synthesis and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ultimately regulates the local and systemic immune response. The cellular molecular mechanism for inhibiting cytokine synthesis is attributed to acetylcholine (ACh), the major vagal neurotransmitter, and the α7 nicotinic receptor (α7nAChR) subunit is a key receptor for the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The combination of ACh with α7nAChR results in inhibition of the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The blood AChE is able to terminate the stimulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway due to splitting ACh. Accordingly, cytokine production is essential for pathogen protection and tissue repair, but over-release of cytokines can lead to systemic inflammation, organ failure, and death. Inflammatory responses are precisely regulated to effectively protect against harmful stimuli. The central nervous system dynamically interacts with the immune system, modulating inflammation through the humoral and nervous pathways. The stress-induced rise in acetylcholine (ACh) level acts to ease the inflammatory response and restore homeostasis. This signaling process ends when ACh is hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). There are many scientific reports indicating the harmful effects of ACR on AChE. Most of them indicate that ACR reduces the concentration and activity of AChE. Due to the neurotoxic effect of acrylamide, which is related to the disturbance of the secretion of neurotransmitters, and its influence on the disturbance of acetylcholinesterase activity, it can be concluded that it disturbs the normal inflammatory response.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Acetylcholinesterase; Acrylamide; Animals; Cholinergic Neurons; Humans; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Receptors, Cholinergic
PubMed: 35216144
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042030