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EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Dec 2021In this opinion, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to the health of pigs have been assessed. The...
In this opinion, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to the health of pigs have been assessed. The assessment has been performed following a methodology based on information collected by an extensive literature review and expert judgement. Details of the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. A global state of play of antimicrobial resistant , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and has been provided. Among those bacteria, EFSA identified and with > 66% certainty as being the most relevant antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the EU based on the available evidence. The animal health impact of these most relevant bacteria, as well as their eligibility for being listed and categorised within the animal health law framework will be assessed in separate scientific opinions.
PubMed: 34987628
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.7113 -
Veterinary Sciences Oct 2023The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory...
The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease is a pivotal part of the diagnostic workup for respiratory disease. We aimed to report how frequently certain viruses and bacteria were detected in samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms in the course of routine diagnostic procedures. Altogether, 1975 routine diagnostic samples from pigs in Austrian swine stocks between 2016 and 2021 were analysed. PCR was performed to detect various pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 921), influenza A virus (n = 479), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (n = 518), (.) (n = 713), (n = 198), () (n = 165) and (n = 180). (55.1%) had the highest detection rate, followed by PCV2 (38.0%) and (.) (30.6%). PRRSV was detected most frequently in a pool of lung, tonsil and tracheobronchial lymph node (36.2%). was isolated more frequently from samples taken after euthanasia compared to field samples. PRRSV-positive samples were more likely to be positive for PCV2 ( 0.001), ( = 0.032) and ( < 0.001). -positive samples were more likely to be positive for ( < 0.001) and ( 0.046), but less likely for ( = 0.004). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that lung samples that were positive for a primary pathogenic agent were more likely to be positive for a secondary pathogenic agent.
PubMed: 37888553
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100601 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020A comparative study on pharmacokinetics of four long-acting enrofloxacin injectable formulations was investigated in 36 healthy pigs after intramuscular injection...
A comparative study on pharmacokinetics of four long-acting enrofloxacin injectable formulations was investigated in 36 healthy pigs after intramuscular injection according to the recommended single dose @ 2.5 mg/kg body weight. The drug concentrations in the plasma were computed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. WinNonLin5.2.1 software was used to analyze the experimental data and compared it under one-way ANOVA using SPSS software with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The main pharmacokinetic parameters, that is, the maximum plasma concentrations (C), the time to maximum concentration (T), area under the time curve concentration (AUC) and Terminal half-life (T) were 733.84 ± 129.87, 917.00 ± 240.13, 694.84 ± 163.49, 621.98 ± 227.25 ng/ml, 2.19 ± 0.0.66, 1.50 ± 0.37, 2.89 ± 0.24, 0.34 ± 0.13 h, 7754.43 ± 2887.16, 8084.11 ± 1543.98, 7369.42 ± 2334.99, 4194.10 ± 1186.62 ng h/ml, 10.48 ± 2.72, 10.37 ± 2.38, 10.20 ± 2.81, and 10.61 ± 0.86 h for 10% enrofloxacin (Alkali), 20% enrofloxacin (Acidic), Yangkang and control drug Nuokang® respectively. There were significant differences among C, T, and AUC of three formulations compare with that of the reference formulation. No significant differences were observed among the T for tested formulations compare with the reference formulation. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the tested formulations were somewhat better compared to the reference one. The calculated PK/PD indices were effective for bacteria such as and with values higher than the cut-off points (C/MIC≥10-12 and AUC/MIC ≥ 125). However, they were not effective against bacteria like , and where lower values were obtained.
PubMed: 33575278
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.604628 -
Infection and Immunity Oct 2016Tonsils conduct immune surveillance of antigens entering the upper respiratory tract. Despite their immunological function, they are also sites of persistence and...
Tonsils conduct immune surveillance of antigens entering the upper respiratory tract. Despite their immunological function, they are also sites of persistence and invasion of bacterial pathogens. Actinobacillus suis is a common resident of the tonsils of the soft palate in pigs, but under certain circumstances it can invade, causing septicemia and related sequelae. Twenty-four putative adhesins are predicted in the A. suis genome, but to date, little is known about how they might participate in colonization or invasion. To better understand these processes, swine tonsil lysates were characterized by mass spectrometry. Fifty-nine extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins were identified, including small leucine-rich proteoglycans, integrins, and other cell surface receptors. Additionally, attachment of the wild type and 3 adhesin mutants to 5 ECM components was evaluated. Exponential cultures of wild-type A. suis adhered significantly more than stationary cultures to all ECM components studied except collagen I. During exponential growth, the A. suis Δflp1 mutant attached less to collagen IV while the ΔompA mutant attached less to all ECMs. The ΔcomE1 strain attached less to collagen IV, fibronectin, and vitronectin during exponential growth and exhibited differential attachment to collagen I over short adherence time points. These results suggest that Flp1, OmpA, and ComE1 are important during early stages of attachment to ECM components found in tonsils, which supports the notion that other adhesins have compensatory effects during later stages of attachment.
Topics: Actinobacillus suis; Adhesins, Bacterial; Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Extracellular Matrix; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Mass Spectrometry; Palate, Soft; Palatine Tonsil; Swine
PubMed: 27481253
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00456-16 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Feb 2019Five-day-old neonatal piglets presented with debilitation and ananastasia. At the necropsy of one piglet, the apex of the tongue was found to be discolored dark red, and...
Five-day-old neonatal piglets presented with debilitation and ananastasia. At the necropsy of one piglet, the apex of the tongue was found to be discolored dark red, and disseminated white foci were found on the cut surface. Many white foci were also found in the lungs and on the serosa of the liver and spleen. Histopathological findings revealed multifocal necrotic glossitis and pneumonia with Gram-negative bacilli. The bacilli were identified as Actinobacillus suis through immunohistochemical, biochemical, and genetic tests, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Although A. suis usually causes inflammation in thoracic and abdominal organs, lesions were also found in the tongue in the present case. This study is the first report of glossitis caused by A. suis.
Topics: Actinobacillus Infections; Actinobacillus suis; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Glossitis; Necrosis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sepsis; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Tongue
PubMed: 30606907
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0630 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2022The United Kingdom and European Union have banned crates for pregnant sows. However, animals are kept in a restrictive environment for up to four weeks after mating,...
The United Kingdom and European Union have banned crates for pregnant sows. However, animals are kept in a restrictive environment for up to four weeks after mating, leading to stress and different responses of the animals' immune system. Here, we used vaginal flushing of gilts to investigate whether housing systems or an experimental inflammatory challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can modify the gilt vaginal microbiome. Alpha-diversity indices showed differences in the microbiota of gilts housed under different systems ( = 0.04). Shannon alpha-diversity richness was higher in gilts group-housed in pens than in gilts housed in crates ( = 0.035), but not higher than in other groups. The relative abundance of the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) ( < 0.05) revealed specific differences in housing systems before a LPS or saline (SAL control) challenge. We found different abundances in taxa of , , , , and in gilts housed in the different systems before challenge. After the LPS challenge, significant differences were detected in the relative abundance of OTUs ( < 0.05) for the LPS-challenged group compared with SAL animals for each housing system. The phylum showed higher abundance among the LPS-challenged gilts than in SAL-challenged animals. Furthermore, was more abundant in the LPS-challenged gilts housed in crates than in SAL-challenged gilts housed in crates. and were more abundant in LPS-challenged gilts in indoor group housing than in SAL gilts in the same housing system. Gilts kept outdoors did not show changes in vaginal microbiota after an LPS challenge. Gilts housed in crates showed clinical signs of urogenital infection, whereas gilts housed outdoors and in indoor group housing did not. The relationship between environment, immune response, and microbiota suggested that animals in a poor environments experience difficulties responding to a challenge and their vaginal microbiota is altered as a consequence, with decreased richness of normal vaginal microbiota, and increased opportunistic bacteria. Welfare indicators measured by gilts' responses to housing systems however, do not fully explain mechanisms associated with the unique signature in vaginal microbiota encountered in the different housing systems.
PubMed: 35464863
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.836962 -
Veterinary Sciences Feb 2024One of the main challenges for the sustainability and productivity of the Spanish swine industry is health instability, resulting in significant economic losses....
One of the main challenges for the sustainability and productivity of the Spanish swine industry is health instability, resulting in significant economic losses. Information on the main swine diseases which affect the Spanish pig industry could help in optimizing the efforts within control programs. This study determined the frequency of occurrence of the main diseases in Spain and the main control tool used, based on perceptions from veterinarians and consultants in a specific survey. Results showed that () , and coccidia are the most frequent pathogens in the gestation and lactation phase, whereas the most important were Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV). In the nursery phase, the most frequent were , and PRRSV, the latter being the most important for the participants. Finally, in the fattening phase, PRRSV and were the most frequent and important pathogen, respectively. Statistical differences among responses were detected with respect to the location and the gestation and lactation phases by farm size. Regarding the tools used for controlling the diseases, vaccination was the main strategy in all production phases, except in the fattening period, in which antibiotherapy was the most common response from the participants. Finally, the improvement of management practices was the most proposed tool, suggesting its importance within control programs.
PubMed: 38393102
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020084 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2017A new, more palatable formulation of 10% enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules was investigated to evaluate the pharmacokinetic effect in plasma, the residue elimination...
A new, more palatable formulation of 10% enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules was investigated to evaluate the pharmacokinetic effect in plasma, the residue elimination in tissues and the clinical efficacy against and in pigs. In this study, the enrofloxacin concentrations in plasma and tissues were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography with phosphate buffer (pH = 3) and acetonitrile. The pharmacokinetics and elimination of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules were performed after oral administration at a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (bw) and 5 mg/kg twice per day for 5 consecutive days, respectively. The antibacterial efficacy and clinical effectiveness of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules against and were assayed at 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, compared with tiamulin (8 mg/kg) based on establishment of and infection models. 56 strains were selected and tested for antibacterial activity of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules. The main parameters of elimination half-life (t), T, and area under the curve (AUC) were 14.99 ± 4.19, 3.99 ± 0.10, and 38.93 ± 1.52 μg h/ml, respectively, revealing that the enrofloxacin concentration remained high and with a sustainable distribution in plasma. Moreover, the analysis on the evaluation of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in muscle, fat, liver and kidney showed that the recovery were more than 84% recovery in accordance with the veterinary drug residue guidelines of United States pharmacopeia, and the withdrawal periods were 4.28, 3.81, 4.84, and 3.51 days, respectively, suggesting that the withdrawal period was 5 d after oral administration of 5 mg/kg twice per day. The optimal dosage of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules against and was 5 mg/kg, with over 90% efficacy, which was significantly different ( < 0.05) to the 2.5 mg/kg group, but not to the 10 mg/kg group or the positive control group (tiamulin). In conclusion, 10% enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules had significant potential for treating and , and it provided an alternative enrofloxacin palatability formulation.
PubMed: 28588496
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00294 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jun 2017Pigs (Sus scrofa) were introduced to Guam in the 1600's and are now present in high densities throughout the island. Wild pigs are reservoirs for pathogens of concern to...
Pigs (Sus scrofa) were introduced to Guam in the 1600's and are now present in high densities throughout the island. Wild pigs are reservoirs for pathogens of concern to domestic animals and humans. Exposure to porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis, and Leptospira interrogans has been documented in domestic swine but data from wild pigs are lacking. The close proximity of humans, domestic animals, and wild pigs, combined with the liberal hunting of wild pigs, results in frequent opportunities for pathogen transmission. From February-March 2015, blood, tissue and ectoparasite samples were collected from 47 wild pigs. Serologic testing found exposure to Brucella spp. (2%), Toxoplasma gondii (11%), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (13%), porcine circovirus type 2 (36%), pseudorabies virus (64%), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (93%), Lawsonia intracellularis (93%), and porcine parvovirus (94%). Eleven (24%) samples had low titers (1:100) to Leptospira interrogans serovars Bratislava (n=6), Icterohaemorrhagiae (n=6), Pomona (n=2), and Hardjo (n=1). Kidney samples from nine pigs with Leptospira antibodies were negative for Leptospira antigens. Numerous pigs had Metastrongylus lungworms and three had Stephanurus dentatus. Lice (Hematopinus suis) and ticks (Amblyomma breviscutatum) were also detected. No antibodies to Influenza A viruses were detected. In contrast to the previous domestic swine survey, we found evidence of numerous pathogens in wild pigs including new reports of pseudorabies virus, PRRS virus, Brucella, and Leptospira in pigs on Guam. These findings highlight that domestic swine-wild pig interactions should be prevented and precautions are needed when handling wild pigs to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission.
Topics: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Animals; Circovirus; Epidemiological Monitoring; Female; Guam; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Lawsonia Bacteria; Male; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; Surveys and Questionnaires; Swine; Swine Diseases; Toxoplasma
PubMed: 28622856
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.001 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2019Bacterial diseases of swine are a kind of multifactorial and uncontrollable diseases that commonly exist in pig farms all over the world and will lead to huge economic...
Bacterial diseases of swine are a kind of multifactorial and uncontrollable diseases that commonly exist in pig farms all over the world and will lead to huge economic losses every year. In this study, a detailed and overall survey was carried out to better understand the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial diseases from 2013 to 2017 in China. A total of 19673 bacterial strains were isolated from 44175 samples collected from 9661 pig farms that distributed in 16 Chinese major pig breeding provinces. The results showed that the average isolation rates of Streptococcus suis (SS), Haemophilus parasuis (HPS), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pasteurella multocida (Pm), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Brodetella bronchiseptica (Bb), Salmonella enteria (SE), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) were 16.9%, 9.7%, 6.3%, 3.4%, 0.3%, 1.5%, 2.3% and 0.9%, respectively. The isolate rates of E. coli, APP and SE showed an increasing trend from 2013 to 2017. The seasonal prevalence characteristics of SS, HPS and Pm were obviously higher from April to August for first two bacteria and higher at February, March, April, and October for Pm. The dominant serotypes for SS, HPS were serotype 2 and serotype 5 (changed from serotype 4), respectively. The SS, HPS, and Pm showed very high antibiotic resistance rates to almost 8 common antibiotics (β-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolides, lincomycin, tetracycline, quinolone, polymyxin, and sulfonamide) and an obvious increasing trend of antibiotic resistance rates from 2013 to 2017. In conclusion, the study provides detailed information on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of different bacterial pathogens of swine from 2013 to 2017 in China. These data can provide a foundation for monitoring epidemiological patterns of bacterial diseases in the Chinese swine herds, as well as provide insight into potential antibiotic resistance profiles in these pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; China; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Farms; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 31289289
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45482-8