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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021() is one major bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen causing disease outbreaks worldwide, although effective commercial vaccines are available. Due to frequent...
Coinfections and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance in Strains Isolated From Diseased Swine in North Western Germany-Temporal Patterns in Samples From Routine Laboratory Practice From 2006 to 2020.
() is one major bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen causing disease outbreaks worldwide, although effective commercial vaccines are available. Due to frequent failure of this preventive measure, treatment with antimicrobials is indispensable to prevent animal losses within an outbreak situation. To preserve the effectivity of antimicrobial substances to fight should therefore be the primary aim of any interventions. In this study, the temporal development of antimicrobial resistance in was analyzed retrospectively in the time period 2006-2020 from a routine diagnostic database. In parallel, frequent coinfections were evaluated to identify most important biotic cofactors as important triggers for disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds. The proportion of serotype 2 decreased over time but was isolated most often from diseased swine (57% in 2020). In ~1% of the cases, was isolated from body sites outside the respiratory tract as brain and joints. The lowest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for cephalothin and ceftiofur (0.18%), florfenicol (0.24%), tilmicosin (2.4%), tiamulin (2.4%), enrofloxacin (2.7%), and spectinomycin (3.6%), while the highest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for gentamicin (30.9%), penicillin (51.5%), and tetracycline (78.2%). For enrofloxacin, tiamulin, tilmicosin, and tetracycline, significantly lower frequencies of resistant isolates were found in the time period 2015-2020 compared to 2006-2014, while gentamicin-resistant isolates increased. In summary, there is only a low risk of treatment failure due to resistant isolates. In maximum, up to six coinfecting pathogens were identified in pigs positive for . Most often pigs were coinfected with Porcine Circovirus 2 (56%), (24.8%), or the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (23.3%). Potential synergistic effects between these pathogens published from experimental findings can be hypothesized by these field data as well. To prevent disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds more efficiently in the future, next to environmental trigger factors, preventive measures must also address the coinfecting agents.
PubMed: 35155648
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.802570 -
Acta Tropica Nov 2018The productivity of pigs in smallholder systems is affected by high disease burden, most of which might not be obvious, with their epidemiology and impact being poorly...
BACKGROUND
The productivity of pigs in smallholder systems is affected by high disease burden, most of which might not be obvious, with their epidemiology and impact being poorly understood. This study estimated the seroprevalence and identified the risk factors of a range of bacterial and viral pathogens of potential economic and public health importance in domestic pigs in Uganda. A total of 522 clinically healthy pigs were randomly selected from 276 pig farms in Masaka (142) and Lira (134) districts of Uganda in 2015.
RESULTS
Overall the highest animal prevalence was found for Streptococcus suis 73.0% (CI95: 67.0-78.3) in Lira and 68.2% (CI95: 62.7-73.4) in Masaka; followed by Porcine circovirus type 2 with 50.8% (CI95: 44.5-57.2) in Lira and 40.7% (CI95: 35.2-46.5) in Masaka and Actinobacillus pleuro-pneumoniae, 25.6% (CI95: 20.4-31.6) in Lira and 20.5% (CI95: 16.2-25.6) in Masaka. Mycoplasma hyopneumonia prevalence was 20.9% (CI95: 16.2-26.6) in Lira and 10.1% (CI95: 7.1-14.1) in Masaka, while Porcine parvovirus was 6.2% (CI95: 4.0-9.7) in Masaka and 3.4% (CI95: 1.7-6.6) in Lira. Less common pathogens were Influenza A, 8.5% (CI95: 5.6-12.8) in Lira and 2.0% (CI95: 0.9-4.5) in Masaka and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, 1.7% (CI95: 0.7-4.3) in Lira and 1.3% (CI95: 0.5-3.5) in Masaka. Even less common was Rotavirus A with 0.8% (CI95: 0.2-3.0) in Lira and 0.7% (CI95: 0.2-2.5) in Masaka; the same was for Aujeszky virus with 0.4% (CI95: 0.7-2.4) in Lira and 0.0% (CI95: 0.0-0.1) in Masaka. Co-infection with two pathogens was common and there was a significant association of M. hyo and PCV2 co-occurrence (p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis showed that for S. suis the use of disinfectant reduced odds of sero-positivitey (OR = 0.15; p = 0.017) and pigs less than 6 months were more likely to be infected than older pigs (OR = 3.35; p = 0.047). For M. hyo, crossbred pigs had higher odd of infection compared to local breeds (OR = 1.59; p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The studied pathogens have high prevalences in smallholder pig production systems and might be silent killers, thus affecting productivity and there is a possibility that some pathogens could spread to humans. Given the limited knowledge of veterinary workers and the poor diagnostic capacities and capabilities in these systems, the diseases are potentially usually under-diagnosed. These findings constitute baseline data to measure the impact of future interventions aiming to reduce disease burden in the pig production systems in Uganda.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Disinfectants; Farms; Influenza A virus; Multivariate Analysis; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; Odds Ratio; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus suis; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases; Uganda
PubMed: 29949731
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.025 -
PloS One 2019It is generally difficult to specify the sources of infection by which domestic animals may acquire pathogens. Through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we compared the...
It is generally difficult to specify the sources of infection by which domestic animals may acquire pathogens. Through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we compared the composition of microbiota in the saliva, vaginal mucus, and feces of pigs, and in swabs of feeder troughs and water dispensers collected from pig farms in Vietnam. The composition of the microbiota differed between samples in each sample group. Streptococcus, Actinobacillus, Moraxella, and Rothia were the most abundant genera and significantly discriminative in saliva samples, regardless of the plasticity and changeability of the composition of microbiota in saliva. Moreover, species assignment of the genus Streptococcus revealed that Streptococcus suis was exceptional in the salivary microbiota, due to being most abundant among the streptococcal species and sharing estimated proportions of 5.7%-9.4% of the total bacteria in saliva. Thus, pig oral microbiota showed unique characteristics in which the major species was the pig pathogen. On the other hand, β-diversity analysis showed that the microbiota in saliva was distinct from those in the others. From the above results, pig saliva was shown to be the major natural habitat of S. suis, and is suggested to be the most probable source of S. suis infection.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Biodiversity; Ecosystem; Feces; Female; Microbiota; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva; Species Specificity; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Vagina
PubMed: 31017953
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215983 -
Veterinary Sciences Aug 2023This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial diseases in pig farms in various regions of Zhejiang Province and surrounding areas. A total of 526 samples...
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial diseases in pig farms in various regions of Zhejiang Province and surrounding areas. A total of 526 samples were collected from 85 pig farms in Zhejiang Province and surrounding areas. In this study, samples were analyzed using bacterial isolation and purification, Gram staining, PCR amplification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A total of 36 () isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 6.84%; 37 () isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 7.03%; 60 () isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 11.41%; 170 () isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 32.32%; 67 () isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 12.74%; 44 () isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 8.37%; and 7 () isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 1.33%. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing against 21 types of antibiotics was carried out on the isolated strains, and the results showed that 228 strains had varying degrees of resistance to 21 antibiotics, including , , , and , with the highest resistance to lincomycin, at 100%. and were the most sensitive to cephalothin, with resistance rates of 0. In terms of strains, had the highest overall sensitivity to 21 antibiotics, and had the highest resistance. In short, bacterial diseases in Zhejiang and the surrounding areas were harmful, and the drug resistance situation was severe. This study provides scientific guidance for the clinical treatment of bacterial diseases.
PubMed: 37624289
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080502 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Oct 2016Respiratory illness is traditionally regarded as the disease of the growing pig, and has historically mainly been associated to bacterial infections with focus on...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory illness is traditionally regarded as the disease of the growing pig, and has historically mainly been associated to bacterial infections with focus on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. These bacteria still are of great importance, but continuously increasing herd sizes have complicated the scenario and the influence of secondary invaders may have been increased. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of A. pleuropneumoniae and M. hyopneumoniae, as well as that of the secondary invaders Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus suis by serology in four pig herds (A-D) using age segregated rearing systems with high incidences of pleuritic lesions at slaughter.
RESULTS
Pleuritic lesions registered at slaughter ranged from 20.5 to 33.1 % in the four herds. In herd A, the levels of serum antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae exceeded A > 1.5, but not to any other microbe searched for. The seroconversion took place early during the fattening period. Similar levels of serum antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae were also recorded in herd B, with a subsequent increase in levels of antibodies to P. multocida. Pigs seroconverted to both agents during the early phase of the fattening period. In herd C, pigs seroconverted to P. multocida during the early phase of the fattening period and thereafter to A. pleuropneumoniae. In herd D, the levels of antibodies to P. multocida exceeded A > 1.0 in absence (A < 0.5) of antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae. The levels of serum antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae and to S. suis remained below A < 1.0 in all four herds. Pigs seroconverted to M. hyopneumoniae late during the rearing period (herd B-D), or not at all (herd A).
CONCLUSION
Different serological patterns were found in the four herds with high levels of serum antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida, either alone or in combination with each other. Seroconversion to M. hyopneumoniae late during the rearing period or not at all, confirmed the positive effect of age segregated rearing in preventing or delaying infections with M. hyopneumoniae. The results obtained highlight the necessity of diagnostic investigations to define the true disease pattern in herds with a high incidence of pleuritic lesions.
Topics: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacterial Infections; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; Pasteurella multocida; Pleurisy; Seroconversion; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Swine Diseases; Time Factors
PubMed: 27716292
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0252-1 -
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research... Jan 2015Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are widely distributed in the United States. In 2011 and 2012, serum samples and tonsils were recovered from 162 and 37 feral swine,...
Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are widely distributed in the United States. In 2011 and 2012, serum samples and tonsils were recovered from 162 and 37 feral swine, respectively, in the US to evaluate exposure to important swine endemic pathogens. Antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were found in 2.5% and 25.3% of tested sera, respectively. Positive serological reactions against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae have been detected in 19.7% and 69.7% of animals. More than 15% of animals presented antibodies against these 2 pathogens simultaneously. Most animals were also seropositive for Lawsonia intracellularis. Feral swine can also be involved in transmission of zoonotic agents. Almost 50% of animals possessed antibodies against Salmonella. In addition, 94.4% of animals were carriers of Streptococcus suis in their tonsils. In conclusion, feral swine may be considered as a potential reservoir for different endemic diseases in domestic pigs, as well as for important zoonotic agents.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibodies, Viral; Disease Reservoirs; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases; United States; Zoonoses
PubMed: 25673913
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Feb 2022Building the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance network in Veterinary medicine (EARS-Vet) was proposed to strengthen the European One Health antimicrobial...
BACKGROUND
Building the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance network in Veterinary medicine (EARS-Vet) was proposed to strengthen the European One Health antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance approach.
OBJECTIVES
To define the combinations of animal species/production types/age categories/bacterial species/specimens/antimicrobials to be monitored in EARS-Vet.
METHODS
The EARS-Vet scope was defined by consensus between 26 European experts. Decisions were guided by a survey of the combinations that are relevant and feasible to monitor in diseased animals in 13 European countries (bottom-up approach). Experts also considered the One Health approach and the need for EARS-Vet to complement existing European AMR monitoring systems coordinated by the ECDC and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
RESULTS
EARS-Vet plans to monitor AMR in six animal species [cattle, swine, chickens (broilers and laying hens), turkeys, cats and dogs], for 11 bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus suis). Relevant antimicrobials for their treatment were selected (e.g. tetracyclines) and complemented with antimicrobials of more specific public health interest (e.g. carbapenems). Molecular data detecting the presence of ESBLs, AmpC cephalosporinases and methicillin resistance shall be collected too.
CONCLUSIONS
A preliminary EARS-Vet scope was defined, with the potential to fill important AMR monitoring gaps in the animal sector in Europe. It should be reviewed and expanded as the epidemiology of AMR changes, more countries participate and national monitoring capacities improve.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cats; Cattle; Chickens; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; One Health; Swine
PubMed: 35022739
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab462 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Oct 2015
Topics: Actinobacillus Infections; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Animals; Canada; Serogroup; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 26483588
DOI: No ID Found -
Validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis of Actinobacillus suis.BMC Research Notes Mar 2015Quantitative real-time PCR is a valuable tool for evaluating bacterial gene expression. However, in order to make best use of this method, endogenous reference genes for...
BACKGROUND
Quantitative real-time PCR is a valuable tool for evaluating bacterial gene expression. However, in order to make best use of this method, endogenous reference genes for expression data normalisation must first be identified by carefully validating the stability of expression under experimental conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate eight reference genes of the opportunistic swine pathogen, Actinobacillus suis, grown in aerobic cultures with (Epinephrine) or without (Aerobic) epinephrine in the growth medium and in anoxic static cultures (Anoxic), and sampled during exponential and stationary phases.
RESULTS
Using the RefFinder tool, expression data were analysed to determine whether comprehensive stability rankings of selected reference genes varied with experimental design. When comparing Aerobic and Epinephrine cultures by growth phase, pyk and rpoB were both among the most stably expressed genes, but when analysing both growth phases together, only pyk remained in the top three rankings. When comparing Aerobic and Anoxic samples, proS ranked among the most stable genes in exponential and stationary phase data sets as well as in combined rankings. When analysing the Aerobic, Epinephrine, and Anoxic samples together, only gyrA ranked consistently among the top three most stably expressed genes during exponential and stationary growth as well as in combined rankings; the rho gene ranked as least stably expressed gene in this data set.
CONCLUSIONS
Reference gene stability should be carefully assessed with the design of the experiment in mind. In this study, even the commonly used reference gene 16S rRNA demonstrated large variability in stability depending on the conditions studied and how the data were analysed. As previously suggested, the best approach may be to use a geometric mean of multiple genes to normalise qPCR results. As researchers continue to validate reference genes for various organisms in multiple growth conditions and sampling time points, it may be possible to make informed predictions as to which genes may be most suitable to validate for a given experimental design, but in the meantime, the reference genes used to normalise qPCR data should be selected with caution.
Topics: Actinobacillus suis; Aerobiosis; Anaerobiosis; Bacterial Proteins; Culture Media; Epinephrine; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Profiling; Genes, Essential; Pyruvate Kinase; RNA Polymerase II; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reference Standards
PubMed: 25884823
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1045-8 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Feb 2020The etiology of Porcine respiratory disease complex is complicated by infections with multiple pathogens, and multiple infections increase the difficulty in identifying...
The etiology of Porcine respiratory disease complex is complicated by infections with multiple pathogens, and multiple infections increase the difficulty in identifying the causal pathogen. In this present study, we developed a detection system of microbes from porcine respiratory by using TaqMan real-time PCR (referred to as Dempo-PCR) to screen a broad range of pathogens associated with porcine respiratory diseases in a single run. We selected 17 porcine respiratory pathogens (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Boldetella bronchiseptica, Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella multocida toxin, Streptococcus suis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma hyosynovie, porcine circovirus 2, pseudorabies virus, porcine cytomegalovirus, swine influenza A virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory virus US strain, EU strain, porcine respiratory coronavirus and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus) as detection targets and designed novel specific primer-probe sets for seven of them. In sensitivity test by using standard curves from synthesized DNA, all primer-probe sets showed high sensitivity. However, porcine reproductive and respiratory virus is known to have a high frequency of genetic mutations, and the primer and probe sequences will need to be checked at a considerable frequency when performing Dempo-PCR from field samples. A total of 30 lung samples from swine showing respiratory symptoms on six farms were tested by the Dempo-PCR to validate the assay's clinical performance. As the results, 12 pathogens (5 virus and 7 bacteria) were detected and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus US strain, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Haemophilus parasuis, and porcine cytomegalovirus were detected at high frequency. These results suggest that Dempo-PCR assay can be applied as a screening system with wide detection targets.
Topics: Animals; Japan; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 31866601
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0063